yoonaan ka itihaas

yoonaan ke itihaas se aashay aadhunik yoonaan ke andar aane vaale kshetron ka itihaas se hone ke alaava iska aashay yoonaani logon tatha unke dvaara shaasit pradeshon ke itihaas se hai. yoonaani logon ke vaas ka kshetr alag-alag kaal mein bhinn-bhinn raha hai, is kaaran yoonaan ka itihaas bhi is maamale mein parivrti hai ki kis yug mein kis kshetr kshetr ko 'yoonaan' kaha jaaya.

lagbhag 1600 isaapoorv ka jag jis par pakshi ka chitr hai. (raashtreeya puraatatv sangrahaalaya, Athens)

Singh dwaar (Mycenae)

yoonaan ki mukhya bhoomi aur uske dweep lagbhag 4000 varsh isa poorv bas chuke the. E.poo. doosari sahastraabdi tak ijiyaai sabhyata thi jahaaain se logon ke misr aur Asia maainar se sambandh sugam the. lagbhag 17veen shataabdi E.poo. mein baalkan kshetr ki or se grees aur peloponasas‌ par aakraman hue. sabhi aakramanakaari jaatiyaaain- ekiyaai, aarkedi, ipoliyn, apoli aur aayoni- greek bhaashaaon se parichit theen. E.poo. 1500 varsh tak minoi prabhaav mein ekiyaai jaati ne grees se sabhyata ka vikaas kiya. maaiseeni yug, hero yug aur homar yug bhi is kaal ke naam hain. kaha jaata hai ki trojan yuddh, jiski katha ko lekar homar ne apne vishvaprasiddh kaavya 'iliyd aur odisi' likhe, ekiyaai tatha anya greesavaasiyon ke beech E.poo. 12veen shati mein lada gaya tha. E.poo. 1100 mein doriyaai jaati ne grees par aakraman kar puraani sabhyata nasht kar di aur apna kendra peloponesas‌ banaaya. ekiyaai logon mein se kuchh uttari pashchimi Europe ki or bhaage, kuchh ne daasavrutti apna li. aayoni aur apoli, ijiyaai dveepasamooh aur Asia maainar ki or chale gaye. E.poo. 1000 tak sampoorn ijiyaai kshetr mein greek bhaashi log bas chuke the.

1000-499 E.poo. mein mukhya roop se greek nagar-raajyon ki sthaapana hui aur jaatibhed chetna ka praadurbhaav hua. praanrabhik helenik raajyon ka shaasan raajaaon dvaara hota tha. shanai: shanai: raajatantr mein parivrtit hua. kuleenatantr mein raajaneetik samaanata praaya: naheen thi. lagbhag 650 E.poo. mein saamaajik aur raajanatik sangharshon ne is kuleen tantr ko ukhaad feinka aur adhinaayakavaadi shaasan ki sthaapana hui. keval spaarti mein hi kuleen tantr ban saka. kuchh adhinaayakavaadi shaasakon ne avashya hi kala, saahitya, vyaapaar aur udyog ki unnati ki, kintu jab adhinaayakavaad janapeedn ki sthiti mein pahuaincha to usaka bhi astitv E.poo. 500 tak mit gaya. E.poo. 750-500 tak vyaapaarik aur raajaneetik kaaranon se Italy tatha sisli ke kai bhaagon mein greekon ne upanivesh basaae. inke upanivesh vyaapaar ke prasaar ki drushti se Spain aur France tak bhi faile. kuchh din tak greekon ka prasaar mistr ki or ruka rahakar, kintu lagbhag 7veen shataabdi E.poo. mein vyaapaar ki samasya se sugam ho gaya. vahaaain greekon ne 'naakretis' nagar basaaya. iske baad thros aadi anek sthaanon par upanivesh base. ye upanivesh apne mukhya raajya se keval bhaavaatmak sambandh rakhate hue, raajaneetik roop se svatantr the. keval kuchh, jaise epidaamnas, peloponiya, anbraasiya aadi korinth ke upanivesh, raajaneetik roop se svatantr naheen the. siraakyooj aur baijantiym atyant sampann upaniveshon mein the. samaanya dhaarmik bhaavana ke kaaran in saare upaniveshon mein ekta kaayam rahi. delfi mein Apollo greekon ka mukhya dhaarmik kendra tha. vastut: 7veen aur 6thi shati E.poo. ka kaal saanskrutik vikaas aur bauddhik jaagaran ka kaal tha.

