vaidik sabhyata

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (September 2014)

praacheen Bhaarat

vaidik sabhyata praacheen Bhaarat ki sabhyata hai jismein vedon ki rachana hui. bhaarateeya vidvaano ke anusaar yeh sabhyata Bhaarat mein aaj se lagbhag 7000 isvi isa poorv shuru hai thi, parantu pashchimi vidvaano ke anusaar aaryon ka ek samudaaya Bhaarat me lagbhag 2000 isvi isa poorv aaya aur unke aagaman ke saath hi yeh sabhyata aarambh hui thi. aam taur par adhiktar vidvaan vaidik sabhyata ka kaal 2000 isvi isa poorv se 600 isvi isa poorv ke beech me maanate hai, parantu nae puraatattv utkhanano se mile avasheshon me vaidik sabhyata ke kai avashesh mile hain jisse aadhunik vidvaan jaise David fraale, telagiri, bi bi laal, S r Rao, subhaash kaak, aravindo yeh maanane lage hai ki vaidik sabhyata Bhaarat me hi shuru hui thi aur rigved ka rachana kaal 4000-3000 isvi isa poorv raha hoga, kyoki aaryo ke Bhaarat me aane ka na to koi puraatattv utkhanano se pramaan mila hai aur na hi di N A anusandhaano se koi pramaan mila hai is kaal mein vartamaan hindu dharm ke svaroop ki neenv padi thi jo aaj bhi astitv mein hai. vedon ke atirikt sanskrut ke anya kai grantho ki rachana bhi isi kaal mein hui thi. braahman granth aur upanishd is kaal ke jnyaaanapradaayi srot hain. bauddh aur jain dharm ka udaya bhi isi kaal mein hua tha.

itihaasakaaron ka maanana hai ki aarya mukhyat: uttari Bhaarat ke maidaani ilaakon rahate the is kaaran aarya sabhyata ka kendra mukhyat: uttari Bhaarat tha. is kaal mein uttari Bhaarat (aadhunik Pakistan, Bangladesh tatha Nepal samet) kai mahaajanapadon mein banta tha.

vaidik sabhyata ka naam aisa is liye pada ki ved us kaal ki jaankaari ka pramukh srot hain. ved chaar hai - rigved, saamaved, atharvaved aur yajurved. inmein se rigved ki rachana sabse pehle hui thi. rigved mein hi gaayatri mantr hai jo gaayatri ko samarpit hai.

rigved ke kaal nirdhaaran mein vidvaan ekamat naheen hai. sabse pehle maiks moolar ne vedon ke kaal nirdhaaran ka prayaas kiya. usane bauddh dharm (550 isa poorv) se peechhe ki or chalte hue vaidik saahitya ke teen granthon ki rachana ko manamaane dhang se 200-200 varshon ka samay diya aur is tarah rigved ke rachana kaal ko 1200 isa poorv ke kareeb maan liya par nishchit roop se uske aakalan ka koi aadhaar naheen tha.

vaidik kaal ko mukhyat: do bhaagon mein baanta ja sakta hai- rigvaidik kaal aur uttar vaidik kaal. rigvaugik kaal aaryon ke aagaman ke baad turat ka kaal tha jismein karmakaand gaun the par uttaravaidik kaal mein hindu dharm mein karmakaandon ki pramukhata badh gayi.

is kaal ki tithi nirdhaaran jitni vivaadaaspad rahi hai utani hi is kaal ke logon ke baare mein sateek jaankaari. iska ek pramukh kaaran yeh bhi hai ki is samay tak keval isi granth (rigved) ki rachana hui thi. maiks moolar ke anusaar aarya ka mool nivaas madhya aishiya hai. aaryo dvaara nirmit sabhyata vaidik kaal kahalaai. aaryo dvaara viksit saabhyta graameen saabhyata kahalaayi. aaryo ki bhaasha sanskrut thi.

