yoonaan
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is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (July 2014) |
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Ellinikí Dhimokratíaa yoonaani ganaraajya Εaaλaaλaaηaaνaaιaaκaaή Δaaηaaμaaοaaκaaρaaαaaτaaίaaα
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raashtravaakya: Εaaλaaεaaυaaθaaεaaρaaίaaα ή Θaάaνaαaτaοaς (Transliteration: Eleftheria i thanatos) (anuvaad: "svatantrata ya mrutyu") |
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raashtragaan: Ύaaμaaνaaοaaς εaaιaaς τaaηaaν Εaaλaaεaaυaaθaaεaaρaaίaaαaaν ("svatantrata ke geet") |
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rajdhani aur sabse badaa nagar |
Athens 38°a00′aN 23°a43′aE / 38°aN 23.717°aE |
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| raajabhaasha(eain) | yoonaani | |||||
| sarkaar | ganaraajya | |||||
| - | raashtrapati | kaarlos paipoliais | ||||
| - | pradhaanamantri | kostaas kaaraamainlis | ||||
| svatantr otoman saamraajya se | ||||||
| - | ghoshit | 25 March 1821 | ||||
| - | maanyata praapt | 1829 | ||||
| kshetrafal | ||||||
| - | kul | 1,31,945 varg kilometer (70vaaain) 50,944 varg meal |
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| - | jal (%) | 0.8669 | ||||
| janasankhya | ||||||
| - | 2005 janaganana | 1,12,44,118[1] (74vaaain) | ||||
| - | 2001 janaganana | 1,09,64,020 [2] | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) | 2005 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | 245.88 arab $ (2005 aadhikaarik yoorostait data) (37vaaain) | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | 22,800 $ (2005 aadhikaarik yoorostait data) (30vaaain) | ||||
| maanav vikaas soochakaank (2004) | 0.912 bahut uchch · 24vaaain |
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| mudra | Euro(€)2 (EUR) | |||||
| samay mandal | EET (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+2) | |||||
| - | greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) | EEST (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+3) | ||||
| doorabhaash koot | 30 | |||||
| Internet teeeladi | .gr | |||||
| 1 Monarchy rejected by referendum December 8th, 1974. 2 Prior to 2001: Greek Drachma. | ||||||
grees athva yoonaan Europe mahaadveep mein sthit desh hai. yahaan ke logon ko yoonaani athva yavan kehte hain. angreji tatha anya pashchimi bhaashaaon mein inhein greek kaha jaata hai. yeh bhoomadhya saagar ke uttar poorv mein sthit dveepon ka samooh hai. pracheen yoonaani log is dweep se anya kai kshetron mein gaye jahaaain ve aaj bhi alpasankhyak ke roop mein maujood hai, jaise - Turkey, misr, pashchimi Europe ityaadi.
yoonaani bhaasha ne aadhunik angreji tatha anya Europeeya bhaashaaon ko kai shabd diye hain. takaneeki kshetron mein inki shreshthata ke kaaran takaneeki kshetr ke kai Europeeya shabd greek bhaasha ke moolon se bane hain. iske kaaran ye anya bhaashaaon mein bhi aa gaye hain.
yahaan ki rajdhani Athens hai. praacheen mandiron mein paarthenaan aur kuchh door nagar se baahar delfi ka mandir dekhne yogya hai.
anukram
bhoogol
sthiti: 35° se 41° 30' u.a. tatha 19° 30' se 27° poo.de.; kshetrafal- 51,182 varg meal, janasankhya 85,55,000 (1958, anumaanit) baalakan praayadveep ke dakshini bhaag mein baalakan raajya ka ek desh hai jiske uttar mein albaaniya, yoogoslaaviya aur balageriya, poorv ke Turkey, dakshin-pashchim, dakshin aur dakshin-poorv mein kramash: aayoniyn saagar, bhoomadhyasaagar aur ijiyn sagar sthit hain. yoonaan ko helaaj (Hellas) ka raajya kehte hain.