500 E.poo. tak spaarta aur Athens grees ke do bade nagararaajya bane. spaarta ka shaasan praacheen paripaateevaale kuleenon ke haath mein tha. Athens ke shaasak madhyavargeeya aur prajaataantrik the. E.poo. 7veen shataabdi tak spaarta mein sanskruti, kaavya aur kala ki prachur unnati hui, kintu vahaaain ki shaasanapaddhati atyant kathor thi. shishu ke utpann hote hi, raajya use apne sanrakshan mein le leta tha aur use yuddh ki shiksha di jaati thi. laaikargas spaarta ka samvidhaan nirmaata tha. shaasanasootr ke sanchaalan ke liye do sadan hote the, jinke adhyaksh do raaja hote the. antim nirnaya ka adhikaar nimn sadan ko tha. paaainch nyaayaadheeshon (efar)dvaara kaaryakaarini samiti, nyaaya aur anushaasan ka sanchaalan hota tha. ve raajaaon ki gatividhi par bhi niyantran rakhate the. sainik shakti dvaara spaarta ne peleeponesas‌ ke sampoorn nagar apne adhikaar mein kar liye aur peloponeshiyaai sangh ke neta ke roop mein is nagar ne adhikrut nagararaajyon ko bhi kuleen tantr sveekaar karne ko baadhya kiya.

E.poo. 683 mein Athens se raajatantr ka samoolochhedan hua. 'solan pisistraatas' ne kuchh seema tak janamat ka sammaan kiya, iske baad isaagoras (abhijaatatantravaadi) aur kleistheneej (janatantravaadi) ke netrutv mein sangharsh ke baad janataantrik paddhati ki vijay hui. spaarta ne Athens ke prajaatantr ko ukhaad feinkane ke anek prayatn kiye, kintu Athens jyon ka tyon raha. (de.Athens)

499-638 E.poo. mein faaras se yuddh aur nagararaajyon mein paraspar sangharsh aadi pramukh ghatanaaeain huin. grees ke kai nagararaajyon ne is sthiti mein apna sthaan bahut prabhaavashaali bana liya.

Asia maainar aur kuchh dveepon ke nagar Lydia ke samraat kriss ke prabhaav mein aa gaye the. vah helenik sanskruti ka poshak aur ek udaar shaasak tha. usane nagaravaasiyon ki aarthik aur bauddhik unnati mein yog diya. 546 E.poo. mein faaras ke tatkaaleen bhraasat Cyrus ne kriss ke adhikaar se saare greek nagar chheen liye. 512 E.poo. mein usaka uttaraadhikaari daaraayush (Darius) Asia maainar ke anya nagaron ko jeetata hua grees ke nikat tak chadh aaya. lekin eritreeya aur etika (attika) ko jeetne ke pashchaat‌ Athens ki sena se maraathan ke yuddh mein paraajit hua.

lagbhag 480 E.poo. mein paarasi samraat jarakseej ne pun: grees par aakraman kiya. (dekhiye, 'Iran ka itihaas') ethans, spaarta aur peloponeshiyaai sangh ke sanyukt pratirodh ke baavajood bhi grees haar gaya. kintu grees ki jalasena se faaras ki senaaon ko peechhe lautane ko baadhya kiya. ek varsh pashchaat‌ 479 E.poo. mein greekon ne pratyaakramanakar faaras ki saari senaaon ko peechhr khaded diya. yeh yuddh deerghakaal tak chalta raha. iski samaapti chaturth shati E.poo. mein sikandar ki faaras par vijay ke saath hui.

