yoonikod

yoonikod ka prateek-chinh

yoonikod (Unicode), pratyek akshar ke liye ek vishesh sankhya pradaan karta hai, chaahe koi bhi computer platform, program athva koi bhi bhaasha ho. yoonikod standard ko epal, H.pi., I.bi.M., jast system, Microsoft, orekal, saip, san, saaibes, yoonisis jaisi udyog ki pramukh companyon aur kai anya ne apnaaya hai. yoonikod ki aavashyakta aadhunik maanadandon, jaise ex.M.L, jaava, ekama script (jaavaaskript), L.di.A.pi., korba 3.0, dablyoo.M.L ke liye hoti hai aur yeh I.S.O/I.E.si. 10646 ko laagoo karne ka adhikaarik tareeka hai. yeh kai sanchaalan pranaaliyon, sabhi aadhunik braaujaron aur kai anya utpaadon mein hota hai. yoonikod standard ki utpati aur iske sahaayak upakaranon ki upalabdhata, haal hi ke ati mahatvapoorn vishvavyaapi software praudyogiki rujhaanon mein se hain.

yoonikod ko graahak-sarvar athva bahu-aayaami upakaranon aur websiton mein shaamil karne se, paramparaagat upakaranon ke prayog ki apeksha kharch mein atyadhik bachat hoti hai. yoonikod se ek aisa akela software utpaad athva akela website mil jaata hai, jise ri-engineering ke bina vibhinn pletafaurmon, bhaashaaon aur deshon mein upayog kiya ja sakta hai. isse aaainkadon ko bina kisi baadha ke vibhinn pranaaliyon se hokar le jaaya ja sakta hai.

yoonikod pratyek akshar ke liye ek vishesh number pradaan karta hai,

• chaahe koi bhi plaitafaurm ho,
• chaahe koi bhi program ho,
• chaahe koi bhi bhaasha ho.

computer, mool roop se, nanbaron se sambandh rakhate hain. ye pratyek akshar aur varn ke liye ek number nirdhaarit karke akshar aur varn sangrahit karte hain. yoonikod ka aavishkaar hone se pehle, aise number dene ke liye sainkadon vibhinn sanket lipi pranaaliyaan theen. kisi ek sanket lipi mein paryaapt akshar naheen ho sakte hain : udaaharan ke liye, Europeeya sangh ko akele hi, apni sabhi bhaashaaon ko kavar karne ke liye anek vibhinn sanket lipiyon ki aavashyakta hoti hai. angreji jaisi bhaasha ke liye bhi, sabhi aksharon, viraamachinhon aur saamaanya prayog ke takaneeki prateekon hetu ek hi sanket lipi paryaapt naheen thi.

ye sanket lipi pranaaliyaan paraspar virodhi bhi hain. iseeliye, do sanket lipiyaan do vibhinn aksharon ke liye, ek hi number prayog kar sakti hain, athva samaan akshar ke liye vibhinn nambaron ka prayog kar sakti hain. kisi bhi computer (vishesh roop se sarvar) ko vibhinn sanket lipiyaan sanbhaalani padti hai; fir bhi jab do vibhinn sanket lipiyon athva pletafaurmon ke beech data bheja jaata hai to us data ke hamesha kharaab hone ka jokhim rahata hai.

yoonikod se yeh sab kuchh badal raha hai!

• (1) yeh vishv ki sabhi lipiyon se sabhi sanketon ke liye ek alag code bindu pradaan karta hai.

• (2) yeh varnon (kairektars) ko ek code deta hai, na ki glif (glyph) ko.

• (3) jahaaain bhi sambhav yoonikod hota hai, yeh bhaashaaon ka ekeekaran karne ka prayatn karta hai. isi neeti ke tahat sabhi pashchim Europeeya bhaashaaon ko laitin ke antargat samaahit kiya gaya hai; sabhi slaavik bhaashaaon ko sirilik (Cyrilic) ke antargat rakha gaya hai; hindi, sanskrut, maraathi, nepaali, sindhi, Kashmiri aadi ke liye 'devanaagari' naam se ek hi block diya gaya hai; cheeni, Japani, Koreai, viytanaami bhaashaaon ko 'yunihaan' (UniHan) naam se ek block mein rakha gaya hai; arabi, faarasi, urdoo aadi ko ek hi block mein rakha gaya hai.

• (4) baaeain se daaeain likhi jaane waali lipiyon ke atirikt daaeain-se-baaeain likhi jaane waali lipiyon (arabi, hibroo aadi) ko bhi ismein shaamil kiya gaya hai. upar se neeche ki taraf likhi jaane waali lipiyon ka abhi adhyayan kiya ja raha hai.

• (5) yeh dhyaan rakhana jaroori hai ki yoonikod keval ek code-saarani hai. in lipiyon ko likhne/padhne ke liye input methad editor aur faunt-faailein jaroori hain.

