vishvajnyaaanakosh

vishvajnyaaanakosh, vishvakosh ya jnyaaanakosh (angreji: Encyclopedia) aisi pustak ko kehte hain jismein vishvabhar ki tarah tarah ki jaanane laayak baaton ko samaavesh hota hai. vishvakosh ka arth hai vishv ke samast gyaan ka bhandaar. at: vishvakosh vah kruti hai jismein gyaan ki sabhi shaakhaaon ka sannivesh hota hai. ismein varnaanukramik roop mein vyavasthit anyaanya vishyon par sankshipt kintu tathyapoorn nibandhon ka sankalan rahata hai. yeh sansaar ke samast siddhaanton ki paathyasaamagri hai. vishvakosh angreji shabd "inasaaiklopeediya" ka samaanaarthi hai, jo greek shabd inasaaikliyaus (N = A circle tatha peediya = education) se nirmit hua hai. iska arth shiksha ki paridhi arthaat nirdesh ka saamaanya paathyavishya hai.

is kism ki baatein anant hai, is liye kisi bhi vishvajnyaaanakosh ko kabhi 'poora hua' ghoshit naheen kiya ja sakta. vishvajnyaaanakosh mein sabhi vishyon ke lekh ho sakte hain kintu ek vishay vaale vishvakosh bhi hote hain. vishvakosh mein upavishya (taapik), us bhaasha ke varnakram ke anusaar vyavasthit kiye gaye hote hain.

pehle vishvakosh ek ya anek khandon mein pustak ke roop mein hi aate the. computer ke praadurbhaav se ab seedi aadi ke roop mein bhi tarah-tarah ke vishvakosh upalabdh hain. anek vishvakosh antarajaal par 'online' bhi upalabdh hain.

aitihaasik drushti se vishvakoshon ka vikaas shabdakoshon (dikshanari) se hua hai. gyaan ke vikaas ke saath aisa anubhav hua ki shabdon ka arth evam unki paribhaasha de dene maatr se un vishyon ke baare mein paryaapt jaankaari naheen milti, to vishvakoshon ka aavirbhaav hua. aaj bhi kisi vishay ko samarpit vishvakosh ko shabdakosh bhi kaha jaata hai; jaise 'sookshmajeevavijnyaaan ka shabdakosh' aadi.

anukram

upayogita

vishvakosh ka uddeshya sampoorn vishv mein vikeern kala evam vigyaan ke samast gyaan ko sankalit kar use vyavasthit roop mein saamaanya jan ke upayogaarth upasthit karna tatha bhavishya ke liye surakshit rakhana hai. ismein samaavisht bhootakaal ki jnyaaanavijnyaaan ki upalabdhiyaaain maanav sabhyata ke vikaas ke liye saadhan prastut karti hain. yeh jnyaaanaraashi manushya tatha samaaj ke kaaryavyaapaar ki sanchit pooainji hoti hai. aadhunik shiksha ke vishvaparyavasaayi svaroop ne shikshaarthiyon evam jnyaaanaarthiyon ke liye sandarbhagranthon ka vyavahaar anivaarya bana diya hai. vishvakosh mein sampoorn sandarbhon ka saar nihit hota hai. isliye aadhunik yug mein iski upayogita aseemit ho gayi hai. iski sarvaarthik upaadeyata ki pratham anivaaryata iski bodhagamyata hai. ismein sankalit jatiltam vishay se sambandhit nibandh bhi is prakaar prastut kiya jaata hai ki vah saamaanya paathak ki kshamata evam uske bauddhik star ke upayukt tatha bina kisi prakaar ki sahaayata ke bodhagamya ho jaata hai. uttam vishvakosh gyaan ke maanaveeyakaran ka maadhyam hai.

