uttar afreeka
uttar afreeka (arabi: شaaمaaاaaل أaaفaaرaaيaaقaaيaaا, shumaal afreekiya) afreeka ke mahaadveep ka uttari bhaag hai. iske aur up-sahaara afreeka ke daramayaan sahaara ka vishaal registaan aata hai jo uttar afreeka aur baaki afreeka mein itna bada faasala bana deta hai ke uttar afreeka ki jaatiyaaain, bhaashaaeain, reeti-rivaaj, mausam aur jaanavar baaki afreeka ke kaafi bhinn hain. sanyukt raashtra ki paribhaasha ke anusaar uttar afreeka mein saat raashtra aate hain: morakko, Algeria, tooneesheeya, Libya, misr, soodaan aur pashchimi sahaara. is bhoobhaag mein kuchh chhote-se Spain-niyantrit uttar afreeki kshetr bhi aate hain. uttar afreeka mein arabi, barbari bhaashaaeain aur kuchh anya bhaashaaeain boli jaati hain. morakko, Algeria, tooneesheeya, Libya aur mauritaaniya ke samooh ko "magrib" bhi kaha jaata hai, jiska arth arabi mein (aur hindi-urdu mein bhi) "pashchimi" hai.
anukram
bhoogol
is ilaake ke uttari bhaag mein etalas parvat shrunkhala morakko, uttari Algeria aur tunishiya mein sthit hain. in pahaadon mein kaheen-kaheen van aur jhaad hain aur anya sthaanon par jameen patthareeli aur banjar hai. inmein kaheen-kaheen sardiyon ke mausam mein barf bhi padti hai aur chhote-mote nadi-naale pravaah karte hain. thoda sa dakshin mein aur poorv ki disha mein yeh pahaad khtm ho jaate hain aur ghaas aur jhaad ke khule faile hue maidaan hain, jo aur dakshin ki aur jaakar sahaara registaan ki ret mein samaapt ho jaate hain. uttari afreeka ka 75% bhaag yahi sahaara registaan hai. sahaara ka bahut sa hissa daraasal ek pathaar par sthit hai aur ismein bahut si chattaanein aur sookhe pahaad sthit hain. poorv ki aur misr mein neel nadi ki ghaati mein kaafi hariyaali hai aur misr ki adhikaaainsh aabaadi isi nadi ke paas rahati hai. sahaara ke registaan mein bhi kaheen-kaheen par nakhlistaan (oesis) milte hain. poore uttari afreeka mein samudra ke kinaare ka ilaaka thoda-bahut hariyaala hai aur vahaaain shahar-ksbe base hue hain.
uttar afreeka ka sab se uttari chhor tuneesiya ka "raas bin sakka" hai jo 37°a21' uttar akshaansh (laitityood) par sthit hai. yeh lagbhag Kashmir ke sab se uttari chhor ke baraabar hai.