grees ki sabse aakarshak bhaugolik visheshata uske parvateeya bhaag, bahut gahari kati fati tatarekha tatha dveepon ki adhikta hai. parvatashreniyaaain iske 3/4 kshetr mein faili hui hain. pashchimi bhaag mein pindas parvat samudra aur tatarekha ke samaantar lagaataar faila hua hai. iske vipreet, poorv mein parvatashreniyaaain samudra ke saath samakon banaati hui chalti hain. is prakaar ki chhinn bhinn tatarekha aur Europe mein ek adbhut jhaalaradaar (Fringed) dweep ka nirmaan karti hain. sarvapramukh bandargaah isi jhaalaradaar dweep par sthit hain aur sameepavarti ijiyn samudra lagbhag 2,000 dveepon se bhara hua hai. ye Asia aur Europe ke beech mein seedhi ke patthar ka kaam karte hain. desh ka koi bhi bhaag samudra se 80 meal se adhik door naheen hai. is desh mein thros, maisedoniya aur thesaali keval teen vistrut maidaan hain.
grees ki jalavaayu iske vistaar ke vichaar se asaadhaaran roop se bhinn hai. iske pradhaan kaaran ooainchaai mein vibhinnata, desh ki lambi aakruti aur baalakan tatha bhoomadhyasaagareeya havaaon ki upasthiti hai. samudratateeya bhaagon mein bhoomadhyasaagari jalavaayu pai jaati hai jiski visheshata lambi, ushn tatha shushk garmiyaaain aur varshaayukt thandhi jaade ki ritueain hain, thesaali, maisedoniya tatha thros ke maidaanon ki jalavaayu varsha, jaade ki ritu thandi tatha garmiyaaain adhik ushn hoti hain. alpaain parvat par teesara jalavaayu khand paaya jaata hai.
praakrutik vibhaag
yoonaan ko paaainch praakrutik vibhaagon- 1. thros aur maisedoniya, 2. ipeeras, 3. thesaali, 4. madhya grees aur 5. dveepasamooh mein baaainta ja sakta hai.
thros aur maisedoniya
uttari bhaag poornataya parvateeya hain. vaaradar, struma, nestaas aur merik pramukh nadiyaaain hain. parvateeya hain. sameep vistrut maidaan hain jinmein khaadyaannon, tanbaakoo aur falon ki kheti hoti hai. is pradesh mein elekjaindropolis, kaavala tatha saalonika pramukh bandargaah hain.
ipeeras
adhikaansh bhaag parvateeya tatha visham hai. isaliye kuchh sadkon ko chhodkar yaataayaat ka anya koi saadhan naheen hain. parvateeya logon ka mukhya udyam bhed paalana hai. chhote chhote maidaanon mein kuchh faslein, visheshataya makka, paida ki jaati hain.
thesaali
maisedoniya ki hi tarah thesaali ke maidaan atyant upajaaoo hain jahaaain grees ke kisi bhi bhaag ki apeksha vyaapak paimaane par kheti ki jaati hai. mukhya faslein gehooain, makka, jau aur kapaas hain. laarisa yahaaain ka mukhya nagar tatha volaas mukhya bandargaah hain.
madhya grees
madhya grees mein thebs (thevaai), levaadi aur laamiyaaain ke maidaanon ke atirikt pathareeli aur visham bhoomi ke bhi kshetr hain. maidaanon mein munakka, naarangi, khajoor, anjeer, jaitoon, angoor, neeboo aur makka ki upaj hoti hai. pathareeli aur visham bhoomi ke kshetr mein khaal aur oon praapt hota hai.
isi khand mein raashtreeya rajdhani ethens grees ka pramukh bandargaah evam audyogik nagar piros aate hain.
dweep samooh
inmein mukhyat: aayoniyn, ijiyn, yooboaa, saaikleds tatha kreet dweep ullekhya hain. kreet inmein sabse bada dweep hain, jiski lanbaai 160 meal tatha chaudaai 35 meal hain. san 1951 mein iski janasankhya 4,61,300 thi tatha ismein do pramukh nagar, kaindiya aur kainiya, sthit hain.
aayoniyn dweep bahut hi ghane base hue hain. sabhi dveepon mein kuchh sharaab, jaitoon ka tel, angoor, chakotara tatha tarakaariyaaain paida hoti hain. yahaaain ke adhikaansh nivaasi machhue, naavik ya spanj gotaakhor ke roop me jeevikopaarjan karte hain.
