top
top (cannon) vah hathiyaar hai jo kisi bhaari gole ko bahut door tak prakshipt kar (chhod) sakti hai. ye praaya: baarood ya kisi visfotak ke dvaara utpann gaiseeya daab ke bal se gole ko daagate hain. aadhunik yug mein top ka prayog saamaanyat: naheen hota hai. iske sthaan mortar, hovitjar aadi ka prayog kiya jaata hai. topein apni kshamata, paraas, chalaneeyata (mobiliti), daagane ki gati, daagane ka kon evam daagane ki shakti aadi ke aadhaar par anek prakaar ki hoteen hain.
anukram
parichay
san 1313 E. se Europe mein top ke prayog ka pakka pramaan milta hai. Bhaarat mein baabar ne Panipat ki ladaai (san 1526 E.) mein topon ka pehle-pehle prayog kiya.
pehle topein kaaainse ki banti theen aur unako dhaala jaata tha. parantu aisi topein paryaapt pusht naheen hoti theen. unamein adhik baarood daalne se ve fat jaati theen. is dosh ko door karne ke liye unke oopar lohe ke chhalle tapt karke khoob kasakar chadha diye jaate the. thandha hone par aise chhalle sikudkar badi drudhta se bheetari naal ko dabaae rahate hain, theek usi prakaar jaise bailagaadi ke pahiye ke oopar chadhi haal pahiye ko dabaae rahati hai. adhik pushtata ke liye chhalle chadhaane ke pehle naal par lanbaai ke anudish bhi lohe ki chhadein ek doosari se sataakar rakh di jaati theen. is samay ki ek prasiddh top mauns meg hai, jo ab edinbara ke durg par shobha ke liye rakhi hai. iske baad lagbhag 200 varshon tak top banaane mein koi vishesh unnati naheen hui. is yug mein naalon ka sanchhidr (bor) chikna hota tha. parantu lagbhag san 1520 mein Germany ke ek top banaanevaale ne sanchhidr mein sarpilaakaar khaaainche banaana aarambh kiya. is top mein golaakaar gole ke badle lanbotar "gole" prayukt hote the. sanchhidr mein sarpilaakaar khaaainchon ke kaaran prakshipt pind veg se naachane lagta hai. is prakaar naachata (ghoornan karta) pind vaayu ke pratirodh se bahut kam vichlit hota hai aur parinaamasvaroop lakshya par adhik sachchaai se padta hai.
1855 E. mein laard Armstrong ne pitvaaain lohe ki top ka nirmaan kiya, jismein pehle ki topon ki tarah munh ki or se baarood aadi bhari jaane ke badle peechhe ki or se dhakkan hataakar yeh sab saamagri bhari jaati thi. ismein 40 pound ke prakshipt bhare jaate the.
saadhaaran topon mein prakshipt bade veg se niklata hai aur top ki naal ko bahut ooainchi disha mein naheen laaya ja sakta hai. doosari or chhoti naal ki topein halki banti hain aur unase nikle prakshipt mein bahut veg naheen hota, parantu inmein yeh gun hota hai ki prakshipt bahut oopar uthakar neeche girta hai aur isliye isse deevaar, pahaadi aadi ke peechhe chhipe shatru ko bhi maar sakte hain. inhein maurtar kehte hain. majholi naap ki naalavaali top ko haauvitjr kehte hain. jaise-jaise topon ke banaane mein unnati hui vaise-vaise maurtaron aur haauvitjron ke banaane mein bhi unnati hui.
praaya: sabhi deshon mein ek hi prakaar se topon ke nirmaan mein unnati hui, kyonki baraabar hod lagi rahati thi. jab koi ek desh aadhik bhaari, adhik shaktishaali ya adhik furti se gola daaganevaali top banaata to baat bahut dinon tak chhipi na rahati aur pratidvandvi deshon ki cheshta hoti ki usase bhi achhi top banaai jaaya. 1898 E. mein fraansavaalon ne ek aisi top banaai jo uske baad bananevaali topon ki pathapradarshak hui. usase nikle prakshipt ka veg adhik tha; usaka aaropan saraahaneeya tha; daagane par poornataya sthir rahata tha, kyonki aaropan mein aise daine lage the jo bhoomi mein dhainsakar top ko kisi dish mein hilne na dete the. sabhi topein daagane par peechhe hatati hain. is dhakke (ri-kauyal) ke veg ko ghataane ke liye dravon ka prayog kiya gaya tha. iske prakshipt patali deevaar ke banaae the. inmein se pratyek ki tol lagbhag 12 pound thi aur usamein lagbhag saadhe teen pound uchch visfoti baarood rahati thi. prakshipt mein vishesh rasaayanon se yukt ek topi bhi rahati thi, jisse lakshya par pahuainchakar prakshipt fat jaata tha aur tukade bade veg se idhar-udhar shatru ko door tak ghaayal karte the. yeh deevaar ke peechhe chhipe sainikon ko bhi maar sakti hai.
