vaakya aur vaakya ke bhed
do ya do se adhik padon ke saarthak samooh ko, jiska poora poora arth niklata hai, vaakya kehte hain. udaaharan ke liye 'satya ki vijay hoti hai.' ek vaakya hai kyonki iska poora poora arth niklata hai kintu 'satya vijay hoti.' vaakya naheen hai kyoki iska arth naheen niklata.
anukram
shabdakosheeya arth
- 1. vah pad samooh jisse ota ko vakta ke abhipraaya ka bodh ho. bhaasha ko bhaashaavaijnyaaanik aarthik ikaai ka bodhak pad samooh. vaakya mein kam se kam kaarak (kartru aadi) jo sanjnyaa ya sarvanaam hota hai aur kriya ka hona aavashyak hai. kriyaapad aur kaarak pad se yukt saakaanksh arthabodhak pad- samooh ya padochchaya. uddeshyaansh aur viveyaanshavaale saarthak padon ka samooh. vishesha—aanaiyaayikon aur alankaariyon ke anusaar baakya mein (1) aakaanksha, (2) yogyata aur (3) aasakti ya sannidhi honi chaahiye. 'aakaanksha' ka abhipraaya yeh hai ki shabd yon hi rakhe hue na hon, ve milkar kisi ek taatparp ka bodh karaate hon. jaise, koi kahe—'manushya chaarapaai pustak' to yeh vaakya na hoga. jab vah kahegaa—'manushya chaarapaai par pustak padhta hai.' tab vaakya hoga. 'yogyata' ka taatparya yeh hai ki padon ke samooh se nikla hua arth asangat ya asambhav na ho. jaise, koi kahe—'paani mein haath jal gaya' to yeh vaakya na hoga. 'aasakti' ya 'sannidhi' ka matlab hai saameepya ya niktata. arthaat taatparyabodh karaanevaale padon ke beech desh ya kaal ka vyavadhaan na ho. jaise, koi yeh na kehkar ki 'kutta maara, paani piya' yeh kahe—'kutta piya maara paani' to ismein aasakti na hone se vaakya na banega; kyonki 'kuta' aur 'maara' ke beech 'piya' shabd ka vyavadhaan padta hai. isi prakaar yadi kaai 'paani' sabere kahe aur 'piya' shaam ko kahe, to ismein kaal sambandhi vyavadhaan hoga. kaavya bhed ka vishay mukhyat: nyaaya darshan ke vivechan se praarambh hota hai aur yeh meemaansa aur nyaayadarshanon ke antargat aata hai. darshanashaastreeya vaakyon ke 3 bhed- vidhivaakya, anuvaad vaakya aur arthavaad vaakya kiye gaye hain. inmein antim ke chaar bhed- stuti, ninda, parakruti aur puraakalp bataae gaye hain. vakta ke abhipret athva vaktavya ki abaadhakata vaakya ka mukhya uddeshya maana gaya hai. isi ki prushth bhoomi mein saskrut vaiyaakaranon ne vaakyasfot ki udbhaavana ki hai. vaakyapadoyakaar dvaara sfotaatmak vaakya ki akhand satta sveekrut hai. bhaashaabaijnyaaanikon ki ddashti mein vaakya sanshleshanaatmak aur vishleshana- tmak hote hain. shabdaakrutimoolak vaakya ke shabdabhedaanusaar chaar bhed hain—asamaasapradhaan, vyaasapradhaan, pratyayapradhaan aur vibhktipradhaan. inheen ke aadhaar par bhaashaaon ka bhi vargeekaran vidvaanon ne kiya hai. aadhunik vyaakaran ki ddashti se vaakya ke teen bhed hote hain—asaral vaakya. mishrit vaakya aur sanyukt vaakya.
- 2. kathan. ukti (ko0).
- 3. nyaaya mein yukti. upapatti. hetu
- 4. vidhi. niyam. anushaasan (ko0).
- 5. jyotish mein ganana ki saur prakriya (ko0).
- 6. pratijnyaa. poorv paksh (ko0).
- 7. aadesh. prabhutv. shaasan (ko0).