itihaas

nechuraalis historiaa (Naturalis Historiæ), 1669 sanskaran ka mukhaprushth

praacheen athva madhyayugeen nibandhakaaron dvaara vishvakosh ('inasaaiklopeediya') shabd unki krutiyon ke naamakaran mein prayukt naheen hota tha par unka svaroop vishvakosheeya hi tha. inki vishishtata yeh thi ki ye lekhak vishesh ki kruti the. at: ye vastuparak kam, vyashtiprak adhik the tatha lekhak ke gyaan, kshamata evam abhiruchi dvaara seemit hote the. vishyon ke prastuteekaran aur vyaakhya par une vyaktigat drushtikonon ki spasht chhaap rahati thi. ye sandarbhagranth naheen varan anyaanya vishyon ke adhyayan hetu prayukt nirdeshak nibandhasangrah the.

vishv ki sabse puraatan vishvakosheeya rachana afreekaavaasi maarsiynas miss feliks kaupela ki satoraaa sateerik hai. usane paaainchaveen shati ke aaranbhakaal mein gadya tatha padya mein iska pranayan kiya. yeh kruti madhyayug mein shiksha ka aadarshaagaar samajhi jaati thi. madhyayug tak aisi anyaanya krutiyon ka surgeon hua, par ve praaya: ekaangi theen aur unka kshetr seemit tha. unamein trutiyon evam visangatiyon ka baahulya rahata tha. is yug ko sarvashreshth kruti vyoovias ke viseint ka granth "bibliyotheka mandi" ya "spekulas mejas" tha. yeh terahaveen shati ke madhyakaaleen gyaan ka mahaan sangrah tha. usane is granth mein madhyayug ki anek krutiyon ko surakshit kiya. yeh kruti anek vilupt aakar (klaisikl) rachanaaon tatha anyaanya granthon ki moolyavaan paathyasaamagriyon ka saar pradaan karti hai.

praacheen grees mein spyusips tatha arastoo ne mahatvapoorn granthon ki rachana ki thi. spyusips ne pashuon tatha vanaspatiyon ka vishvakosheeya vargeekaran kiya tatha arastoo ne apne shishyon ke upayog ke liye apni peedhi ke upalabdh gyaan evam vichaaron ko sankshipt roop mein prastut karne ke liye anek granthon ka pranayan kiya. is yug mein praneet vishvakosheeya granthon mein praacheen romavaasi plini ki kruti "natural history" hamaari vishvakosh ki aadhunik avadhaarana ke adhik nikat hai. yeh madhya yug ka uchch aadhikaadhik granth hai. yeh 37 khandon evam 2493 adhyaayon mein vibhkt hai jismein greekon ke vishvakosh ke sabhi vishyon ka sannivesh hai. plini ke anusaar ismein 100 lekhakon ke 2000 granthon se sangruheet 20,000 tathyon ka samaavesh hai. san 1536 se poorv iske 43 sanskaran prakaashit ho chuke the. is yug ki ek prasiddh kruti fraanseesi bhaasha mein 19 khandon mein praneet (san 1360) baartholomiv the glainvil ka granth "di praupriyetaitibs reram" tha. san 1495 mein iska angreji anuvaad prakaashit hua tatha san 1500 tak iske 15 sanskaran nikal chuke the.

