tamil saahitya ka itihaas
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is lekh ko vikifaai karne ki aavashyakta ho sakti hai taaki yeh vikipeediya ke gunavatta maanakon par khara utar sake. krupaya praasangik aantarik kadiyaaain jodkar, ya lekh ka leaaut sudhaar kar sahaayata pradaan karein. (May 2016) adhik jaankaari ke liye daahini or [dikhaaeain] par klik karein.
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is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (May 2016) |
isi sheershak ke pustak ke liye dekhein tamil saahitya ka itihaas (pustak)
tamil bhaasha ka saahitya atyant puraana hai.
sangam saahitya
tamil ka katha saahitya
hindi mein bhaaratendu harishchandr ki bhaaainti tamil saahitya mein subrahmanya bhaarati (1882-1921) ne 'nijbhaasha-unnati' ke moolamantr ke saath navajaagaran ka shankhanaad kiya tha. bhaaratendu ke samaan hi bhaarati kavita, nibndh, gadyakaavya, patrakaarita, anuvaad aadi saahitya ki pratyek vidha ke purodha rahe. unki pehli kahaani 'chhatha bhaag' achhooton ke jeevan par kendrit hai. videshi satta se desh ko svaadheen karne ke sankalp ke saath daliton ko utpeedn se mukt karne ka aahvaan is kahaani mein mukharit hai; fir bhi yeh kahaani swayam unke daave ke anusaar kahaani ke abhilkshanon par khari naheen utar paayi. iske baad tamil kahaani ki baagdor bhaarati ke hi saathi va. ve. su. ayyar ke haathon aayi. unki kahaani 'arashabharattin kadai' (peepaladaada ki katha) is tathya ka jvalant pramaan hai ki ayyar kahaani ki nishchit evam vishisht roop-kalpana ke prati sachet the.
tees aur chaalees ke dashak raashtreeya chetna aur srujanaatmak pratibha ki drushti se tamil saahitya evam sanskruti ke kshetr mein ek laghu navajaagaran kaal ke roop mein ubhare. is yug mein sangeet, nrutya aur saahitya ke kshetr mein srujanaatmak pratibha ki dhani anek vibhootiyon ka praadurbhaav hua. saahitya ke kshetr mein sirmaur maane jaanevaale pudumaipittan (1906-1948) ne ek chhote-se arase mein sau se adhik kahaaniyaaain rach daaleen- kathya aur shilp, muhaavara aur pravaah, takaneek aur shaili har lihaaj se utkrusht kahaaniyaaain. saath hi yeh bhi sach hai ki pudumaipittan ke sampoorn lekhan mein kaduvaahat aur niraashaavaad ka ant:svar sunaai deta hai.
isi yug mein ku. pan॰ raajagopaalan ne naari ki vedana ko apni kahaaniyon mein ankit kiya. na. pichchamoortti ki kahaaniyon parivaar ki chaaradeevaariyon mein chitran hai. l. sa. raamaamrutam ki kahaaniyaaain parivaar ki chaaradeevaariyon mein simat jaati hain. chidmbar subrahmanyan ne jeevan ke udaatt evam komal pakshon par prakaash daala. si. su. chellappa mein kisi bhi vaataavaran ke sookshm vivran ke saath pun: srujan karne ki dakshata hai. 'manikkodi' patrika ke maadhyam se anek kathaakaaron ki prerak shakti rahe bi.S. raamayya swayam pratibhaavaan saahityakaar the. ti.jaanakeeraaman ki kahaaniyon mein ek sammohak aakarshan hai. kalki ki kahaaniyon mein janaranjakata ke saath haasya ka put hai. ku alagiri saami mein ghisi-piti aur maamooli baaton ko seedhi saral bhaasha mein varnit karne ki adbhut kshamata hai. jayakaantan ki visheshata yeh hai ki unhonne apne poorvavarti kathaakaaron ki khoobiyon ko aatmasaat karte hue unhein parishkrut dhang se prastut karne mein kaamayaabi haasil ki hai.
jayakaantan ke pachaas ke dashak mein, jab tamil kahaani ke praangan mein padaarpan kiya, saahitya-jagat sankatapoorn ghadi mein gujar raha tha. vishaal paathak-varg ka daava karanevaali bheemakaaya patrikaaon ka saamraajya sthaapit ho gaya aur sarjanaatmak pratibhaaeain is kuhare se aachhaadit ho gayeen. ye vyavasaayik patrikaaeain tatha kathit janaruchi ki aad lete hue vijnyaaapanabaaji ki hod mein saste manoranjan ki saamagri chhaapane lageen. falat: sachche saahityakaaron ne in patron ko chhodkar laghu-patrikaaon mein likhna pasand kiya. yeh alag baat hai ki unhein apne lekhan ke badle mein kuchh bhi naheen mila. agale dashak tak aate-aate vyaavasaayik patron ne laghu-patrikaaon ko nestanaaboot kar diya. srujanaatmak lekhan ke kshetr mein ek tarah ki sthirta aa gayi.