maiks moolar ne jab atakalabaaji karte hue ise 1200 isa poorv se aarambh hota bataaya tha (lekh ka aarambh dekhein) uske samakaaleen vidvaan dablyoo. di. hvitni ne iski aalochna ki thi. uske baad maiks moolar ne sveekaar kiya tha ki " pruthvi par koi aisi shakti naheen hai jo nishchit roop se bata sake ki vaidik mantron ki rachana 1000 isa poorv mein hui thi ya ki 1500 isaapoorv mein ya 2000 ya 3000 ".

aisa maana jaata hai ki aaryon ka ek samooh Bhaarat ke atirikt Iran (faaras) aur Europe ki taraf bhi gaya tha. Irani bhaasha ke praacheenatam granth avesta ki sooktiyaan rigved se milti julati hain. agar is bhaashik samaroopata ko dekhein to rigved ka rachanaakaal 1000 isaapoorv aata hai. lekin bogaaj-koi (Asia maainar) mein paae gaye 1400 isa poorv ke abhilekh mein hindu devataaon ind, mitraavarun, naasatya ityaadi ko dekhte hue iska kaal aur peechhe maana ja sakta hai.

baal gangaadhar tilk ne jyotisheeya ganana karke iska kaal 6000 E.poo. maana tha. haramaun jaikobi ne jahaaain ise 4500 isaapoorv se 2500 isaapoorv ke beech aanka tha vaheen suprasiddh sanskrut vidvaan vintaranitj ne ise 3000 isaapoorv ka bataaya tha.

prashaasan

prashaasan ki sabse chhoti ikaai kul thi. ek kul mein ek ghar mein ek chhat ke neeche rahane vaale log shaamil the. ek gram kai kulon se milkar bana hota tha. graamon ka sangathan vish kahalaata tha aur vishon ka sangathan jan. kai jan milkar raashtra banaate the.

raashtra (raajya) ka shaasak raajan (raaja) kahalaata tha. jo raaja bade hote the unhein samraat kehte the.

dharm

rigvaidik kaal mein praakrutik shaktiyon ki hi pooja ki jaati thi aur karmakaandon ki pramukhata naheen thi. rigvaidik kaal dharm kee॑ anya visheshataaen • kratya, niriti, yaatudhaan, sasarapari aadi ke rup me apakari shaktiyo arthaat, bhoot-pret, raachhason, pishaach evam apsaraao ka jikr dikhaai padata hai.

(1000-600 i0poo0)

rigvaidik kaal mein aaryon ka nivaas sthaan sindhu tatha sarasvati nadiyon ke beech mein tha. baad mein ve sampoorn uttar Bhaarat mein fail chuke the. sabhyata ka mukhya kshetr ganga aur usaki sahaayak nadiyon ka maidaan ho gaya tha. ganga ko aaj Bhaarat ki (ya bole to hiduon ki) sabse pavitra nadi maana jaata hai. is kaal mein vish ka vistaar hota gaya aur kai jan vilupt ho gaye. bharat, tritsu aur turvas jaise jan raajaneetik halakon se gaayab ho gaye jabki puroo pehle se adhik shaktishaali ho gaye. poorvi uttar pradesh aur Bihar mein kuchh nae raajyon ka vikaas ho gaya tha, jaise - kaashi, kosal, videh, magadh aur ang.

rigvaidik kaal mein sarasvati nadi ko sabse mahatvapoorn maana jaata hai. g॓ga aur yamuna nadi ka ullekh keval ek baar hua hai. is kaal me kausaambi nagar me॓ pehli baar pakki ito ka prayog kiya gaya. is kaal me varn vyaasaaya ke bajaay janm ke aadhaar pe nirdhaarit hone lage.