jaukiys faatias rinjal barjiys (1541) evam Hungary ke kaaunt pauls skailiss the lika (1599) ki krutiyaaain sarvapratham 'insaaiklopeediya' ke naam se abhihit hui. johaan henarich aasted ne ana vishvakosh 'insaaiklopeediya septem taumis distikta' san 1630 mein prakaashit kiya jo is naam ko sanpoornat: charitaarth karta tha. ismein pramukh vidvaanon evam vibhinn kalaaon se sambandhit anyaanya vishyon ka samaavesh hai. France ke shaahi itihaasakaar jeen di maignan ka vishvakosh "larre science yunivrs" ke naam se 10 khandon mein prakaashit hua tha. yeh ishvar ki prakruti se praarambh hokar manushya ke patan ke itihaas tak samaapt hota hai. Louis moreri ne 1674 mein ek vishvakosh ki rachana ki jismein itihaas, vanshaanusankraman tatha jeevanacharit sambandhi nibandhon ka samaavesh tha. san 1759 tak iske 20 sanskaran prakaashit ho chuke the. iteen chaavin ki san 17113 mein prakaashit mahaan kruti "kaartejinyan" darshan ka kosh hai. French ekedemi dvaara French bhaasha ka mahaan shabdakosh san 1694 mein prakaashit hua. iske pashchaat kala aur vigyaan ke shabdakoshon ki ek shrunkhala ban gayi. viseinjo meriya koroneli ne san 1701 mein itailiyn bhaasha mein ek varnaanukramik vishvakosh "bibliyoteka yunivrsel saikroprofaana" ka prakaashan praarambh kiya. 45 khandon mein prakaashya is vishvakosh ke 7 hi khand prakaashit ho sake.

angreji bhaasha mein pratham vishvakosh ain yunivrsal english dikshanari ov Arts aind science ki rachana John hairis ne san 1704 mein ki. san 1710 mein iska dviteeya khand prakaashit hua. iska pramukh bhaag ganit evam jyotish se sambandhit tha. hainbarg mein johaanam ke rektar johaan hubnar ke naam par do shabdakosh kramash: san 1704 aur 1710 mein prakaashit hue. baad mein inke anek sanskan nikle. ifem chainbars ne san 1728 mein apni saaiklopeediya do khandon mein prakaashit ki. usane pratyek vishay se sambandhit vikeern tathyon ko samaayojit karne ka prayaas kiya. har nibandh mein chainbars ne sambandhit vishay ka sandarbh diya hai. san 1748-49 mein iska itailiyn anuvaad prakaashit hua. chainbars dvaara sankalit evam vyavasthit 7 nae khandon ki saamagri ka sanpaadan kar dau॰ jaunahil ne poorak granth san 1753 mein prakaashit kiya. iska sanshodhit evam parivrdhit sanskaran (1778-88) Abraham reej dvaara prakaashit hua. laaipajig ke ek pustakavikreta johaan henarich jedlar ne ek bruhad evam sarvaadhik vyaapak vishvakosh "jedlars yunivrsal leksikn" prakaashit kiya. ismein saat suyogya sampaadkon ki sevaaeain praapt ki gayi theen aur ek vishay ke sabhi nibandh ek hi vyakti dvaara sanpaadit kiye gaye the. san 1750 tak iske 64 khand prakaashit hua tatha san 1751 se 54 ke madhya 4 poorak khand nikle.

inasaaiklopeedi (French insaaiklopeediya) athaarahaveen shati ki mahattam saahityik upalabdhi hai. iski rachana "chainbars saaiklopeediya" ke French anuvaad ke roop mein angrej vidvaan John mils dvaara uske France aavaasakaal mein praarambh hui, jise usane mautafi sales ki sahaayata se san 1745 mein samaapt kiya. par vah ise prakaashit na kar saka aur England vaapas chala gaya. iske sanpaadan hetu ek-ek kar kai vidvaanon ki sevaaeain praapt ki gain aur anek sangharshon ke pashchaat yeh vishvakosh prakaashit ho saka. yeh maatr sandarbh granth naheen tha; yeh nirdesh bhi pradaan karta tha. yeh aastha aur anaastha ka vichitr sangam tha. isne us yug ke sarvaadhik shaktisanpann church aur shaasan par prahaar kiya. sambhavat: anya koi aisa vishvakosh naheen hai, jise itna raajaneetik mahatva praapt ho aur jisne kisi desh ke itihaas aur saahitya par kraantikaari prabhaav daala ho. par in vishishtataaon ke hote hue bhi yeh vishvakosh uchch koti ki kruti naheen hai. ismein sthal-sthal par trutiyaaain evam visangatiyaaain theen. yeh lagbhag samaan anupaat mein uchch aur nimn koti ke nibandhon ka mishran tha. is vishvakosh ki katu aalochanaaeain hui.

