traiktar
traiktar (karshitr) aadhunik krushi ke upayog mein aane wala pramukh upakaran hai. yeh ek aisi gaadi hai jo kam chaal par adhik karshan bal (traiktiv ifart) pradaan karne ke liye design ki gayi hoti hai. yeh apne peechhe judi hui krushi upakaran, saamaan ladi trailar, traali aadi kheenchne ka kaarya bhi karta hai. iske upar kuchh aise krushi upakaran bhi lagaaye jaate hain jinhein traiktar se praapt shakti se chalaaya jaata hai.
anukram
parichay
karshitr (Tractor) vah svayanchaalit (self-propelled) yantr hai. iska vyavahaar mukhyat:
- 1. karshan (tractive) kaarya, jaise chal yantron ke kheenchne aur
- 2. sthir kaarya (stationary work), jaise pattak ghirni aadi upakaranon ki sahaayata se sthir ya chal yantron ke yantravinyaas (mechanism) ko chalne ke liye hota hai.
saadhaaranat: karshan kaarya ye hain:
(k) jameen ko jotakar taiyaar karna,
(kh) beej daalna,
(g) paudh lagaana,
(gh) fasal lagaana,
(d) fasal kaatna, aadi.
sthir kaarya ye hain:
(k) jal ko panp karna,
(kh) gaahana (threshing),
(g) bharan peshan (Feed Grinding),
(gh) lakdi cheerana, aadi.
vibhinn prakar ke kaaryon ke liye paaainch prakaar mukhya mool chaalak (prime movers) nimnalikhit hain: 1. ghareloo jaanavar,
2. vaayuchaalit yantr,
3. jalachaalit yantr,
4. vidyuchchaalit yantr,
5. ushmaainjan (heat engines)
in mool chaalakon mein se keval ghareloo jaanvaron evam ushmaainjan ka hi karshan kaarya ke liye safalataapoorvak vyavahaar kiya jaata hai. vaayu, jal evam bijli dvaara praapt shakti ka upayog sirf sthir kaaryon ke liya hi ho sakte hai. United Kingdom, amareeka aadi deshon mein 1920 i0 tak krushi sambandhi kaaryon ke liye ghodon evam khachcharon ka upayog kiya jaata tha; kintu uske baad pashuon ka vyavahaar kam hot gaya. aajkal vahaaain in kaaryon ke liye praaya: traiktar ka hi vyavahaar kiya jaata hain.
laabh
ghareloo pashuon ki tulana mein traiktar ke mukhya laabh ye hain:
1. isse kathin kaarya lagaataar liya ja sakta hai,
2. pratikool jalavaayu ka ispar prabhaav naheen padta,
3. yeh vibhinn gatiyon se kaarya kar sakta hai,
4. jab iska vyavahaar naheen hota tab ispar kam dhyaan dene ki aavashyakta hoti hai evam indhan ki aavashyakta bilkul naheen hoti.
traiktar ka itihaas
sabse pehle shakti-chaalit krushi upakaran unneesaveen shataabdi ke aarambh mein aaye. inmein pahiyon par jada ek vaashp-injin hua karta tha. ek belt ki sahaayata se yeh sambandhit krushi upakaran ko chalaata tha. inheen masheenon mein takaneeki sudhaar aur vikaas ke parinaamasvaroop san 1850 ke aaspaas pehla traiktar ka avirbhaav hua. iske baad inka krushi kaaryon mein jamkar prayog hua. traiktaron mein vaashp-chaalit engine beesaveen shataabdi mein bhi bahut varshon tak aate rahe. jab aantarik jvalan injan (intarnal kambashshan injin) paryaapt roop se vishvasaneeya banane lage tab is nayi praudyogiki par aadhaarit traiktaron ne puraani praudyogiki ka sthaan le liya.
san 1892 mein jaan frolik ne pehla petrol chaalit traiktar banaaya. iske keval do hi traiktar bike. iske baad san 1911 mein tvin city traiktar engine company ne ek design viksit ki jo safal rahi.