• ek hi dastaavej mein anekon bhaashaaon ke tekst likhe ja sakte hai.

• tekst ko keval ek nishchit tareeke se sanskaarit karne ki jaroorat padti hai jisse vikaas-kharch evam anya kharche kam lagte hain.

• kisi software-utpaad ka ek hi sanskaran poore vishv mein chalaaya ja sakta hai. kshetreeya baajaaron ke liye alag se sanskaran nikaalne ki jaroorat naheen padti

• kisi bhi bhaasha ka tekst poore sansaar mein bina bhrasht hue chal jaata hai. pehle is tarah ki bahut samasyaaenm aati theen.

haaniyaaain

yoonikod, aaski tatha anya kairekatar kodon ki apeksha adhik smruti (memori) leta hai. kitni adhik smruti lagegi yeh is baat par nirbhar karta hai ki aap kaun sa yoonikod prayog kar rahe hain. UTF7, UTF8, UTF16 ya vaastavik yoonikod - ek akshar alag-alag baait prayog karte hain.

• devanaagari yoonikod ki paraas (range) 0900 se 097F tak hai. (dono sankhyaaen shodashaadhaari hain)

• ksh, tr evam jnya ke liye alag se code naheen hai. inhein sanyukt varn maankar anya sanyukt varnon ki bhaanti inka alag se code naheen diya gaya hai.

• is range mein bahut se aise varnon ke liye bhi code diye gaye hain jo saamaanyat: hindi mein vyavahrut naheen hote. kintu maraathi, sindhi, malayalam aadi ko devanaagari mein samyak dhang se likhne ke liye aavashyak hain.

• nukta vaale varnon (jaise za) ke liye yoonikod nirdhaarit kiya gaya hai. iske alaava nukta ke liye bhi alag se ek yoonikod de diya gaya hai. at: nuktaayukt akshar yoonikod ki drushti se do prakaar se likhe ja sakte hain - ek baait yoonikod ke roop mein ya do baait yoonikod ke roop mein. udaaharan ke liye za ko ' j ' ke baad nukta () type karke bhi likha ja sakta hai.

yoonikod kansaurshiym, ek laabh na kamaane wala ek sangathan hai jiski sthaapana yoonikod standard, jo aadhunik software utpaadon aur maanakon mein paath ki prastuti ko nirdisht karta hai, ke vikaas, vistaar aur iske prayog ko badhaava dene ke liye ki gayi thi. is kansaurshiym ke sadasyon mein, computer aur soochana udyog mein vibhinn nigam aur sangathan shaamil hain. is kansaurshiym ka vittaposhan poornat: sadasyon ke shulk se kiya jaata hai. yoonikod kansaurshiym mein sadasyata, vishv mein kaheen bhi sthit un sangathanon aur vyaktiyon ke liye khuli hai jo yoonikod ka samarthan karte hain aur jo iske vistaar aur kaaryaanvayan mein sahaayata karna chaahate hain.