insaaiklopeediya britainika, Scotland ki ek sanstha dvaara edinvarg se san 1771 mein teen khandon mein prakaashit hui. tab se iske anek sanskaran prakaashit ho chuke hain. pratyek naveen sanskaran mein vishd sanshodhan parivrdhan kiye gaye. iska chaturdash sanskaran san 1929 mein 23 khandon mein prakaashit hua. san 1933 mein prakaashakon ne vaarshik prakaashan aur nirantar parivrdhan ki neeti nirdhaarit ki aur ghoshana ki ki bhavishya ke prakaashanon ko naveen sanskaran ki sanjnyaa naheen di jaaegi. iski ganana vishv ke mahaan vishvakoshon mein hai tatha iska sandarbh granth ke roop mein anyaanya deshon mein upayog kiya jaata hai.

amareeka mein anek vishvakosh prakaashit hue, par vahaaain bhi pramukh khyaati insaaiklopeediya britainika ko hi praapt hai. George riple evam Charles edarsan daana ne "new amareekan saaklopeediya" (1858-63) 16 khandon mein prakaashit ki. iska doosra sanskaran 1873 se 1876 ke madhya nikla. elvin J. jonsan ka vishvakosh 'jonsans new yoonivrsal saaiklopeediya' (1875-77) 4 khandon mein prakaashit hua, jiska naya sanskaran 8 khandon mein 1893-95 mein prakaashit hua. Francis leebar ne "insaaiklopeediya amerikaana" ka prakaashan 1829 mein praarambh kiya. pratham sanskaran ke 13 khand san 1833 tak prakaashit hue. san 1835 mein 14 khand prakaashit kiye gaye. san 1858 mein yeh pun: prakaashit ki gayi. san 1903-04 mein ek naveen kruti "insaaiklopeediya amerikaana" ke naam se 16 khandon mein prakaashit hui. iske pashchaat is vishvakosh ke anek sanshodhit evam parivrdhit sanskaran nikle. san 1918 mein yeh 30 khandon mein prakaashit hua aur tab se ismein nirantar sanshodhan parivrdhan hota aa raha hai. pratyek shataabdi ke itihaas ka pruthak varnan tatha saahitya aur sangeet ki pramukh krutiyon par pruthak nibandh is vishvakosh ki vishishtataaeain hain.

aise vishvakoshon ke bhi pranayan ki pravrutti badh rahi hai jo kisi vishay vishesh se sambaddh hote hain. inmein ek hi vishay se sambandhit tathyon par svatantr nibandh hote hain. yeh sankalan sambaddh vishay ka samyak gyaan karaane mein saksham hota hai. 'insaaiklopeediya ov social Sciences' isi prakaar ka atyant mahatvapoorn vishvakosh hai.

Bhaarat mein vishvakoshon ki parampara

bhaarateeya vaaङaamaya mein sandarbhagranthon- kosh, anukramanika, nibandh, jnyaaanasankalan aadi ki parampara bahut puraani hai. bhaarateeya vaaङamaya mein sandarbh granthon ka kabhi abhaav naheen raha. Bhaarat mein paaramparik vidvatta ke daayare mein mahaabhaarat ko sabse praacheen jnyaaanakosh maana gaya hai. kai vidvaan puraanon ko bhi jnyaaanakosh ki shreni mein rakhate hain. raamaavataar sharma jaise daarshanik ne to agnipuraan ko spasht roop se jnyaaanakosh maana hai. ismein itne adhik vishyon ka samaavesh hai ki ise 'bhaarateeya sanskruti ka vishvakosh' kaha jaata hai.