is samay tak Athens nagar greek sabhyata ka kendra ban chuka tha. aayoni greekon ne spaarta ke adhikaar se mukt hokar Athens ka netrutv sveekaar kiya. 461 E.poo. mein perikleej ne jantantra ko badhaava diya. kintu yeh jantantra bhi mool yoonaani janta ke liye seemit tha. shesh log daason ki koti mein rakhe jaate the. perikleej ke netrutvakaal mein Athens ki raajanatik aur aarthik sthiti sudrudh ho gayi.

spaarta aur Athens ke vichaaron mein bahut bhed tha. Athens moolat: vyaapaarik shaktisanchaya ki pravruttivaala upaniveshavaadeesaamraajyavaadi raajya tha aur spaarta grees ke sabhi nagararaajyon ka raajaneetik netrutv chaahata tha. falat: netrutv ke liye in donon tatha inse sabandhit nagararaajyon mein yuddh chhid gaya. yuddh 10 varsh se bhi adhik samay tak chala. donon or dhan jan ki apaar haani hui. 421 E.poo. mein kuchh kaal ke liye shaantisandhi hui, kintu teen varsh baad donon pakshon mein pun: yuddh hua. is baar Athens ki bhanyakar paraajaya hui, yahaaain tak ki usaka astitv bhi mahatvaheen ho gaya. korinth aur theebeej jaise nagararaajya spaarta se mil gaye. kuchh samay baad spaarta ki neeti se kshubdh hokar korinth, theebeej aur argasi ne Athens se milkar spaarta ke viruddh sandhi ki. kintu spaarta ke faaras se sandhi karne ke falasvaroop Athens ki sandhi bhang ho gayi aur Asia maainar ke greek nagar faaras ke adhikaar mein chale gaye. 371 E.poo. mein spaarta ne theebeej ke viruddh yuddh chheda, kintu usamein spaarta ki haar hui aur usaka netrutv greek itihaas se mit gaya. ab theebeej ki shakti badhne lagi thi. usane bhi anya nagaron ke prati kathor neeti se kaam liya. is baar spaarta aur Athens ke beech sandhi hui. 362 E.poo. ke baad theebeej ka mahatva samaapt sa ho gaya.

yuddh aur ashaanti ke vaataavaran mein bhi E.poo. 5veen shataabdi mein Athens ke netrutv mein grees mein kala aur saahitya ki prashansaneeya unnati hui. paatheinnaan, proliya aur hefistas ke mandir aadi samruddh vaastukala ke utkrusht namoone usi yug mein prastut hue. (de. lalit kala, 'yoonaani vaastukala') fidiys, mirn aur pauleektsi aadi prasiddh vaastukalaakaar the. chikitsaajagat‌ mein hipaakrits ke anveshanon ne anek chikitsaashaastriyon ka maargadarshan karaaya. hiraiklits, enpidaakleej aur dimaakrits (dimokrits) aadi daarshanikon ne tatvachintan mein mahatvapoorn yog diya. shataabdi ke ant mein vishv ke mahaan‌ daarshanik sukaraat ka janm hua. kraantikaari vichaaron ke kaaran etheinsavaalon ne unhein 399 E.poo. mein vish de diya (de. 'sukaraat'). hirodotas ko itihaas ka pita kaha jaata hai. thyooseedaaideej doosra mahaan‌ itihaasakaar tha, usane peloponeshiyn yuddh ka vistrut vruttaant praamaanik roop se likha. eklij, sofokleej, yooreepideej aur aristaafeneej ke du:khaant aur sukhaant naatak isi samay likhe gaye (de. 'greek bhaasha aur saahitya'). pindaar aur bakaailideej ne raashtranaayakon ki prashasti mein kaavyagranth likhe. is yug mein Athens ni:sandeh grees mein kala aur saahitya ka neta tha.