• vaidik saahitya mein chaar ved evam unki sanhitaaon, braahman, aaranyak, upanishdon evam vedaangon ko shaamil kiya jaata hai.
• vedon ki sankhya chaar hai- rigved, saamaved, yajurved aur atharvaved.
• rigved, saamaved, yajurved aur atharvaved vishv ke pratham pramaanik granth hai.
• vedon ko apaurusheya kaha gaya hai. guru dvaara shishyon ko maukhik roop se kanthast karaane ke kaaran vedon ko "shruti" ki sanjnyaa di gayi hai.

rigved

• * rigved devataaon ki stuti se sambandhit rachanaaon ka sangrah hai.
• yeh 10 mandalon mein vibhkt hai. isame 2 se 7 tak ke mandal praacheenatam maane jaate hain. pratham evam dasham mandal baad mein jode gaye hain. ismein 1028 sookt hain.
• * iski bhaasha padyaatmak hai.
  • rigved mein 33 devo (divya guno se yukt padaartho) ka ullekh milta hai.
  • prasiddh gaayatri mantra jo soorya se sambandhit devi gaayatri ko sambodhit hai, rigved mein sarvapratham praapt hota hai.
  • ' asato ma sadgamaya ' vaakya rigved se liya gaya hai.
  • rigved mein mantra ko kanthast karne mein striyon ke naam bhi milte hain, jinmein pramukh hain- lopaamudra, ghosha, shaachi, paulomi evam kaakshaavruti aadi
  • iske purohit k naam hotri hai.

yajurved

• yaju ka arth hota hai yagya.
• yajurved ved mein yagya ki vidhiyon ka varnan kiya gaya hai.
• isame mantron ka sankalan aanushthaanik yagya ke samay sastar paath karne ke uddeshya se kiya gaya hai.
• isame mantron ke saath saath dhaarmik anushthaanon ka bhi vivran hai jise mantrochchaaran ke saath sanpaadit kiye jaane ka vidhaan sujhaaya gaya hai.
• yajurved ki bhaasha padyaatmak evam gadyaatmak donon hai.
• yajurved ki do shaakhaaen hain- Krishna yajurved tatha shukl yajurved.
• Krishna yajurved ki chaar shaakhaaen hain- maitraayani sanhita, kaathak sanhita, kapinthal tatha sanhita. shukl yajurved ki do shaakhaaen hain- madhyaandeen tatha kanv sanhita.
• yeh 40 adhyaaya mein vibhaajit hai.
• isi granth mein pehli baar raajasooya tatha vaajapeya jaise do raajakeeya samaaroh ka ullekh hai.

saamaved

saamaved ki rachana rigved mein diye gaye mantron ko gaane yogya banaane hetu ki gayi thi.

• isame 1810 chhand hain jinmein 75 ko chhodkar shesh sabhi rigved mein ullekhit hain.
• saamaved teen shaakhaaon mein vibhkt hai- kauthum, raanaayaneeya aur jaimaneeya.
• saamaved ko Bhaarat ki pratham sangeetaatmak pustak hone ka gaurav praapt hai.

atharvaved

• ismein praak-aitihaasik yug ki moolabhoot maanyataaon, paramparaaon ka chitran hai. atharvaved 20 adhyaayon mein sangathit hai. ismein 731 sookt evam 6000 ke lagbhag mantra hain.
• ismein rog tatha uske nivaaran ke saadhan ke roop mein jaankaari di gayi hai.
• atharvaved ki do shaakhaaen hain- shaunak aur piplaad.
• ise anaaryon ki kruti maana jaata hai.

braahman

vaidik mantron tatha sanhitaaon ki gadya teekaaon ko braahman kaha jaata hai. puraatan braahman mein aitareya, shatapath, panchavish, taitareeya aadi vishesh mahatvapoorn hain. braahman granthon ki rachana sanhitaaon ke karmakaand ki vyaakhya karne ke liye ki gayi thi.

• yeh mukhyat: gadya shaili mein likhit hai.
• braahman granthon se hamein bimbisaar ke poorv ki ghatna ka gyaan praapt hota hai.
• aitareya braahman mein aath mandal hain aur paaainch adhyaaya hain. ise panyajika bhi kaha jaata hai.
• aitareya braahman mein raajyaabhishek ke niyam praapt hote hain.
• shatapatha_braahman mein gandhaar, shalya, kaikaya, kuru, paanchaal, kosal, videh aadi ka ullekh hota hai.
• shatapath braahman aitihaasik drushti se sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn braahman hai.
• sarvaadhik paravarti braahman gopath hai.

aaranyak

aaranyak ki rachana jungle mein rishiyon dvaara ki gayi thi.