in aagrahon ki upeksha na karte hue bhi yeh maanana hoga ki pashchimi arthon mein jnyaaanakosh rachane ki parampara Bhaarat mein apekshaakrut nayi hai. isse pehle sanskrut saahitya mein kathin vaidik shabdon ke sankalan nighntu aur isa poorv saataveen sadi mein yaask aur anya vidvaanon dvaara rachit uske bhaashya nirukt ki parampara milti hai. is parampara ke tahat vibhinn vishyon ke nighntu taiyaar kiye gaye jinmein dhanvantari rachit aayurved ka nighntu bhi shaamil tha. iske baad sanskrut aur hindi mein naamamaala koshon ka udbhav aur vikaas dikhaayi deta hai. nighntu aur nirukt ke alaava shreedhar sen krut kosh kalpataru, raaja raadhaakaant Dave bahaadur ki 1822 ki kruti shabdakalpadrum, 1873 se 1883 ke beech prakaashit taaraanaath Bhattacharya vaachaspati krut vaachaspatyam jaisi rachanaaon ko sanbhavat: jnyaaanakosh ki koti mein rakha ja sakta hai. paaainchaveen-chhathi se lekar atthaarahaveen sadi tak ki avadhi mein rache gaye anginat naamamaala koshon mein amarasinh dvaara rachit amarakosh ka sheersh sthaan hai. kosh rachana ke is paaramparik bhaarateeya udyam ke kendra mein shabd aur shabd-rachana thi. shabdon ke taatparya, unke vibhinn roop, unke paryaayavaachi, unke mool aur vikaas-prakriya par prakaash daalne vaale ye kosh gyaan-rachana mein to sahaayak the, par inhein jnyaaanakosh ki shreni mein naheen rakha ja sakta tha.

beesaveen sadi ke shuruaati varshon mein aadhunik arthon mein jnyaaanakosh rachane ka kaam shuroo hua. kaashi ki naagari prachaarini sabha dvaara banavaaya gaya hindi jnyaaanakosh is silisile mein ullekhaneeya hai. baangla mein saahitya vaaridhi aur shabd ratnaakar ki upaadhiyon se vibhooshit nagendr naath Basu ne ek vishaal jnyaaanakosh taiyaar kiya. usi tarj par Calcutta se hi Basu ke anubhav ka laabh uthaate hue unhein hindi mein ek vishd gyaan-kosh taiyaar karne ki jimmedaari saunpi gayi. pachchees khandon ka yeh gyaan-kosh 1917 mein chhapa. khud mahaatma gaaaindhi ne ise upayogi bataate hue apni sanstuti mein likha ki yeh Bhaarat ki 'linguaa-frainka' hindi ke vikaas mein sahaayak hoga. Basu ne bhi isi pahaloo par jor dete hue pehle khand mein chhapi apni chhoti si bhoomika mein ummeed jataayi ki jis bhaasha ko 'raashtrabhaasha' banaane ka yatn chal raha hai, vah aage jaakar raashtrabhaasha ban hi jaaegi. saath hi unhonne yeh bhi likha ki hindi ka gyaan-kosh baangla ka anuvaad naheen hai, balki moolat: hindi mein hi likha gaya hai. in koshon ke alaava haradev baahari rachit prasaad saahitya kosh, premanaaraayan tandan krut 'hindi seveesansaar' aur jnyaaanamandal dvaara prakaashit saahityakosh ullekhaneeya hai.