praakrutik sampatti
khanij : grees mein paryaapt khanij sampatti hai lekin vyavasthit roop mein anusandhaan na hone se is praakrutik dhan ka upayog naheen ho paata hai. khanij padaarthon ke vikaasaarth sanyuktaraashtr dvaara gathit upasamiti (unrra) ki sifaarish (1947) ke aadhaar par 1951 E. mein ethens ke upadharaataleeya anveshan kendra ne 1/50,000 anumaap par grees ke bhoogarbheeya maanachitr ka nirmaan kaarya praarambh kiya.
yahaaain ke mukhya khanij lauh dhaatu, vaaksaait, aayaran paairaait (Iron Pyrite), kurun patthar, beraait. sees, jasta, maiganesaait, gandhak, mainganeej, ainteemeeni aur lignaait hain. 1951 E. mein sanyukt raashtra aayog ki khoj se yeh pata chala ki mesina jaate, kardista, trikaala aur thros ke kshetron mein khode jaane yogya tel ke bhandaar hain.
jalashakti
iska bhi paryaapt vikaas naheen ho saka hai. sanyukt raashtrasangh ke aahaar aur krushi sangathan (F.A.O.) ki soochana (March, 1947) ke anusaar jalavidyut ki kshamata 8,00,000 kilaavaat aur 5,00,00,00,000 kilovaat ghanta prati varsh thi jabki vishvayuddh ke poorv keval 22,00,00,000 kilovaat ghanta vidyut taiyaar ki jaati thi aur taapavidyutyantron ke liye keemati idhann aayaat kiya jaata tha. grees ki aniyantrit nadiyon se kataav, baadh tatha ret ki samasya se chhutakaara paane ke liye nadeeghaati yojanaaon dvaara inhein niyantrit kar shakti evam krushi ke liye atirikt bhoomi praapt ki ja rahi hai. in yojanaaon mein Agra (maisedoniya), ledan nadi (pelopaaneesas), lauraas nadi (ipeeras) aur aleeveriyn (yooboaa) mukhya hain.
praakrutik vanaspati evam pashu
yoonaan ki vanaspati ko chaar khandon mein vibhaajit kiya ja sakta hai :
1. samudratal se 1500 foot tak is kshetr mein tanbaakoo, kapaas, naarangi, jaitoon, khajoor, baadaam, angoor, anjeer aur anaar paae jaate hain tatha nadiyon ke kinaare laarel, mehaindi, gond, karaveer, saro evam safed chinaar ke vruksh paae jaate hain.
2. doosare kshetr mein (1500' -3500') parvateeya dhaalon par baloot, (Oak) akharot aur cheed ke vruksh paae jaate hain. cheed se rejin nikaal kar usaka upayog taarapeen ka tel banaane tatha grees ki prasiddh sharaab retjina (Retsina) ko svaadisht banaane ke liye hota hai.
3. truteeya khand mein (3500' -5500') visheshakar beech (Beech) paaya jaata hai. ooainchaai par far aur nichle bhaagon mein cheed ke vruksh milte hain.
4. alpaain kshetr mein 5,500' se adhik ooainchaai par chhote chhote paudhe-laaikan aur kaai-milte hain. vasant ritu mein rang birange jangali fool pahaadi bhaagon ko sushobhit karte hain.
jaganli jaanvaron mein bhaaloo, suar, lidks, vedagar, geedad, lomadi, jangali billi tatha nevala aadi hain. pindas shreni mein harin tatha parvateeya kshetron mein bhediye milte hain. yahaaain naana prakaar ke pakshi, jinmein giddh, baaj, garud, bulabul tatha battakh mukhya hain, paae jaate hain.
krushi
kul kshetr ka keval 1/4 bhaag krushiyogya hai. prati vyakti krushikshetr (0.74 ekad) tatha prati ekad utpaadan (13.5 bushal) donon Europeeya deshon mein sabse kam hain. utpaadan ki kami ke mukhya kaaran aparyaapt varsha, anupajaaoo bhoomi, bahut chare hue charaagaah tatha puraani krushi pranaaliyaaain hain. dviteeya vishvayuddh ke pehle prati din prati vyakti 2500 kailauri (Calorie) bhojan ki maatra hoti thi, jabki adhik unnat deshon mein yeh maatra 300 se 3200 tak hain. yoonaaniyon ke aahaar mein maans tatha dugdh padaarthon ka upabhog bahut hi kam raha hai. adhikaansh krushak pehle apne hi parivaar ke liye bhojan paida karte the. abhi tak parvateeya kshetron tatha chhote dweep ke krushak aatmanirbhar hain. ab adhikaansh bhaagon mein vishesh krushi hoti hai aur ek hi fasal paida ki jaati hai.