- 8. vidhismmat saakshya ya pramaan (ko0).
- 9. vaakrapradatt hona (ko0).
vaakyaansh
shabdon ke aise samooh ko jiska arth to niklata hai kintu poora poora arth naheen niklata, vaakyaansh kehte hain. udaaharan -
- 'darvaaje par', 'kone mein', 'vruksh ke neeche' aadi ka arth to niklata hai kintu poora poora arth naheen niklata isaliye ye vaakyaansh hain.
vaakya ke tatv
vaakya ke do anivaarya tattv hote hain-
- uddeshya aur
- vidheya
jiske baare mein baat ki jaaya use uddeshya kehte hain aur jo baat ki jaaya use vidheya kehte hain. udaaharan ke liye, 'mohan prayaag mein rahata hai'. ismein uddeshya hai - 'mohan' , aur vidheya hai - 'prayaag mein rahata hai.'
vaakya ke bhed
vaakya bhed do prakaar se kiye ja sakte hain-
- 1- arth ke aadhaar par vaakya bhed
- 2- rachana ke aadhaar par vaakya bhed
arth ke aadhaar par vaakya ke bhed
arth ke aadhaar par aath prakaar ke vaakya hote hain- 1-
- vidhi soochak vaakya - vah vaakya jisse kisi prakaar ki jaankaari praapt hoti hai, vidhisoochak vaakya kahalaata hai. udaaharan -
- Bhaarat ek desh hai.
- Ram ke pita ka naam dasharath hai.
- dasharath ayodhya ke raaja hain.
- nishedh soochak vaakya : jin vaakyon se kaarya na hone ka bhaav prakat hota hai, unhein nishedhavaachak vaakya kehte hain. jaise-
- mainne doodh naheen piya.
- mainne khaana naheen khaaya.
- prashnavaachak vaakya - vah vaakya jiske dvaara kisi prakaar prashn kiya jaata hai, prashnavaachak vaakya kahalaata hai. udaaharan -
- Bhaarat kya hai?
- Ram ke pita kaun hai?
- dasharath kahaaain ke raaja hai?
- aajnyaa soochak vaakya - vah vaakya jiske dvaara kisi prakaar ki aajnyaa di jaati hai ya praarthana kiya jaata hai, vidhisoochak vaakya kahalaata hai. udaaharan -
- baith jaavo.
- baithiye.
- krupaya baith jaaiye.
- shaant raho.
- krupaya shaanti banaaye rakhein.
- vismayaadibodhak vaakya - vah vaakya jisse kisi prakaar ki gahari anubhooti ka pradarshan kiya jaata hai, vismayaadibodhak vaakya kahalaata hai. udaaharan -
- aha! kitna sundar upavan hai.
- oh! kitni thandi raat hai.
- balle! ham jeet gaye.
rachana ke aadhaar par vaakya ke bhed
rachana ke aadhaar par vaakya ke nimnalikhit teen bhed hote hain-
- (1)saral vaakya/saadhaaran vaakya - jin vaakyon mein keval ek hi uddeshya aur ek hi vidheya hota hai, unhein saral vaakya ya saadhaaran vaakya kehte hain, in vaakyon mein ek hi kriya hoti hai; jaise- mukesh padhta hai. Rakesh ne bhojan kiya.
- (2) sanyukt vaakya - jin vaakyon mein do-ya do se adhik saral vaakya samuchchayabodhak avyayon se jude hon, unhein sanyukt vaakya kehte hai; jaise- vah subah gaya aur shaam ko laut aaya. priya bolo par asatya naheen.
- (3) mishrit/mishr vaakya - jin vaakyon mein ek mukhya ya pradhaan vaakya ho aur anya aashrit upavaakya hon, unhein mishrit vaakya kehte hain. inmein ek mukhya uddeshya aur mukhya vidheya ke alaava ek se adhik samaapika kriyaaeain hoti hain, jaise- jyon hi usane dava pi, vah so gaya. yadi parishram karoge to, utteern ho jaaoge. main jaanta hooain ki tumhaare akshar achhe naheen bante.