jaahir hai ki ye kosh samaaj-vigyaan se udbhoot hone vaale vimarsh ki aavashyakataaeain na ke baraabar hi poori kar sakte the. iseeliye aadhunik vishvavidyaalayeeya shiksha ki jrooraton ke maddenajr svaatantryottar Bhaarat mein vibhinn anushaasanon ke alag-alag kosh taiyaar karne ke kai prayaas hue. maraathi aur odiya mein bhi jnyaaanakosh rachane ke udyam kiye gaye. samaaj-vigyaan ke vibhinn anushaasanon (samaajashaastr, maanavashaastr, arthashaastr, raajaneetishaastr, manovijnyaaan, maanavabhoogol, itihaas-saamaajik aur puraatattv-vigyaan) ka pratinidhitv karne ka daava karne wala hindi ka ek kosh shyaam Singh shashi ke pradhaan sampaadakatv mein 2008 se prakaashit hona shuroo hua. maanav sansaadhan vikaas mantraalaya ke anudaan se research faaundeshan ka yeh paaainch khandon ka yeh prakaashan 2011 tak jaari raha. dau॰ shashi ki ichha to yeh thi ki ve 1930-1935 ke beech prakaashit seligmain aur Johnson dvaara sampaadit bees khandon ke vishaal inasaaiklopeediya of the social Sciences jaisi ek kruti hindi mein taiyaar karein. lekin unhein kosh-rachana ke liye dhan aur bauddhik sansaadhan jutaane mein bahut dikkton ka saamana karna pada. unhonne pehle khand ki bhoomika mein in pareshaaniyon ka byora diya hai.

par nageindranaath vasu dvaara sanpaadit bangala vishvakosh hi bhaarateeya bhaashaaon se praneet pratham aadhunik vishvakosh hai. yeh san 1911 mein 22 khandon mein prakaashit hua. nageindranaath vasu ne hi anek hindi vidvaanon ke sahayog se hindi vishvakosh ki rachana ki jo san 1916 se 1932 ke madhya 25 khandon mein prakaashit hua. shreedhar vyankatesh ketakar ne maraathi vishvakosh ki rachana ki jo mahaaraashtreeya jnyaaanakoshamandal dvaara 23 khandon mein prakaashit hua. dau॰ ketakar ke nirdeshan mein hi iska gujaraati roopaantar prakaashit hua.

svaraajya praapti ke baad bhaarateeya vidvaanon ka dhyaan aadhunik bhaashaaon ke saahityon ke sabhi angon ko poora karne ki or gaya aur aadhunik bhaarateeya bhaashaaon mein vishvakosh nirmaan ka shreeganesh hua. svatantrataapraapti ke pashchaat kala evam vigyaan ki vardhanasheel jnyaaanaraashi se bhaarateeya janta ko laabhaanvit karne ke liye aadhunik vishvakoshon ke pranayan ki yojanaaeain banaai gain. san 1947 mein hi ek hajaar prushthon ke 12 khandon mein prakaashya telugu bhaasha ke vishvakosh ki yojana nirmit hui. tamil mein bhi ek vishvakosh ke pranayan ka kaarya praarambh hua.

isi kram mein naagari prachaarini sabha, Varanasi ne san‌ 1954 mein hindi mein maulik tatha praamaanik vishvakosh ke prakaashan ka prastaav Bhaarat sarkaar ke sammukh rakha. iske liye ek visheshagya samiti ka gathan kiya gaya aur usaki pehli baithak 11 fravari 1956 mein hui aur hindi vishvakosh ke nirmaan ka kaarya January 1957 mein praanrabh hua.

hindi vishvakosh

raashtrabhaasha hindi mein ek maulik evam praamaanik vishvakosh ke pranayan ki yojana hindi saahitya ke surgeon mein sanlagn naagareeprachaarini sabha, kaashi ne tatkaaleen sabhaapati mahaamaanya pan॰ govind vallabh pant ki prerana se nirmit ki jo aarthik sahaayata hetu Bhaarat sarkaar ke vichaaraarth san 1954 mein prastut ki gayi. poorv nirdhaarit yojanaanusaar vishvakosh 22 lakh rupae ke vyaya se lagbhag das varsh ki avadhi mein ek hajaar prushthon ke 30 khandon mein prakaashya tha. kintu Bhaarat sarkaar ne aitadarth niyukt visheshagya samiti ke sujhaav ke anusaar 500 prushthon ke 10 khandon mein hi vishvakosh ko prakaashit karne ki sveekruti di tatha is kaarya ke sanpaadan hetu sahaayataarth 6.. lakh rupae pradaan karna sveekaar kiya. sabha ko keindreeya shiksha mantraalaya ke is nirnaya ko sveekaar karna pada ki vishvakosh Bhaarat sarkaar ka prakaashan hoga.

