tripitk

tripitk (paali bhaasha:tipitk; shaabdik arth: teen pitaari) bauddh dharm ka pramukh granth hai jise sabhi bauddh sampradaaya (mahaayaan, theravaad, bajrayaan, moolasarvaastivaad, navayaan aadi) maanate hai. yeh bauddh dharm ke praacheenatam granth hai jismein Bhagwan buddh ke upadesh sangraheet hai^[1]. yeh granth paali bhaasha mein likha gaya hai aur vibhinn bhaashaaon mein anuvaadit hai. is granth mein Bhagwan buddh dvaara buddhattv praapt karne ke samay se mahaanirvaan tak diye hue pravachanon ko sangrahit kiya gaya hai^[2].

tripitk ko teen bhaagon mein vibhaajit kiya gaya hai, vinyapitk, suttapitk aur abhidhmm pitk. iska vistaar is prakaar hai^[1]-

• (1) vinyapitk
  • suttavibhang (paaraajik, paachittiya)
  • khandhak (mahaavagg, chullavagg)
  • parivaar
  • paatimokkh
• (2) suttapitk
  • deeghanikaaya
  • majjhimnikaaya
  • sanyuttanikaaya
  • anguttaranikaaya
  • khuddakanikaaya
    • khuddak paath
    • dhammapad
    • udaan
    • itivuttak
    • suttanipaat
    • vimaanavatthu
    • petavatthu
    • theragaatha
    • thereegaatha
    • jaatak
    • niddes
    • patisanbhidaamagg
    • apadaan
    • buddhavans
    • chariyaapitk
• (3) abhidhmmapitk
  • dhammasangani
  • vibhang
  • dhaatukatha
  • puggalapanyanyaati
  • kathaavatthu
  • yamak
  • patthaan.

bauddh-parampara ke anusaar tripitk teen sangeetiyon se sthir hua. kaha jaata hai ki buddh ke parinirvaan ke baad subhadr naamak bhikshu ne apne saathiyon se kaha- ''aavuso, shok mat karo, rudan mat karo ! ham logon ko mahaashraman se chhutakaara mil gaya hai. ve hamesha kehte rahate the- 'yeh karo, yeh mat karo'. lekin ab ham jo chaaheinge kareinge. jo naheen chaaheinge, naheen kareinge.''

subhadr bhikshu ke ye vachan sunakar mahaakaashyap sthavir ko bhaya hua ki kaheen saddharm ka naash na ho jaae. ataev unhonne vinaya aur dharm ke sansthaapan ke liye raajagruh mein 500 bhikshuon ki ek sangeeti bulavaayi. bauddh bhikshuon ki doosari sangeeti buddh-parinirvaan ke 100 varsh baad vaishaali mein bulaai gayi. buddh-parinirvaan ke 236 varsh baad paataliputr mein samraat ashok ke samay tiss moggaliputt ne teesari sangeeti bulaayi, jismein theravaad ka uddhaar kiya gaya.

vartamaan tripitk vahi tripitk hai jo sinhal ke raaja vattagaamani ke samay pratham shataabdi ke antim roop se sthir hua maana jaata hai.

bauddh tripitk anek drushtiyon se bahut mahattv ka hai. ismein buddhakaaleen Bhaarat ki raajaneeti, arthaneeti, saamaajik vyavastha, shilpakala, sangeet, vastr-aabhooshan, vesh-bhoosha, reeti-rivaaj tatha aitihaasik, bhaugolik, vyaapaarik aadi anek mahattvapoorn vishyon ka vistaar se pratipaadan hai. udaaharan ke liye, vinyapitk mein bauddh bhikshu-bhikshuniyon ke aachaar-vyavahaar sambandhi niyamon ka vistrut varnan hai. 'mahaavagg' mein tatkaaleen joote, aasan, savaari, oshadhi, vastr, chhatari, pankhe aadi ka ullekh hai. 'chullavagg' mein bhikshuniyon ki pravrajya aadi ka varnan hai. yahaaain bhikshuon ke liye jo shalaaka-grahan ki paddhati bataai gayi hai. vah tatkaaleen lichhavi ganatantr ke 'vote' (chhand) lene ke rivaaj ki nakal hai. us samay ke ganatantr shaasan mein koi prastaav pesh karne ke baad, prastaav ko duharaate hue uske vishay mein teen baar tak bolne ka avsar diya jaata tha. tab kaheen jaakar nirnaya sunaaya jaata tha. yahi paddhati bhikshu sangh mein sveekaar ki gayi thi.