pratham vishvayuddh (1914-1918) mein jarmanon ne 'big bartha' naamak top banaai, jisse unhonne peris par 75 meal ki doori se gole barasaana aarambh kiya. is top mein koi naya siddhaant naheen tha. top keval paryaapt badi aur pusht thi. parantu havaai jahaajon tatha anya naveen yantron ke aavishkaar se aisi topein ab luptapraaya ho gayi hain.
aaropan - aarambh mein topein praaya: kisi bhi drudh chabootare athva chauki par aaropit ki jaati theen, parantu dheere-dheere iski aavashyakta log anubhav karne lage ki topon ko sudrudh gaadiyon par aaropit karna chaahiye, jismein ve sugamata se ek sthaan se doosare sthaan par pahuainchaai ja sakein aur praaya: turant gola daagane ke liye taiyaar ho jaaeain. gaadi ke peechhe bhoomi par ghistanevaali pooainchh ke samaan bhaag bhi rahata tha, jismein dhakke se gaadi peechhe na bhaage. sugamata se kheenchi ja sakanevaali top ki gaadiyaaain san 1680 se banane lagi. san 1867 mein daaktar si.dablyoo. seemeins ne sujhaav diya ki dhakke ko rokane ke liye top ke saath aisi pichkaari lagaani chaahiye ki jismein paani nikalne ka muainh sookshm ho (athva aavashyakataanusaar chhota bada kiya ja sake). peechhe yahi kaam kamaaniyon se liya jaane laga. gaadiyaaain bhi ispaat ki banane lageen.
vishesh top
vaayuyaanon ko maar giraane ke liye topein 1914 tak naheen bani theen. pehle bahut chhoti topein bani, fir 13 pound ke prakshipt maaranevaali topein banane lageen, jo teen tan ki motor laariyon par aaropit rahati theen. ab inse bhi bhaari topein pehle se bhi drudh traanliyon athva ispaat ke bane teinkon par aaropit rahati hain.
tank bhedi topon ko bahut shaktishaali hona padta hai. tank ispaat ki moti chaadaron ki bani gaadiyaaain hote hain. inke bheetar baitha yoddha tank par ladi top se shatru ko maarta rahata hai aur swayam bahut kuchh surakshit rahata hai. san 1941 ki tank bhedi topein 17 pound ke gole daagati theen. kavachit yaan (aarmard car) ke bheetar ka sipaahi keval saadhaaran bandook aur rifle se surakshit rahata hai.
havaai jahaajon par 25 pound ke gole daaganevaali topein, 3.7 inch vyaas ke haauvitjr aur 4.2 inch vyaas ke maurtar dviteeya vishvayuyaddh mein prayukt ho rahe the.
bina dhakke ki topein, kamaani ke badle, is prakaar ki bhi banaai gain ki kuchh gas peechhe se nikal jaaeain, parantu lokapriya naheen ho sakeen, kyonki ve paryaapt shaktishaali naheen pai gain.
vijayant tank - bhaarateeya sena ka apna tank hai. hevi vehikl factory (aavadi) mein nirmit is tank mein golaabaari karne ki apaar shakti ke saath-saath chautarafa ghoom firkar maar karne ki kshamata hai. is tank mein amareeka ke M. 60 tatha Germany ke layard tainkon ki tarah ki 105 mi.mi. ke gan ke saath-saath masheenagan tatha eainti eyarakraaft gan bhi lagi hui hai.
yaaaintrik vaahan - san 1909 mein England ke yuddhakaaryaalaya (vaar aafis) ne 7,500 rupae ka paaritoshik aise traiktar (gaadi) ke liye ghoshit kiya jo aath tan ke bojh ko lekar 200 meal bina indhan ya upasnehak (lyubriketing aayal) liye chal sake. tabhi se topavaahak yaaaintrik gaadiyon ka janm hua. ab aisi gaadiyaaain upalabdh hain jo bina sadak ke hi khet aadi mein sugamata se chal sakti hain. inke pahiyon par shrrunkhalaaon ka patta chadha rahata hai. iske kaaran ye gaadiyaaain oobad-khaabad bhoomi par chal sakti hain. in gaadiyon ka veg 30-35 meal pratighanta hota hai, parantu shrrunkhala patta lagbhag dedh hajaar meal ke baad kharaab ho jaata hai. dviteeya vishvayuddh mein chaar athva chhah pahiyon ke top traiktar bane, jinmein saadhaaran motarakaaron ki tarah, parantu vishesh bhaari, hava bhare rabar ke pahiye rahate the. inmein lagbhag 100 ashv saamarthya ke engine rahate the aur inapar nau das tan bhaar tak ki topein lad sakti theen.