bhaap engine ka aavishkaar evam vikaas antardahan engine se ek sau varsh pehle hua tha. us samay traiktar ka vyavahaar keval gaahane ki machine (thresher) ke chalaane mein kiya jaata tha. bhaap traiktar mein kuchh vikaas hone ke baad iska vyavahaar khet ko taiyaar karne, beej bone aur fasal kaatne ke liye kiya jaane laga. krushi ke liye bhaap traiktar upayogi siddh naheen hua, kyonki yeh atyant bhaari evam mandagatigaami (slow moving) tha. iske atirikt iske liya prachur maatra mein indhan evam vaashpitr jal ki avashyakata hoti thi jiski dekhbhaal ke liye doosare aadmi ki aavashyata padti thi.
bhaap-traiktar ki in trutiyon ke kaaran anveshakon ka dhyaan antardahan engine ki or aakarshit hua. 19veen shataabdi ke ant mein pratham gas traiktar ka nirmaan kiya gaya. 1905 E. tak gas traiktar ka vyavahaar kheton mein hone laga. ismein chaar pahiyon par sthit bhaari panjar (frame) par ek bada silindar gas ijann laga hua tha. bhaap traiktar ki tarah yeh bhi bhaari bharakam tha. ismein indhan, jal aadi kam maatra mein lagta tha aur ek hi aadmi poore yantr ko niyantrit aur sanchaalit kar sakta tha. 1910 in. ke lagbhag abhiklpiyon ka dhyaan halke gas traiktar ke nirmaan ki or gaya. 1913 E. se do evam chaar silindaronvaale engine ke halke gas traiktaron ka nirmaan kiya jaane laga. uske baad vibhinn prakar ke gas traiktar ka nirmaan kiya jaane laga, tab vibhinn prakaar ke gas traiktar banaae gaye.
pratham diesel engine yukt traiktar ka nirmaan 1931 E. mein kiya gaya. yadyapi is tarah ke traiktar ka daam adhik tha. fir bhi anek gunon ke kaaran iski maaaing adhik thi. traiktar mein nimnadaab vaayaveeya tyre ka vyavahaar sarvapratham 1932 E. mein hua tha. aajkal bhi traiktar ke vikaas ke liye anveshan kaarya ho rahe hain.
traiktar ke prakaar
karshan evam svayanchaalan ke tareekon ke anusaar
karshan evam svayanchaalan (self-propulsion) ke tareekon ke anusaar traiktar ke do bhed hain:
1. chakr taiktar (Wheel tractor)- yeh traiktar bade mahatva ka aur krushi sambandhi kaaryon ke liye atyant upayogi hai. chakr traiktar ya to teen pahiyevaala hota hai ya chaar pahiyevaala.
2. leek prakaar ke traiktar (Track-type tractor) aise traiktar ke karshan yantr vinyaas mein do bhaari patariyaaain (Tracks) lagi rahati hain. ismein lohe ke do pahiyon ka vyavahaar hota hai jinmein se ek chaalak (driver) ka kaarya karta hai doosra mandak (idler) ki tarah hota hai. yeh traiktar bhaari kaarya, jaise baaaindh ke nirmaan aur anya audyogik kaaryon ke liye bade paimaane par vyavahrut hota hai. krushi mein iska vyavahaar kam hai.
upayogita ke anusaar
upayogita ke anusaar karshitr ke nimnalikhit paaainch bhed hain:
1. saamaanya kaarya karshitr (General purpose tractor) - ye karshitr maanak abhiklp ke hote hain, jaise chaar chakravaale ya leek prakaar ke karshitr.
2. sarvakaarya karshitr (All purpose tractor) - aise karshitr se praaya: sabhi tarah ke karshitr kaarya liye ja sakte hain.
3. falodyaan karshitr (Orchard tractor) - ye chhote ya madhyam aakaaravaale yantr hain. inki banaavat aisi hoti hai ki inse falodyaan mein suchaaru roop se kaarya liya ja sakat hai. is prakaar ke karshitr bahut kam ooainchaai vaale hote hain evam inmein bahut kam prakshepi (projecting) purje hote hain.
4. audyaagik karshitr (Industrial tractor) - in prakaar ke yantr kisi bhi aakaar ya prakaar ke ho sakte hain. inka vyavahaar kaarkhaanon aur havaai pattan (airports) ityaadi sthaanon mein hota hai. ye rabar ke pahiye tatha uchch chaal paareshan (High speed transmission) upakaranon se yukt hote hain.