daasapratha

praacheen grees ke itihaas mein, mukhyat: Athens ke itihaas mein daasapratha ullekhaneeya hai. is sandarbh mein prajaataantrik paddhati aur doosari shaasanapaddhatiyon mein vishesh bhed naheen tha. vartamaan raajaneetik siddhaant mein 'shram ke mahatva' ko mukhya sthaan praapt hain. praacheen siddhaanton mein 'shram' raajaneetik adhikaaron ki ayogyata ka parichaayak tha. kruchh kaal tak to hastakalaavidon ki bhi daason ki koti mein rakha gaya tha. fir bhi anyaraajyon ki apeksha Athens mein daason ki sthiti achhi thi. Athens mein inke prati kuchh nyaaya bhi tha (de. 'das aur daasapratha tha')

isi samay uttar grees mein makadooniya naam ka ek shaktishaali raajya ubhar raha tha. E.poo. 359 mein Phillip vahaaain ka samraat hua (de. Phillip dviteeya). anya greeki nagararaajyon se makadooniya vijayi hua. korinth aur theebeej sainik adde ban gaye. filipki hatya ke baad usaka putr sikandar mahaan‌ makadooniya ka samraat hua.

sikandar ne saare bikhre hue grees ko apne jhande ke neeche ekatr kar liya (de. 'sikandar.') yeh anya raajyon ki jeetata hua Punjab (Bhaarat) aakar laut gaya. 323 E.poo. mein baibilon (baabul) mein usi mrutyu hui. vah sampoorn vishv mein ek raajya aur ek sanskruti dekhne ka ichhuk tha. par sikandar ki mrutyu par usaka vistrut saamraajya chhinn bhinn ho gaya. sangharsho ki lambi shrrukhanla mein teen shaktishaali heleni raajya- aintogonas‌ ke netrutv mein makadooniya, selyookidon ke netrutv mein Asia maainar tatha Syria aur tolmiyon ke netrutv mein mistr udit hue. E.poo. doosari shataabdi isa poorv mein episr ke samraat paaisar ne romanon ke viruddh Italy par aakraman kiya. makadooniya ke samraat Phillip ne is yuddh mein hastakshep kiya tha. is ghatna ko pratham makadooniyaai yuddh kaha jaata hai. dviteeya makadooniyaai yuddh (201-197 E.poo.) mein Phillip ki paraajaya hui. grees ke anya raajya romanon ne Phillip ke adhikaar se mukt karva diye. E.poo. 192 se 189 tak sthiti badal gayi. itaaliyon aur romanon ke beech yuddh mein Phillip ne romanon ka saath diya. kintu paristhitiyaaain is prakaar utpann hoti gain ki makadooniyaaain ne do yuddh aur lade. E.poo. 146 mein yeh rom se bhi paraajit hua. rom se saare grees ko keindrit kar makadooniya mein shaasak niyukt kiya.

rom ne grees aur makadooniya par aadhiptya ke saath sikandar dvaara vijit poorvi pradeshon par bhi adhikaar jama liya. Athens mein kala aur sanskruti ki unnati romanon ke kaal mein jyon ki tyon rahi. jastiniyn ne Athens ke bauddhik unnayan mein hastakshep kar sikandariya ko daarshanik shikshaaon ka kendra banaaya. isse rom ne bhi grees kala aur sanskruti se bahut kuchh liya. kustuntuniya rajdhani bani. thidosiys ki mrutyu ke pashchaat‌ poora saamraajya do bhaagon mein bainta. pashchimi grees ke patan (176) ke pashchaat‌ poorvaardh bhaag baijantaain saamraajya ke naam se prasiddh hua. kintu jab musalmaanon ne kustuntuniya par adhikaar kiya to yeh raajya bhi samaapt ho gaya.