• iska pramukh pratipaadya vishay rahasyavaad, prateekavaad, yagya aur purohit darshan hai.
• vartamaan mein saat aranyak upalabdh hain.
• saamaved aur atharvaved ka koi aaranyak naheen hai.

upanishd

upanishd praacheenatam daarshanik vichaaron ka sangrah hai. upanishdon mein 'vruhadaaranyak' tatha 'chhaandonya', sarvaadhik prasiddh hain. in granthon se bimbisaar ke poorv ke Bhaarat ki avastha jaani ja sakti hai. pareekshit, unke putr janamejaya tatha pashchaatakaaleen raajaaon ka ullekh inheen upanishdon mein kiya gaya hai. inheen upanishdon se yeh spasht hota hai ki aaryon ka darshan vishv ke anya sabhya deshon ke darshan se sarvottam tatha adhik aage tha. aaryon ke aadhyaatmik vikaas, praacheenatam dhaarmik avastha aur chintan ke jeete-jaagate jeevant udaaharan inheen upanishdon mein milte hain. upanishdon ki rachana sanbhavat: buddh ke kaal mein hui, kyonki bhautik ichhaaon par sarvapratham aadhyaatmik unnati ki mahatta sthaapit karne ka prayaas bauddh aur jain dharmon ke vikaas ki pratikriya ke falasvaroop hua .

• kul upanishdon ki sankhya 108 hai.

mukhya roop se shaasvat aatma, brahm, aatma-paramaatma ke beech sambandh tatha vishv ki utpatti se sambandhit rahasyavaadi sidhaanton ka vivranadiya gaya hai.

• "satyamev jayate" mundakopanishd se liya gaya hai.
• maitraayanee_upanishd mein trimoorti aur chaartuaashram siddhaant ka ullekh hai.

vedaang

yugaantar mein vaidik adhyayan ke liye chh: vidhaaon (shaakhaaon) ka janm hua jinhein 'vedaang' kehte hain. vedaang ka shaabdik arth hai vedon ka ang, tathaapi is saahitya ke pauroosheya hone ke kaaran shruti saahitya se pruthak hi gina jaata hai. vedaang ko smruti bhi kaha jaata hai, kyonki yeh manushyon ki kruti maani jaati hai. vedaang sootr ke roop mein hain ismein kam shabdon mein adhik tathya rakhane ka prayaas kiya gaya hai.

vedaang ki sankhya 6 hai

sootr saahitya

sootr saahitya vaidik saahitya ka ang na hone ke baavajood use samajhne mein sahaayak hai.

kalp sootr- aitihaasik drushti se sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn.

shrot sootr- mahaayajnya se sambandhit vistrut vidhi- vidhaanon ki vyaakhya.

shulk sootr- yagya sthal tatha agnivedi ke nirmaan tatha maap se sambandhit niyam ismein hain. ismein bhaarateeya jyaamiteeya ka praarambh roop dikhaai deta hai.

dharm sootr- ismein saamaajik dhaarmik kaanoon tatha aachaar sanhita hai.

grah sootr- paruvaarik sanskaaron, utsavon tatha vaiyaktik yajnyaon se sambandhit vidhi-vidhaanon ki charcha hai.

rigvaidik kaal mukhyat: ek kabeelaai vyavastha wala shaasan tha jismein sainik bhaavana pramukh thi. raaja ko gomat bhi kaha jaata tha.