5. baag-karshitr (Garden tractor) - yeh bageechon ya chhote chhote kheton mein vyavahaar kiya jaanevaala sabse chhote aakaar ka traiktar hota hai. yeh teen aakaar ka banaaya jaata hai: chhota aakaar, madhyam aakaar aur bada aakaar. chhote aakaaravaale yantr se bageechon mein paudha lagaane ka evam kheti ka kaarya liya jaata hai. madhyam aur bade aakaaravaale baag karshitr ka vyavahaar hal chalaane aadi ke kaarya ke liye liya jaata hai. is yantr ko chaalak chalaata hai or uttolak (Lever) ki sahaayata se ise niyantrit karta hai.
traiktar ki banaavat
sabhi traiktaron mein nimnalikhit teen bhaag hote hain:
1. engine aur uske saadhan,
2. shakti paareshan pranaali (power transmitting system),
3. chejis (chassis)
engine aur uske saadhan
engine
praacheen samay ke traiktaron mein mandagaami vishaal kshaitij engine lagaae jaate the jinmein keval ek ya do silindar hote the. is tarah ke bhaari bharakam injanon ko sambhaalne ke liye majaboot panjar, bade pahiye aadi ki aavashyakta hoti thi jiske falasvaroop swayam traiktar hi bahut bhaari ho jaata tha aur ismein kaarya lene mein kathinaai hoti thi. aajkal uchch gativaale halke injanon ka prayog adhik ho raha hai jinmein mukhyat: do silindar kshaitij engine aur chaar ya chh: silindar vaale oordhvaadhar engine haate hain. taiktar engine ke mukhya purje, jaise pistan, kraik shaaft (crank shaft) beyaring (bearing), vaalv (valve) aadi motor gaadi engine ke purjo ki apeksha adhik bade aur bhaari hote hain. sabhi silindar ek hi dhalaai (casting) mein banaae jaate hain. traiktar engine ke silindar sheegra hi nasht hone lagte hain. is kathinaai ko sulajhaane ke liye ye do vidhiyaaain kaam mein laai jaati hain.
- (a) silindar ka pratisthaapan (replacement) tatha
- (b) puraane cylinderon ko punarvedhan (reboring) dvaara theek karke bade aakaar ke pistan ka vyavahaar.
ye vidhiyaaain mainhagi evam adhik samay lenevaali hoti hain. iseeliye aadhunik abhiklp ke engine mein apaneya silindar deevaarein (removable cylinder walls) ya sleev (sleeves) lagaae jaate hain, jo engine ko traiktar se bina baahar nikaale sugamata se pun: pratisthaapit kiye ja sakte hain. sleev ki keemat nae silindar ya achha punarvedhan karaane ki keemat se bahut kam hoti hai. traiktar engine ke liye silindar sheersh alag se dhalaai dvaara banaae jaate hain. aisa karne se dahanakaksh mein jame kaarban ko saath karne mein sugamata hoti hai. baalv ko silindar sheersh mein lagaaya jaata hai jisse vaalv ke samanjan (valve adjustment) mein aasaani hoti hai. traiktar pistan praaya: dhalaai lohe ka bana hota hai evam ismein teen se lekar saat tak valaya lage rahate hain. sabhi traiktaron ke kraink shaaft paat gadhaai (Drop Forging) dvaara ek hi tukade mein banaae jaate hain. saadhaaranat: bade aakaaravaale do aur chaar silindaravaale engine 900 se 1,200 aur chhote aakaaravaale chaar aur chh: silindaravaale engine 1500 se 2000 parikraman prati minute par chalte hain.
indhan
antardahan engine mein vyavahrut indhan gaiseeya indhan ya (taral indhan hote hain. gaiseeya indhan bhi praakrutik gas ya krutrim gas - vaatabhrasht gas, kok choolha gas ya utpaadak gas - ho sakta hai. taral indhan mein petrol, kiraasan, diesel] tel, elkohal aadi aate hain.