'sootrapitk' (suttapitk) ke antargat deerghanikaaya mein pooranakassap, makkhali gosaal, ajit kesakambal, pakudh kachchaayan, niganth naataputt aur sanjaya velatthiputt naamak chhah yashasvi teerthakaron ka mat-pratipaadan, lichhaviyon ki gan-vyavastha, ahinsaamaya yagya, jaat-paaaint ka khandan aadi anek mahattvapoorn vishyon ka ullekh hai. 'majjhimnikaaya' mein buddh ki chaarika, naataputt-mat-khandan, anaatmavaad, varn-vyavastha-virodh, maansabhakshan-vichaar aadi vishyon ka pratipaadan hai. 'sanyuttanikaaya' mein kosal ke raaja pasenadi aur magadh ke raaja ajaatashatru ke yuddh ka varnan hai.

'anguttaranikaaya' mein solah janapad aadi ka ullekh hai. 'khuddakanikaaya' ke antargat 'dhammapad' aur suttanipaat' bahut praacheen maane jaate hain jinka bauddh saahitya mein ooaincha sthaan hai. 'suttanipaat' mein sachcha braahman kaun hai ? vaastavik maans-tyaag kise kehte hain ? aadi vishyon ka maarmik varnan hai. 'theragaatha' aur 'thereegaatha' mein anek bhikshu-bhikshuniyon ki jeevanacharya di gayi hai, jinhonne bade-bade pralobhanon ko jeetkar nirvaan padavi paayi.

jaatakon mein buddh ke poorvabhavon ki kathaaeain hain, jinke anek drushya saaainchi, bharahut aadi ke stoopon par ankit hain. ye 150 isavi san poorv ke aaspaas ke maane jaate hain. ye kathaaeain vishv-saahitya ki drushti se bahut mahattv ki hain aur vishv ke praay: harek kone mein pahuainchi hain.

'abhidhmmapitk' mein bauddhadharm mein maanya padaarth aur unke bhed-prabhedon ka vistaar se varnan hai. bauddhadharm ke itihaas ki drushti se yeh mahattv ka granth hai. iski rachana samraat ashok ke samay tissamoggaliputt ne ki thi.

bauddh vidvaanon ne ukt tripitk ki anek vyaakhyaaeain aadi likhi hain, jinhein atthakatha (arthakatha) ke naam se jaana jaata hai. atthakathaaeain bhi paali bhaasha mein hain. kehte hain jab Mahendra sthavir buddh shaasan ki sthaapana karne ke liye sinhal gaye to ve tripitk ke saath-saath unki atthakathaaeain bhi lete gaye. tatpashchaat aachaarya buddhaghosh ne isavi san ki 5veen shataabdi mein in sinhal atthakathaaon ka paali mein roopaantar kiya. atthakathaaeain ye hain-

1. samantapaasaadika (vinaya-atthakatha)

2. sumangalavilaasini (deeghanikaaya-atthakatha)

3. papanchasoodani (majjhimnikaaya-atthakatha)

4. saaratthapakaasini (sanyuttanikaaya-atthakatha)

5. manorathapoorani (anguttaranikaaya-atthakatha)

6. abhidhmmapitk ki bhinn-bhinn atthakathaaeain

in sab atthakathaaon ka praneta praay: buddhaghosh ko maana jaata hai. iske atirikt 'khuddakanikaaya' ke granthon par bhi bhinn-bhinn atthakathaaeain hain, jinmein jaatak-atthakatha aur dhammapad-atthakatha vishesh roop se ullekhaneeya hain. jaatak mein keval buddh Bhagwan ke poorvajanm se sambandh rakhanevaali gaathaaeain hain, jo bina jaatak-atthakatha ke samajh mein naheen aa sakateen. ye sab atthakathaaeain Bhaarat ki praacheen sanskruti ka bhandaar hain jinmein itihaas ki vipul saamagri bhari padi hai.

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