yeh raajya naukarashaahi se aarambh hua. is saamraajya ka poora itihaas, apni raksha ke liye baalkan, dakshini Italy aur Asia maainar se hue yuddhon ka itihaas hai. vijeegothik, gothik (de. goth) aur balgoriyn jaatiyon ke bhi aakraman hue. samraat jastiniyn ne us bhoomi ko pun: praapt karne ka prayatn kiya. aage chalakar dhaarmik matabhedon ke kaaran san‌ 800 mein, jabki chaarlamain rom ka samraat hua, kustuntuniya aur rom alag alag ho gaye (de. rom ka itihaas). naveen shataabdi ke ant mein samraat nikeforas fokaas dviteeya aur jon jimises ne raajya ko kisi prakaar bachaane ki cheshta ki (de. 'baijantaain saamraajya).' iske baad selajuk turko ke aakramanon ne raajya ko atishya shaktiheen bana diya. 13veen shataabdi se lekar 15veen shataabdi ke aarambh tak is saamraajya mein badi uthal puthal hui. ant mein aatoman (usmaani) turkon ne 1453 mein kustuntuniya par adhikaar kar liya. shanai: shanai: sampoorn grees par unka adhikaar ho gaya (de. 'turk).'

France ki kraanti aur turk shaasan ke kramik patan aadi ki ghatnaaon se aur anya deshon mein base greeki logon ki samruddhi se grees ke netaaon mein turkon se apne desh ko mukt karaane ki ichha jagi. roos, Britain aur France ke utsaahit karne par vahaaain ki janta ne turko ke viruddh san‌ 1821 se 1829 tak sangharsh kar grees ko ek svatantr raashtra bana liya. bavaariya ka Rajkumar aatho san‌ 1832 mein oto pratham ke naam se samraat banaaya gaya. do varsh pashchaat‌ Athens nagar desh ki rajdhani bana. samraat oto ki vyaktigat neetiyon se kshubdh hokar vahaaain ki janta ne san‌ 1843 mein uske viruddh aandolan karke sansadeeya parampara kaayam ki. 20 March 1844 ko janatantravaadi grees ka pehla samvidhaan bana. ismein samraat pad ki poornataya samaapti naheen thi. Denmark ka Rajkumar William George 1863 mein oto ka uttaraadhikaari hua. doosari baar ke bane samvidhaan mein saari raajaneetik shakti samraat ke haath se nikalkar jan pratinidhiyon ke haath mein keindrit ho gayi. 1869 mein british sarkaar ne aayoni dveepon ko bhi grees raajya mein maan liya. 1897 mein grees, kreet par aadhiptya jamaane ke lobh mein tarki se paraajit hua. kuchh badi shaktiyon ke hastakshep se kreet svaayatt shaasan ki ikaai bana aur tarki ka aadhiptya samaapt ho gaya. kuchh sainya adhikaariyon ke grees ki saamraajyavruddhi ki neeti ke viruddh vidroh ko tatkaaleen pradhaan mantri elootheeriths beneejelaas ne kushalata se daba diya.

pratham vishvayuddh mein grees tatasth raha. samraat alekjandar ki mrutyu (1920) ke baad sansadeeya nirvaachan mein beneejelaas dal ki haar hui. 1922 mein samraat kaanstaintin ne Asia maainar ke alpasankhyak greek nagaron ko mukt karaane ke liye tarki ke viruddh yuddh kiya, kintu paraajit hua. baad mein paraspar nagaron ki adala badli ho gayi. beneejelaas dal ke aandolan ne 1924 se 1935 tak jantantra kaayam rakha kintu 1935 mein pun: raajashaahi ki vijay hui. 1936 mein janataantrik paddhati ka samoolochhedan hua aur vaaksvaatantraya, janasabhaaon aur raajaneetik sangathanon par rok laga di.