krushi yogya bhoomi ke 74% bhaag mein khaadyaannon aur raai, geinhooain, makka, jau, jai ka utpaadan hota hai. 1951 E. mein inka utpaadan 13,90,000 meetari tan (anumaanit) raha. thodi maatra mein daal, soyaabeen, braadabeen (Broad beans) aur chik pi (Chick Peas) paida hoti hain aur aavashyakataanusaar inhein videshon se aayaat karte hain. aaloo ki poorti desh se hi ho jaati hai. grees ki vyaavasaayik fasalein tanbaakoo aur kapaas hain, jinka utpaadan 1951 E. mein kramash: 62,000 tatha 81,00 meetari tan raha. yahaaain ka kapaas uchch koti ka hai tatha udyog ke vikaas ke saath iska utpaadan bhi badhta ja raha hai.
falon ka utpaadan 26% krushi kshetr mein hota hai aur inse 36% krushiaaya praapt hoti hai. inmein jaitoon ke bageeche sarvapramukh hain. khaane yogya jaitoon evam jaitoon ke tel ka utpaadan 1951 E. mein kramash: 81,000 tatha 1,40,000 meter tan (anumaanit) raha. inka niryaat paryaapt maatra mein hota hai. anya fal mukhyat: chakotara, naasapaati, seb, khubaani, baadaam, pista, akharot, angoor, tatha kaashthafal aadi hain.
pashu paalan grees ki krushivyavastha ki ek pramukh shaakha hai. yahaaain pratyek gaaainv mein pashupaalan hota hai. san 1955 mein yahaaain 89,70,000 bheindein aur 9,57,000 pashu the.
udyog dhandhe
koyala, bijli, tatha pooainji ki kami ke kaaran grees ke udyogon ka vikaas bahut hi mand raha. nirmaan udyogon mein, jo krushi padaarthon par hi aadhaarit hai, keval 8% janasankhya lagi hui hai. in udyogon mein vastr, rasaayanak aur bhojya padaarth mukhya hain. anya nirmit maal mein jaitoon ke tel, sharaab, kaaleen, aata, cigarette, urvarak aur bhavananirmaan saamagri hain. audyogik vikaas ethens tatha solonika ke aaspaas hai. idhesa sooti vastr nirmaan ka pramukh kendra hai.
videshi vyaapaar
yahaaain se niryaat ki jaanevaali pramukh krushi vastueain tanbaakoo, munakka, rejin, jaitoon, jaitoon ka tel, angoor tatha sharaab hain. munakka ka niryaat 1937 E. ke 15% se badhkar 1951 E. mein 32% ho gaya. grees ke pramukh graahak pashchim Germany, sanyukt raajya amareeka, Britain, aastriya, Italy, France tatha mistr hain. aayaat ki vastuon mein taiyaar maal, bhojan tatha kachche maal hain, jinki poorti mukhyataya sanyukt raajya amareeka, Britain, pashchim Germany, Italy, Belgium aur laksemabarg dvaara hoti hai.
yaataayaat
yaataayaat ke saadhan mukhyat: jalayaan, relein tatha sadkein hain. yahaaain 1956 mein (100 tan tatha oopar ke) 347 vyaapaarik jahaaj the jinki kshamata 13,07,336 tan thi. 1955 E. mein relamaargo ki lanbaai 1678 meal tatha 1953 E. mein kul sadkon ki lanbaai 14,221 meal thi. dviteeya vishvayuddh kaal mein grees ki yaataayaat vyavastha ko apratyaashit haani uthaani padi lekin sanyukt raajya ki sahaayata dvaara san 1950 tak inhein poornataya theek kar liya gaya.