• vaidik kaal mein raajatantraatmak pranaali prachalit thi. ismein shaasan ka pramukh raaja hota tha.
• raaja vanshaanugat to hota tha parantu janta use hata sakti thi. vah kshetr vishesh ka naheen balki jan vishesh ka pradhaan hota tha.
• raaja yuddh ka netrutvakarta tha. use kar vasoolane ka adhikaar nahi tha. janta dvaara svechha se diye gaye bhaag evam se usaka kharch chalta tha.
• sabha, samiti tatha vidth naamak prashaasanik sansthaaen theen.
• atharvaved mein sabha evam samiti ko prajaapati ki do putriyaaain kaha gaya hai. samiti ka mahatvapoorn kaarya raaja ka chunaav karna tha. samiti ka pradhaan ishaan ya pati kahalaata tha. vidth mein stri evam puroosh donon sammalit hote the. navavadhuon ka svaagat, dhaarmik anushthaan aadi saamaajik kaarya vidth mein hote the.
• sabha shreshth longo ki sanstha thi, samiti aam janapratinidhi sabha thi evam vidth sabse praacheen sanstha thi. rigved mein sabse jyaada baar ullekh vidth ka 122 baar hua hai.
• sainya sanchaalan varaat, gan va sardh naamak kabeelaai sangathan karte the.
• shatapath brahman ke anusaar Abhishek hone par raaja mahain ban jaata tha. raajasooya yagya karne vaale ki upaadhi raaja tatha vaajapeya yagya karne vaale ki upaadhi samraat thi.
• sparsh, guptacharon ko aur puroop, durgaapati ko kaha jaata tha.
• raaja ka prashaasanik sahayog purohit evam senaani aadi 12 ratnin karte the. chaaraagaah ke pradhaan ko vaajrapati evam ladaakoo dalon ke pradhaan ko graamini kaha jaata tha.

12 ratnin

purohit- raaja ka pramukh paraamarshadaata,

senaani- sena ka pramukh,

graameen- gram ka sainik padaadhikaari,

mahishi- raaja ki patni,

soot- raaja ka saarathi,

kshatri- pratihaar,

sangrahit- koshaadhyaksh,

bhaagadudh- kar ekatr karne wala adhikaari,

akshavaap- lekhaadhikaari,

govikrut- van ka adhikaari,

paalaagal- raaja ka mitr.

hotr- rigved ka paath karne wala.

'udagaata- saamaved ki richaaon ka gaan karne wala.

adhvaryu- yajurved ka paath karne wala.

brahma- sampoorn yajnyaon ki dekh rekh karne wala.

• rigved ke dasvein mandal mein chaar varnon ka ullekh milta hai. varn vyavastha karm aadhaarit thi. dasvein mandal ko paravarti kaal maana jaata hai.
• samaaj pitrusattaatmak tha. sanyukt parivaar pratha prachalit thi.
• parivaar ka mukhiya 'kulap' kahalaata tha. parivaar kul kahalaata tha. kai kul milkar gram, kai gram milkar vish, kai vish milkar jan evam kai jan milkar janapad bante the. atithi satkaar ki parampara ka sabse jyaada mahatva tha.
• ek aur varg ' paniyon ' ka tha jo dhani the aur vyaapaar karte the.
• bhikhaariyon aur krushi daason ka astitv naheen tha. sampatti ki

ikaai gaaya thi jo vinimay ka maadhyam bhi thi. saarathi aur badhai samudaaya ko vishesh

sammaan praapt tha.

• asprashyata, sati pratha, parada pratha, baal vivaah, ka prachalan naheen tha.
• shiksha evam var chunane ka adhikaar mahilaaon ko tha. vidhva vivaah,

mahilaaon ka upanayan sanskaar, niyog gandharv evam antarjaateeya vivaah prachalit 

tha.

• vastraabhooshan stri evam puroosh donon ko priya the. jau (yav) mukhya anaaj tha. shaakaahaar ka prachaalan tha. som ras (amrit jaisa) ka prachalan tha.
• * nrutya sangeet, paasa, ghuddaud, mallayuddh, shuikar aadi manoranjan ke pramukh saadhan the.
• apaala, ghosh, maitrayi, vishvavaara, gaargi aadi vidushi mahilaaen theen.
• * rigved mein anaaryon (murkh ya dasyu) ko mruddhavaaya (aspasht bolne wala), avrut (niyamon- vraton ka paalan niheen karne wala), bataaya gaya hai.