aisi visham paristhiti mein ulti dhaara mein tairate hue jin lekhakon ne katha-saahitya mein apni pehchaan banaayi, unamein akhiln aur jayakaantan ke naam vishesh ullekhaneeya hain. akhiln ke lekhan mein romance liye hue aadarshavaad ka palada bhaari dikhta hai jabki jayakaantan ki kahaaniyon mein kathaanakon ki vividhta, samasyaaon ka yathaarth chitran aur prastuteekaran ki takaneek nayi bulandiyaaain chhoo rahi hain. akhiln aur jayakaantan mein ek samaanata yeh paayi jaati hai ki donon ne vyaavasaayik patrikaaon mein likhte hue kabhi bhi apne aatmasammaan ke saath samjhauta naheen kiya. jayakaantan is vishay mein ek kadam aage hi rahe. jin vyaavasaayik patrikaaon mein unki kahaaniyaaain chhapati theen, manch par khade hokar unke viruddh saattvik rosh se garjan karte the. vaamapanthi vichaaradhaara ki patrika mein jis samasya par likhte, usi ko aur adhik teekhe shabdon mein vyaavasaayik patra mein likhne ka saahas unamein hai.
tamil katha-saahitya mein jayakaantan ke varchasv ke nairantarya ko samajhne ke liye unke paravarti yug ke itihaas ki charcha aavashyak hai. sundar raamasvaami (janm 1931) jayakaantan ke samakaaleen hain. sameekshak veinkat svaaminaathan ke shabdon mein, ''donon hi kathaakaar svaadhyaaya ke dhani the aur praarambhik lekhan mein vaamapanthi vichaaradhaara se prabhaavit the. ab vaamapanthi siddhaant ke saath unki pehchaan naheen ki jaati, aise mein unki samaanata yaheen samaapt ho jaati hai. sundar raamasvaami ki krutiyaaain spruhaneeya haasya ke saath adhik parishkrut hain; kintu ve kabhi-kabhaar hi likhte hain. jayakaantan mukhar, gambheer aur aakraamak tevar ke lekhak hain jo prachur maatra mein likhte hain. saath-sattar ke dashakon mein jayakaantan tamil lekhakon mein savyasaachi maane jaate the. unki bhaasha sashakt hai aur chayanit vishay mukhar saahasikta se otaprot.''
tees ke dashak mein mukharit do srujanaatmak svar pachaas ke dashak mein aalochak svar banane ko baadhya hue. ye svar k.na. subrahmanyam aur si.su. chellappa the. chellappa pratikool paristhitiyon se joohjte hue apni laghu-patrika 'eshuntu' (1959-1970) ke maadhyam se sashakt paathak-mandal ka srujan karne mein safal rahe. saath ke dashak ke ant tak 'eshuntu' dvaara dikhaaye maarg ka anusaran karte hue laghu-patrikaaon ka ek aandolan-sa shuroo ho gaya. in patrikaaon ke pannon se saathottar dashak se lekar beesiyon kahaani-lekhak ubhare, jo tees-chaalees ke dashakon ke lekhakon ke uttaraadhikaari bane. inmein ullekhaneeya naam hain- prapanchan, ki. raajanaaraayanan, ashok mitran, N.muttusvaami, chaarvaakan, sujaata, poomani, paavannan, dileep Kumar, sa.kandasvaami, indira paarthasaarathi, vann nilvan, tilkavati, naanjil naadan, vann daasan aadi. in sabhi ko roop aur takaneek viraasat mein mil gayi, jise apne dhang se viksit karna maatr inka kaam tha.
assi aur nabbe ke dashakon mein pahuainchate-pahuainchate pratibha-sampann rachanaakaaron ki sankhya mein badhottri hui. is avadhi mein rachit saahitya mein tadanuroop gunaatmak shreshthata parilkshit hoti hai. tamil saahitya ki poorvavarti duniya braahmanon aur unke nichle star ke uchch varn ke hinduon ki thi. iske vipreet saakshar nichle tabakon mein se ek peedhi chhodkar agali peedhi se aaye lekhakon ne apne jeevan ke anubhavon aur drushtikon se vartamaan tamil lekhan ko vishaal anubhav-vishv se parichit karaaya hai; aise rang-vaividhya evam rosh-aakrosh ke tevar dikhlaaye hain jo abhootapoorv hain.