dviteeya vishvayuddh ke samay yahaaain bhi raashtreeya samaajavaadi Germany ki tarah adhinaayakavaad tha. donon vishvayuddhon ke beech grees baalkan raashtron mein sahayog ke liye sakriya tha. 1930 mein pehla baalkan sammelan Athens mein hua. 1940 mein Italy ko yuddhasanbandhi suvidha na pradaan karne par Italy ne grees par aakraman kar diya. praarambhik asafalataaon ke baad grees ne itaaliyn senaaon ko albaaniya mein khaded diya aur lagbhag 20,000 sainik bandi bana liye. great Britain ne use albaaniya chhodkar hat jaane ke liye baadhya kiya. Germany ne Britain aur grees ka sambandh dekhkar grees ko raund daala aur do saptaah mein kreet par bhi Germany ka jhanda fahara gaya.

san‌ 1941 or uske baad grees mein anek chhote bade raajaneetik sangathan hue. inmein bahuton ke paas koi nishchaya kaaryakram naheen tha british pratinidhiyon ke saath 1943 mein raajaneetik dalon ke netaaon ne tay kiya ki svasth janamat taiyaar hone ke poorv tak satta ke adhikaar ke liye samraat ki niyukti honi chaahiye. raajaneetik sangathanon ne samraat ko apna sahayog diya. kintu aage chalakar in donon mein satta ke liye sangharsh hua. sangharsh ke lambe kaal mein british senaaon ko hastakshep karna pada. shaktishaali dal 'national liberation frant' ka bhi prabhaav bahut ksheen ho gaya. fir bhi sangharsh kam naheen hue. Athens mein raktaranjit kraanti hui. antatogatva sofolis ke nirdeshan mein saare keindreeya guton ki sammilit sarkaar bani. March, 1946 mein aam chunaav hue, sansad mein anadaar dal ka bahumat hua. samraat George dviteeya ki mrutyu par usaka bhaai paal pratham shaasanaadhyaksh hua. vah bahut anshon tak prabhaavashaali siddh hua, yahaaain tak ki kuchh udaaradaleeya bhi uske paksh mein sammilit ho gaye. tatkaaleen greek sarkaar ke viruddh 1947 mein gruhayuddh chhida. vidrohi janta sarkaar ka sangathan general maarakaas vaafiya dees ki adhyakshata mein chaahati thi. inki albaaniya, yoonoslaaviya aur balgeriya se sahaayata milti thi. March, 1948 mein yeh vidroh dabaaya ja saka, kintu isse dhan jan ki apaar kshati hui.

is samay grees mein audyogik pragati kuchh anshon mein hui, kintu raajaneetik aur saamaajik sthiti niraashaapoorn rahi. September, 1947 se November, 1949 tak das sarkaarein badaleen. paipaagas ke netrutv mein rally dal ke bahumat mein aane par kuchh jan adhikaaron mein vruddhi hui aur raajaneeti mein sthirta I. sanyukt raajya amareeka ki sahaayata mein nyoonata ki gayi. fir bhi desh ki achhi hui. roosi gut se nikalne ke baad yoogoslaaviya se uske sambandh achhe hue. 1952 mein tarki ke saath grees naato (North etalaantik treeti aargenaaijeshan) ka sadasya hua. February, 1953 mein yoogoslaaviya tarki aur grees mein paarasparik sahayog aur suraksha ki sandhi hui. 1952 mein grees aur balgeriya ke beech seemaavivaad hua, kintu grees ne apni aantarik raajaneeti mein saamyavaad ko kabhi panapane naheen diya. 1954 mein Athens aur saaipras mein british hastakshep ke viruddh vidroh bhadka. ant mein, british hastakshep ka maamala sanyukt raashtrasangh mein vichaaraarth pesh kiya gaya. 1959 mein London-Zurich samjhaute ke anusaar saaipras samasya ke prastaav dvaara Turkey aur grees ke sambandhon mein sthirta I. November, 1962 mein grees Europeeya sammilit baajaar mein shaamil hua.

• Jeremy B. Rutter, "The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Aegean": chronology, history, bibliography
• History of Greece: Primary Documents
• A short history of Greece