deshon ka byaura
| desh | kshetrafal (varg kimi) | janasainkhya | aabaadi ka ghanatv (vyakti prati varg kimi) |
rajdhani | sakal ghareloo utpaad | prati vyakti ki ausat vaarshik aay | mudra | sarkaar ki vyavastha | maanak bhaashaaeain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Algeria
|
2,381,741 | 34,586,184 | 14.5 | aljiyrj | $254.7 arab (2010 est.)[1] | $7,400 (2010 est.) | aljeeriyaai dinaar | raashtrapati-pradhaan ganatantr | arabi aur fraansisi |
 misr
|
1,001,450 | 80,471,869 | 80.4 | kaahira | $500.9 arab (2010) | $6,200 (2010) | misri pound | raashtrapati-pradhaan ganatantr | arabi |
 Libya
|
1,759,540 | 6,461,454 | 3.7 | tripoli | $89.03 arab (2010)[2] | $13,800 (2010) | Libya dinaar | taanaashaahi (gruhayuddh jaari hai) | arabi |
 morakko
|
446,550 | 31,627,428 | 70.8 | rabaat | $153.8 arab (2010)[3] | $4,900 (2010) | morakkvi dirham | samvaidhaanik raajashaahi | arabi, lekin kshetreeya star par fraansisi aur barbari |
 soodaan
|
2,505,813 | 43,939,598 | 17.5 | khaaratoom | $98.79 arab (2010)[4] | $2,200 (2010) | soodaani pound | taanaashaahi | arabi aur angreji |
 dakshin soodaan
|
??? | 43,939,598 | 17.5 | jooba | $98.79 arab (2010)[5] | $2,200 (2010) | soodaani pound | prajaatatr | arabi aur angreji |
 tyoonishiya
|
163,610 | 10,589,025 | 64.7 | toonis | $100.3 arab (2010)[6] | $9,500 (2010) | toonishiyaai dinaar | taanaashaahi / ganatantr | arabi |
 pashchimi sahaara[7]
|
266,000 | 491,519 | 1.8 | ऍl aaiun | $90 karod (2007)[8] | $2,500 (2007) | morakkvi dirham | morakko dvaara niyantrit | arabi, fraansisi aur spainish |
| kul, uttar afreeka | 8,524,704 | 208,167,077 | 24.4 | $12 kharab | $5,700$ | ||||
|
srot aur tipnni: |
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sanskruti
uttar afreeka ki sanskruti chaar mukhya dhaaraaon ke taalamel se bani hai -
- poorvi bhaag mein misr ki praacheen sabhyata neel nadi aur uske paas ke kshetron mein hajaaron varshon tak charam par rahi hai. misr ke kopti isaai (jinhein angreji mein kauptik krishchan kehte hain) samudaaya par is praacheen misri sabhyata ki gahari chhaap dekhi ja sakti hai.
- doosari dhaara pashchimi bhaag ki barbar jaatiyaaain aur barbari bhaashaaoain ko lekar bani hai, jo is bhaag ka praacheen virsa hai. neel nadi se kuchh pashchim mein misr ke hi seeva nakhlistaan (oesis) se barbar prabhaav dikhne lagta hai aur yeh pashchim mein andh mahaasaagar tak faila hua hai.
- teesari dhaara arabi sanskruti ki hai. arabon ne islaami daur ki shuruaat ke baad uttar afreeka par aakraman karke usako arab sanskruti ke saath jod liya tha. sadiyon ke beetane se misr ki praacheen bhaasha lagbhag khtm ho gayi aur vah log arabi bolne lage. barbar ilaakon par bhi arabi prabhaav itna pada ke in samaajon mein barbari ki tulana mein arabi bolne vaale adhik ho gaye aur adhikaaainsh barbari mool ke log apne-aap ko arab samaaj ka hissa samajhne lage.
- chauthi dhaara 18vi sadi se 20sadi ke madhya tak chalne vaale yooropiyaai saamraajyavaad ki hai, jismein uttar afreeka mein misr par inglaind, Libya par Italy aur baaki hisson par France ko bulandi mili. samay ke saath-saath Italy ka prabhaav to jaata raha hai, lekin fraansisi bhaasha aur kai taur-tareeke abhi bhi uttar afreeka ke "magrib" kshetr mein dekhe ja sakte hain.
20vi sadi mein bahut se barbar mool ke logon mein apni praacheen sanskruti ke liye jaagruti paida hui. kuchh log saamaajik, kala aur sarkaari jeevan mein barbari bhaashaaoain ko maanyata milne ke liye aandolan chalaane lage. iske vipreet kuchh anya logon ko laga ke is se arab ekta ko dhakka lagta hai aur ve iska virodh karne lage. yeh vivaad jaari hai, haalaanki morakko, Algeria aur anya deshon mein barbari bhaashaaoain ki maanyata dheere-dheere badhti gayi hai.
inhein bhi dekhein
sandarbh
- ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html
- ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html
- ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html
- ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html
- ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html
- ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html
- ↑ morakko dvaara niyantrit
- ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html
- ↑ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html. abhigman tithi: 2011-02-11.