• sarvapratham 'jaabaalopanishd ' mein chaaron aashram bramhacharya, gruhasth, vaanaprasth tatha sannyaas aashram ka ullekh milta hai.

• arthavyavastha ka pramukh aadhaar pashupaalan evam krushi tha.
• jyaada paaltupashu rakhane vaale gomat kahalaate the. chaaraagaah ke liye ' utyati ' ya ' gavya ' shabd kaaprayog hua hai. doori ko ' gavayuti ', putri ko duhita (gaaya duhane waali) tatha yuddhon ke liye ' gavishti ' ka prayog hota tha.
• raaja ko janta svechha se bhaag najaraana deti thi.
• aavaas ghaas-foos evam kaashth nirmit hote the.
• rin lene evam dene ki pratha prachalit thi jise ' kuseed ' kaha jaata tha.
• bailagaadi, rath evam naav yaataayaat ke pramukh saadhan the.

krushi

• sarvapratham shatapath braamhan mein krushi ki samast prakriyaaon ka ullekh milta hai. rigved ke pratham aur dasam mandalon mein buaai, jutaai, fasal ki gahaai aadi ka varnan hai. rigved mein keval yav (jau) naamak anaaj ka ullekh milta hai. rigved ke chauthe mandal mein krushi ka varnan hai.

• paravarti vaidik saahityon mein hi anya anaajon jaise gehoon (godhoom), breehi (chaaval) aadi ki charcha ki gayi hai. kaathak sanhita mein 24 bailon dvaara hal kheenche jaane ka, atharvaved mein varsha, koop evam naahar ka tatha yajurved mein hal ka ' seer ' ke naam se ullekh hai. us kaal mein krutrim sinchaai ki vyavastha bhi thi.

pashupaalan

pashuon ka chaaran hi unki aajeevika ka pramukh saadhan tha. gaaya hi vinimay ka pramukh saadhan thi. rigvaidik kaal mein bhoomidaan ya vyaktigat bhoo-svaamitv ki dhaarana viksit nahi hui thi.

vyaapaar

aarambh mein atyant seemit vyaapaar pratha ka prachaalan tha. vyaapaar vinimay paddhati par aadhaarit tha. samaaj ka ek varg 'paani' vyaapaar kiya karte the. raaja ko niyamit kar dene ya bhoo-raajasv dene ki pratha naheen thi. raaja ko svechha se bhaag ya najaraana diya jaata tha. paraajit kabeela bhi vijayi raaja ko bheint deta tha. apne dhan ko raaja apne anya saathiyon ke beech baantata tha.

dhaatu evam sikke : rigved mein ullekhit dhaatuon mein sarvapratham dhaatoo, ayas (taaainba ya kaansa) tha. ve sona (hirvya ya svarn) evam chaandi se bhi parichit the. lekin rigved mein lohe ka ullekh naheen hai. ' nishk ' sanbhavat: sone ka aabhooshan ya mudra tha jo vinimay ke kaam mein bhi aata tha.

udyog : rigvaidik kaal ke udyog gharelu jarooraton ke poorti hetu the. badhi evam dhookar ka kaarya atyant mahatvapoorv tha. anya pramukh udyog vastr, bartan, lakdi evam charm kaarya tha. striyaaain bhi chataai banane ka kaarya karateen theen.

• aarya ekeshvaravaad mein vishvaas karte the.
• yahaaain praakrutik maanav ke hit ke liye ho ishvar se kaamna ki jaati thi. ve mukhya roop se keval barhmaand ke dhaaran karne vaale ekamaatr paramapita parameshvar ke poojak the. vaidik dharm puroosh pradhaan dharm tha. aarambh mein svarg ya amaratv ki parikalpana naheen thi.
• vaidik dharm purohiton se niyantrit dharm tha. purohit ishvar evam maanav ke beech madhyasth tha.
• vaidik devataaon ka svarup mahimaamandit maanavon ka hai. rigved mein 33 devo (divya guno se yukt padaartho) ka ullekh hai.