naavik top - taurapeedo ke aavishkaar ke pehle topein hi jahaajon ke mukhya aayudh hoti theen. ab top, taarapeedo aur havaai jahaaj ye teen mukhya aayudh hain. 18veen shataabdi mein 2,000 tan ke bojh laad sakanevaale jahaajon mein 100 topein lagi rahati theen. inmein se aadhi bhaari gole (24 se 42 pound tak ke) chhodti theen aur shesh halke gole (6 se 12 pound tak ke); parantu aadhunik samay mein topon ki sankhya tatha goalon ka bhaar kam kar diya gaya hai aur goalon ka veg badha diya gaya hai. udaaharanat: san 1915 mein bane riveinj naamak dredanaut jaati ke jahaajon mein aath topein 15 inch bheetari vyaas ki peechhe lagi theen. aisi hi chaar topein aage aur aath bagal mein theen. inke atirikt 12 chhoti topein chhah inch (bheetari vyaas) ki theen.
topon ka nirmaan
topon, haauvitjron aur maurtaron ki aakalpanaaon (dijaainon) mein antar rahata hai. mukhya antar sanchhidr ke vyaas aur is vyaas tatha lanbaai ke anupaat mein rahata hai. yantr mein jitni hi adhik baarood bharani ho, yantr ki deevaaron ko utana hi adhik pusht banaana padta hai. iseeliye top usi naap ke sanchhidravaale haauvitjr se bhaari hoti hai. ab to uchch aatati (haai teinsaail) ispaaton ke upalabdh rahane ke kaaran pusht topon ka banaana pehle jaisa kathin naheen hai, parantu ab baarood ki shakti bhi badh gayi hai. ab bhi topon ki naalein thandi naalon par tapt or kase khol chadhaakar banaai jaati hain, ya unapar ispaat ka tapt taar kasakar lapeta jaata hai aur is taar ke oopar ek baahari naal tapt karke chadha di jaati hai. bheetari naal ati tapt ispaat mein gulli (avashya hi bahut badi gulli) thonkakar banaai jaati hai aur naal ko thonk peetakar uchit aakruti ka kiya jaata hai. iske badle veg se ghoornan karte hue saaainche mein bhi kuchh naalein dhaali jaati hain. inmein drav ispaat chhatakar bade veg se saaainche ki deevaaron par padta hai. yeh vidhi keval chhoti topon ke liye prayukt hoti hai. naal ke banane ke baad use bade saavadhaaneepoorvak tapt aur thanda kiya jaata hai, jismein usapar paani chadh jaaya (arthaat vah kadi ho jaaya) aur fir usaka paani thoda utaar diya jaata hai (kadaapan kuchh kam kar diya jaata hai), jismein thokar khaane se uske tootane ka dar na rahe. tapt aur thanda karne ke kaam mein bahudha do saptaah tak samay lag sakta hai, kyonki aadhunik naal 60 foot tak lambi aur 60 tan tak bhaari hoti hai. sab kaam ka poora byora likha jaata he, jismein bhavishya mein anubhav se laabh uthaaya jaaya. lohe se tukade kaat kaatkar usaki jaaainch baar-baar hoti rahati hai. ant mein naal ko machine par chadhaakar kharaadate hain. fir sanchhidr mein lambe sarpil kaate jaate hain. is kriya ko "raaifaling" kehte hain, badi top ki raaifaling mein do teen saptaah lag jaate hain.
pashchakhand
sab aadhunik topon mein peechhe ki or se baarood bhari jaati hai. isliye udhar koi aisi yukti rahati hai ki naal band ki ja sake. iski do vidhiyaaain hain-ya to dhakkan mein khandit peinch rahata hai, jise naal mein daalkar thoda sa ghumaanein par dhakkan kas jaata hai athva dhakkan ek bagal se khiskakar apne sthaan par aa jaata hai aur naal ko band kar deta hai. is uddeshya se ki sandhi se baarood ke jalne par utpann gaisein nikal na paaeain, ya to baarood aur gola dhaatu ke kaaratoos (kaartrij) mein band rahata hai ya sandhi ke paas naram gaddi rahati hai, jo gaison ki daab se sandhi par kasakar baith jaati hai.
daagane ki kriya ya to bijli se hoti hai (bahut kuchh usi tarah jaise motor gaadiyon mein petrol aur vaayu ka mishran bijli se jalata hai) ya ek "ghoda" (vastut: hathauda) vishesh jvalanasheel topi ko thonkata hai (bahut kuchh us prakaar jaise saadhaaran bandookon ke kaaratoos daage jaate hain).
pashchabhaag mein ye sab yuktiyaaain pashchavalaya (breech-ring) dvaara judi rahati hain. nirmaan ki suvidha ke liye is valaya ko alag se banaaya jaata hai aur naal par bani choodi par kas diya jaata hai. is vichaar se ki kaam karte-karte yahaaain ka peinch dheela na pad jaaya, pashchavalaya ko naamamaatr chhota banaakar aur tapt karke kasa jaata hai. thanda hone par yeh bhaag itna kas uthata hai ki khul naheen sakta.
inhein bhi dekhein
baahari kadiyaaain
- Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars
- Handgonnes and Matchlocks - History of firearms to 1500
- ameriki peteint 5,236 – Patent for a Casting ordnance
- ameriki peteint 6,612 – Cannon patent
- ameriki peteint 13,851 – Muzzle loading ordnance patent