indhan ko jalaane ke saadhan ke anusaar traiktar injan do prakaar ke hote hain: pratham, sanpeedan prajvalan engine (Compression Ignition engine) aur dviteeya, sfuling prajvalan inrjan (Spark Ignition engine). pratham prakaar ke engine mein chooshan stroke (suction stroke) mein keval vaayu silindar mein pravesh karti hai aur vahaaain par yeh sanpeedan stroke (compression stroke) mein sanpeedit hoti hai. is stroke ke poorn hone ke lagbhag ant:kshepak (injector) dvaara indhan sookshmakanon ke roop mein garm sanpeedit vaayu mein ant:kshepit (inject) kiya jaata hai jisse dahan (combustion) hota hai. is tarah ke injan mein diesel tel ka vyavahaar kiya jaata hai. dviteeya prakaar ke sfuling prajvalan engine mein indhan aur vaayu ka sanmishran kaarbooretar (carburettor) naamak bhaag mein hota hai aur vahaaain se chooshan stroke dvaara yeh mishran silindar mein pravesh karta hai. silindar mein sanpeedan stroke dvaara mishran ke sanpeedit hote hi sfuling plag dvaara dahan sampann hota hai. is tarah ke indhan mein petrol aur gas ka vyavahaar kiya jaata hai. dahan ke baad uparyukt donon prakaar ke engine mein prasaar stroke hota hai jismein shakti praapt hoti hai. prasaar ke ant mein jali hui gas nimn daab par rah jaati hai jise nikaas (exhaust) stroke dvaara baahar nikaalkar chakr ki punaraavrutti hoti hai.
sheetanapranaali (Cooling system)
engine mein garam gaison ke kaaran evam pistan ke silindar mein pashchaagr (reciprocating) chaal ke kaaran gharshan dvaara ushma ki utpatti hoti hai jisse injan ke purje sheegra hi kharaab ho jaate hain. isse bachane ke liye engine ke purjon ko vaayusheetan ya taralasheetan dvaara thanda kar ushma kam ki jaati hai.
traiktar gatiniyantran (Tractor Governing)
traiktar par padnevaale parivrtit bhaar ke saath badalti hui gati mein ekaroopata laane ke liye traiktar engine par gatiniyantrak ka rahana aavashyak hai. praaya: sabhi traiktar gatiniyantran ki avaruddh pranaali (throttle system) se yukt hote hain. ismein paribhraami (rotating) bhaar dvaara honevaale apakeindri bal ki sahaayata se gati niyantrit ki jaati hai.
shaktipaareshan pranaali
traiktar ke engine ki shakti ko iske pahiyon ya leekon mein paareshit karanevaale yantravinyaas ke teen bhaag hain:
- (k) gatiprivrtak giyr (speed changing gear)
- (kh) bhinnak (differential),
- (g) antim chaalan yantravinyaas (final drive mechanism).
vibhinn traiktaron mein ye purje vibhinn abhiklp ke bane hote hain. yeh pranaali svayanpranodan ka ek saadhan hai. iski sahaayata se engine ke kraink shaaft ki gati kam ya adhik ki ja sakti hai evam ichhaanusaar traiktar ki gati praapt ki jaati hai. is pranaali dvaara gatidisha (direction of motion) ko bhi prativrtit (reverse) kiya jaata hai. svayanchaalit vaahiniyon ke shakti ekak (power unit) ko iske paareshan giyr aur chaalan pahiye se pruthak karne ke saadhan ki aavashyakta hoti hai kyonki
- (k) antardahan engine ko haath se ya kisi vishesh aarambh yantravinyaas (starting mechanism) se kraink kiya jaata hai,
- (kh) is tarah ke engine nishchit gati praapt karne ke baad hi kuchh shakti paida kar sakte hain.
vibhinn gatiyon ko praapt karne ke liye paareshan giyr (traansamishn geeyar) ko hataana padta hai. in saari kriyaaon ke liye engine aur paareshan giyr tatha pattak ghirni ke beech graabh (clutch) ka prayog kiya jaata hai. in graabhon mein sankuchan graabh (contracting clutch), shanku graabh (cone clutch) aur vistaaran graabh (expanding clutch) pramukh hain. aajkal praaya: sabhi traiktaro ke graabh chakati prakaar ke hote hain. aadhunik graabh abhiklp mein bahuchakati prakaar ke graabh ke badle dvichkati aur ekapatt graabh ka vyavahaar adhik hota hai. aadhuniktam abhiklp mein shakti paareshan ke liye taral padaarth ki gatij oorja (Kinetic Energy) ya daab oorja (Presure Energy) ka upayog kiya jaata hai. ismein taral yugman aur balaghoorn parivrtak (torque converter) aadi pramukh hain.