yojana ki sveekruti ke pashchaat naagareeprachaarini sabha ne January, 1957 mein vishvakosh ke nirmaan ka kaaryaaranbh kiya. keindreeya shiksha mantraalaya ke nirdeshaanusaar "visheshagya samiti" ki sanstuti ke anusaar desh ke vishrut vidvaanon, vikhyaat vichaarakon tatha shiksha kshetr ke anubhavi prashaansakon ka ek pachees sadasyeeya paraamarshamandal gathit kiya gaya. san 1958 mein samast upalabdh vishvakoshon evam sandarbhagranthon ki sahaayata se 70,000 shabdon ki soochi taiyaar ki gayi. in shabdon ki samyak pareeksha kar unamein se vichaaraarth 30,000 shabdon ka chayan kiya gaya. March, san 1959 mein prayog vishvavidyaalaya ke hindi vibhaag bhootapoorv professor dau॰ dheereindr varma pradhaan sampaadak niyukt hue. vishvakosh ka pratham khand lagbhag dedh varshon ki alpaavadhi mein hi san 1960 mein prakaashit hua.

san‌ 1970 tak 12 khandon mein is vishvakosh ka prakaashan kaarya poora kiya gaya. san‌ 1970 mein vishvakosh ke pratham teen khand anupalabdh ho gaye. iske naveen tatha parivrdhit sanskaran ka prakaashan kiya gaya. raajabhaasha hindi ke svarnajayanti varsh mein raajabhaasha vibhaag (gruh mantraalaya) tatha maanavasansaadhan vikaas mantraalaya ne keindreeya hindi sansthaan, Agra ko yeh uttaradaayitv saunpa ki hindi vishvakosh Internet par par prastut kiya jaae. tadanusaar kendreeya hindi sansthaan, Agra tatha electronic anusandhaan evam vikaas kendra, Noida ke sanyukt tatvaavadhaan mein tatha maanav sansaadhan vikaas mantraalaya tatha soochana praudyogiki mantraalaya ke sanyukt vittaposhan se hindi vishvakosh ko Internet par prastut karne ka kaarya April 2000 mein praarambh hua.

ikkeesaveen shataabdi ke vishvakosh

vishvakoshon ki sanrachana computer ke liye vishesh roop se upayukt hai. isi liye adhikaansh vishvakosh boosaveen sadi ke ant tak kampyootaron ke liye upayukt faarmat (svaroop) mein aa gaye hain. seedi-rom aadi mein upalabdh vishvakoshaum ke nimnalikhit laabh hain:

  • saste mein taiyaar kiye ja sakte hain.
  • ek sthaan se doosare sthaan par le jaane mein suvidha (portebal)
  • inmein koi shabd ya lekh khojane ki suvidha bhi pustak-roop vishvakoshon ki tulana mein bahut unnat evam saral hoti hai.
  • inmein aisi visheshataaeain evam khoobiyaaain hoti hain jinhe pustakon mein dena sambhav naheen hai. jaise - enimeshan, shravya (aadiyo), vidiyo, haaipalinking aadi.
  • inki saamagri samay ke saath aasaani se parivrtanasheel (dynamic) hai. udaaharan ke liye vikipeediya mein naye se naye vishay par bhi sheegra

lekh prakat ho sakta hai. jabki pustak roopi vishvakosh mein koi naya vishay jodane ya koi sudhaar karne ke liye uske agale sanskaran tak prateeksha karni padti hai.

yeh bhi dekhein

baahari kadiyaaain

anya bhaarateeya bhaashaaon ke vishvakosh

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