shiksha
yahaaain saat varsh se lekar 14 varsh tak praarambhik shiksha anivaarya hai. san 1954 mein praarambhik paathashaalaaeain 9,368, uchchatar maadhyamik vidyaalaya 425, tatha do vishvavidyaalaya-ethens evam saalonika mein the. inke atirikt ethens mein kai praavidhik tatha videshi vidyaalaya hain.
itihaas
praacheen yoonaani log isaapoorv 1500 isvi ke aaspaas is dweep par aae jahaaain pehle se aadim log raha karte the. ye log hind-Europeeya samooh ke samajhe jaate hain. 1100 isaapoorv se 800 isaapoorv tak ke samay ko andhakaar yug kehte hain. iske baad greek raajyon ka udaya hua. ethens, spaarta, meseedoniya (makadooniya) inhi raajyon mein pramukh the. inmein aapasi sangharsh hota rahata tha. is samay greek bhaasha mein abhootapoorv rachanaae huin. vigyaan ka bhi vikaas hua. isi samay faaras mein hakhaamani (ekemenid) udaya ho raha tha. rom bhi shaktishaali hota ja raha tha. san 500 isaapoorv se lekar 448 isaapoorv tak faarasi saamraajya ne yoonaan par chadhaai ki. yavanon ko in yuddhon mein ya to haar ka muainh dekhna pada ya peechhe hatna pada. par isaapoorv chauthi sadi ke aarambh mein Turkey ke tat par sthit greek nagaron ne faarasi shaasan ke khilaaf vidroh karna aarambh kar diya.
sikndar
san 335 isaapoorv ke aaspaas makadooniya mein sikndar (alekjendar, alekshendr) ka udaya hua. usane lagbhag sampoorm yoonaan par apna adhiptya jamaaya. iske baad vo faarasi saamraajya ki or badha. aadhunik Turkey ke tat par vo 330 isaapoorv mein pahuaincha jahaaain par usane faaras ke shaah daara truteeya ko haraaya. daara ranabhoomi chhod kar bhaag gaya. iske baad sikndar ne teen baar faarasi sena ko haraaya. fir vo misr ki or badha. lautane ke baad vo mesopotaamiya (aadhunik iraak, us samay faarasi niyantran mein) gaya. apne saamraajya ke lagbhag 40 gune bade saamraajya par kabja karne ke baad sikndar afgaanistaan hote hue Bhaarat tak chala aaya. par usaka sena ne thakaan ke kaaran aage badhne se inkaar kar diya. iske baad vo vaapas laut gaya aur san 323 mein bebeeloniya mein usakaai mrutyu ho gayi. usaki is vijay se faaras par usaka niyantran ho gaya par usaki mrutyu ke baad uske saamraajya ko uske senaapatiyon ne aapas mein baaaint liya. aadhunik afgaanistaan mein kendrit shaasak selyukas ismein sabse shaktishaali saabit hua. pehli sadi isa poorv tak uttarapashchimi Bhaarat se lekar Iran tak ek abhootapoorv hind-yavan sabhyata ka srujan hua.
sikndar ke baad san 117 isaapoorv mein yoonaan par rom ka niyantran ho gaya. yoonaan ne rom ki sanskruti ko bahut prabhaavit kiya. yoonaani bhaasha rom ke do aadhikaarik bhaashaaon mein se ek thi. yeh poorvi roman saamraajya ki bhi bhaasha bani. san 1453 mein kastunatooniya ke patan ke baad yeh usmaani (otoman turk) niyantran me aa gaya. iske baad san 1821 tak yeh turkon ke adheen raha jis samay yahaaain se kai log pashchimi Europe chale gaye aur unhonne angreji tatha anya bhaashaaon mein apne granthon ka anuvaad kiya. iske baad hi inka mahatva Europe mein jaana gaya.
san 1821 mein turkon ke niyantran se mukt hone ke baad yahaaain svatantrata rahi hai par Europeeya shaktiyon ka prabhaav yahaaain bhi dekane ko mila hai. pratham vishvayuddh mein isne turkon ke khilaaf mitr raashtron ka saath diya. dviteeya vishvayuddh mein jarmanon ne yahaaain kuchh samay ke liye apna niyantran bana liya tha. iske baad yahaaain gruh yuddh bhi hue. san 1975 mein yahaaain ganatantr sthaapit kar diya gaya. saaipras ko lekar grees aur Turkey mein abatak tanaav bana hua hai.