traiktar chejis
traiktar chejis ke antargat dhaaaincha, pahiye ya karshan ke anya saadhan aur modn yantravinyaas (steering mechanism) aate hain dhaaainche par yantr ke anya ekak lage rahate hain, isaliye iska majaboot hona aavashyak hai. pehle yeh sandhaan (welding) rivt jod (rivetted joint) dvaara banaaya jaata tha kintu aajkal traiktar ko halka, chhota evam sanhat (compact) banaane ke liye yeh do bhaagon mein dhalaai dvaara taiyaar kiya jaata hai jismein se ek engine kraink khol (crank case) evam doosra paareshan koshth (transmission housing) ka kaarya karta hai. aajkal praaya: sabhi traiktaron ke pahiye nimn daab baayaveeya rabar ke bane hote hain kintu dhaan ki kheti ityaadi ke liye vyavahaar mein laae jaanevaale traiktaron mein aajkal bhi ispaat ke pahiye lagaae jaate hain. modn yantravinyaas ka sabse pramukh bhaag giyr hai jo modn chakr se modn dand ko gati paareshit karta hai. ye giyr hamesha ek koshth mein band rahate hain taaki inmein dhoolikn aadi ka pravesh na ho sake.
traiktar ki dekhbhaal
kisi bhi traiktar ki aayu aur iske dvaara kiya gaya kaarya is yantr ki dekharekh par nirbhar karta hai. is yantr ko jitni hi adhik saavadhaani se rakha jaayaga utana hi achha kaarya vah dega aur usi ke anusaar yeh tikaaoo hoga. yadi achhi dekharekh ki jaaya to yeh shaayad hi kabhi kathinaai upasthit karega. praaya: sabhi traiktaron mein kathinaaiyaaain injanon mein hi hoti hai. kathinaaiyon ke kaaran mukhyat: nimnalikhit chaar prakaar ke ho sakte hain:
sanpeedan kathinaai
kisi bhi engine ko sugamataapoorvak aarambh (start) karne evam dakshataapoorvak kaarya dene ke liye uchit sanpeedan na hone ka karan pistan, pistan valaya silindar, silindar, deevaaron aadi ka ghisna, silindar sheersh ya sfuling plag ke chaaron or choona tatha baalv ke neeche kaarban ka jama hona hai.
indhan evam kaarbooreshan kathinaai
vaalv ke kuchh band ho jaane, indhanapath mein koi baahari bastu aa jaane, kaarbooretar plav (float) ke kaheen atak jaane ke kaaran indhan ke pravaah mein avarodh hota hai jisse kam indhan hi aa paata hai. kabhi kabhi vaalv ke neeche mal jama hone athva plav mein chhed ho jaane ke kaaran indhan adhik maatra mein aane lagta hai. kaarbooretar ka uchit roop se na baithaane par indhan mishran durbal ya aavashyakta se adhik shaktishaali (weak of strong) ho jaata hai.
prajvalan kathinaai
dahanakaksh mein uchit samay par bijli ke achhe sfuling ka hona bahut se naajuk purjon par nirbhar karta hai. dhaatu ka ek kan, jal ki ek boond ya bijli ka koi dheela sanyojan poori prajvalan pranaali mein baadha daal sakat hai. iska arth hoga vilamb aur samay ki kshati. kraink karte samay engine ka praaranbhan na hona ya chalte chalte hathaat ruk jaana prajvalan ki kathinaai ka soochak hai.
avadhi kathinaai
vaalv ko uchit samay par khulana ya band hona chaahiye evam pistan ki gati ke saath uchit samay par sfuling ka nirmaan hona chaahiye. ie samay mein jara sa bhi parivartan hone se 'avadhi sambandhi kathinaai' hoti hai. isse chalte engine ka praaranbhan hone ya suchaaru roop se chalne mein baadha naheen hoti hai, balki isse engine ki shakti kam ho jaati hai, engine atyant garam ho jaata hai evam indhan ki khapat badh jaati hai.
in saari kathinaaiyon ke kaaranon ki or sada dhyaan dete rahane se traiktar hamesha achhi avastha mein rahata hai.
inhein bhi dekhein
baahari kadiyaaain
- H M ti traiktar
- Database covering all makes and models of farm tractors
- A History of Tractors at the Canada Agriculture Museum