1. yoonikod ka matlab hai sabhi lipichihnon ki aavashyakta ki poorti karne mein saksham 'ekasamaan maanakeekrut code'.
2. pehle socha gaya tha ki keval 16 bit ke maadhyam se hi duniya ke sabhi lipichihnon ke liye alag-alag code pradaan kiye ja sakeinge. baad mein pata chala ki yeh kam hai. fir ise 32 bit kar diya gaya. arthaat is samay duniya ka koi sanket naheen hai jise 32 bit ke code mein kaheen na kaheen jagah na mil gayi ho.
3. 8 bit ke kul 2par ghaat 8 = 256 alag-alag baainari sankhyaaen ban sakti hain; 16 bit se 2 par ghaat 16 = 65536 aur 32 bit se 4294967296 bhinn (distinct) baainari sankhyaaen ban sakti hain.
4. yoonikod ke teen roop prachalit hain. UTF-8, UTF-16 aur UTF-32.
5. inmein antar kya hai? maan leejiye aapke paas das pej ka koi tekst hai jismein roman, devanaagari, arabi, ganit ke chinh aadi bahut kuchh hain. in chinhon ke yoonikod alag-alag honge. yahaaain dhyaan dene yogya baat hai ki kuchh sanketon ke 32 bit ke yoonikod mein shuroo mein shoonya hi shunya hain (jaise angreji ke sanketon ke liye). yadi shuruaati shoonyon ko hata diya jaaya to inhein keval 8 bit ke dvaara bhi niroopit kiya ja sakta hai aur kaheen koi bhram ya kaanflikt naheen hoga. isi tarah roosi, arabi, hibroo aadi ke yoonikod aise hain ki shoonya ko chhod dene par unhein praaya: 16 bit = 2 baait se niroopit kiya ja sakta hai. devanaagari, Japani, cheeni aadi ko aarambhik shoonya hataane ke baad praaya: 24 bit = teen baait se niroopit kiya ja sakta hai. kintu bahut se sanket honge jinmein aarambhik shoonya naheen honge aur unhein niroopit karne ke liye chaar baait hi lageinge.
6. bundu (5) mein bataae gaye kaam ko UTF-8, UTF-16 aur UTF-32 thoda alag alag dhang se karte hain. udaaharan ke liye yooteeef-8 kya karta hai ki kuchh lipichihnon ke liye 1 baait, kuchh ke liye 2 baait, kuchh ke liye teen aur chaar baait istemaal karta hai. lekin UTF-16 isi kaam ke liye 16 nyoonatam biton ka istemaal karta hai. arthaat jo cheejein UTF-8 mein keval ek baait jagah leti theen ve ab 16 bit ==2 baait ke dvaara niroopit hongi. jo UTF-8 mein 2 baait leteen thi yooteeef-16 mein bhi do hi leingi. kintu pehle jo sanketadi 3 baait ya chaar baait mein niroopit hote the yooteeef-16 mein 32 bit=4 baait ke dvaara niroopit kiye jaayeinge. (aapke paas badi-badi intein hon aur unako bina tode khambha banaana ho to khambha jyaada bada hi banaaya ja sakta hai.)
7. lagbhag spasht hai ki praaya: UTF-8 mein inakoding karne se UTF-16 ki apeksha kam bits lageinge.
8. iske alaava bahut se puraane system 16 bit ko haindil karne mein aksham the. ve ekabaar mein keval 8-bit hi ke saath kaam kar sakte the. is kaaran bhi UTF-8 ko adhik apnaaya gaya. yeh adhik prayog mein aata hai.
9. UTF-16 aur UTF-32 ke paksh mein achhaai yeh hai ki ab kampyootaron ka haardaveyar 32 bit ya 64 bit ka ho gaya hai. is kaaran UTF-8 ki faailon ko 'proses' karne mein UTF-16, UTF-32 waali faailon ki apeksha adhik samay lagega.

• Unicode Tools :

• (k) String to Unicode Value ;
• (kh) Numeric Value to String ;
• (g) Numeric Value Generator

• UniView - An XHTML-based application to look up characters, character blocks, paste in and discover unknown characters, store your own info about characters, search on character names, do hex/dec/ncr conversions, highlight character types, etc. etc.
• UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 Code Charts and Converter
• Character map (requires JavaScript)

faaainnt parivrtak

agar koi lekh kisi jagah par kisi aise faaainnt ko prayog kar ke likha gaya hai jo ki yoonikod naheen hai to faunt parivrtak prograamon ka prayog karke use yoonikod mein badla ja sakta hai.

vistrut jaankaari ke liye dekhein - 'faunt parivrtak'

jank (vikrut) yoonikod ko sahi karne ke upaaya

Yahoo jaise imel sevaaon mein yoonikod kairektar vikrut ho jaane par mool imel praapt kar padhne ke onalaain aujaar

• baaleindu sharma daadheech dvaara viksit aanalaain yoonikod vikruti sanshodhak
• Hindi Unicode Repair Tool

• indik yoonikod
• devanaagari yoonikod khand
• iski (ISCII)
• aaski (ASCII)
• yoonikod samaanukraman algoridm (yoonikod koleshan algoridm)

• yoonikod.org
• yoonikod kya hai?
• bhoomandaleekaran mein IT ka yogadaan hai yoonikod
• yoonikod-saksham utpaadon ki soochi - aapareting system, braaujar, prograaming ki bhaashaayein, evam anya anek utpaad
• FAQ about Unicode for Indic Scripts and Languages
• UTF-8 encoding table and Unicode characters
• DecodeUnicode - yoonikod viki, 50.000 gifs
• Unicode Entity Codes for the Devanāagarī Script
• devanaagari ka yoonikod chart (staindard 5.0)
• Table of Unicode characters from 1 to 65535
• decodeunicode.org images of all 98,884 graphical unicode characters (German/English, full text search)
• Tim Bray's Characters vs Bytes explains how the different encodings work.
• Unicode (good introduction)
• hindi evam devanaagari ke liye yoonikodottar daur ki chunauti alag aur badi hain (baalendu sharma daadheech)
• The Significance of Unicode
• hindi mein yeh kraanti na aati yadi yoonikod na hota! (August 2015 ; baalendu sharma daadheech)

yoonikod upakaran tatha faunt

• Unicode Code Converter v7.09 - yoonikod ko tarah-tarah ke vaikalpik roopon mein badalne wala aanalaain program
• Free C++ Unicode Libraries
• Regular Expression Unicode Syntax Reference
• AnalyzingUnicodeText with RegularExpressions (Andy Heninger, IBM Corporation)
• Alan Wood's Unicode Resources Contains lists of word processors with Unicode capability; fonts and characters are grouped by type; characters are presented in lists, not grids.