taaivaan

taaivaan ka maanachitr

taaivaan ya taaivaan (cheeni: 台aa灣) poorv Asia mein sthit ek dweep hai. yeh dweep apne aaspaas ke kai dveepon ko milaakar cheeni ganaraajya ka ang hai jiska mukhyaalaya taaivaan dweep hi hai. is kaaran praay: taaivaan ka arth cheeni ganaraajya se bhi lagaaya jaata hai. yoon to aitihaasik tatha sanskrutik drushti se yeh mukhya bhoomi (cheen) ka ang raha hai, par iski svaayatta tatha svatantrata ko lekar cheen (jiska, is lekh mein, abhipraaya cheen ka janavaadi ganaraajya se hai) tatha cheeni ganaraajya ke prashaasan mein vivaad raha hai.

taaivaan ki rajdhani hai Taipei. yeh desh ka vitteeya kendra bhi hai aur yeh nagar desh ke uttari bhaag mein sthit hai.

yahaaain ke nivaasi moolat: cheen ke fyookiyn (Fukien) aur kvaangatung pradeshon se aakar base logon ki santaan hain. inmein taaivaani ve kahe jaate hain, jo yahaaain dviteeya vishvayuddh ke poorv mein base hue hain. ye taaivaani log dakshin cheeni bhaashaaeain jinmein amaaya (Amoy), svaatov (Swatow) aur hakka (Hakka) sammilit hain, bolte hain. mandaarin (Mandarin) raajyakaaryon ki bhaasha hai. 50 varsheeya Japani shaasan ke prabhaav mein logon ne Japani bhi seekhi hai. aadivaasi, malaya poleeneshiyaai samooh ki boliyaaain bolte hain.

cheen ke praacheen itihaas mein taaivaan ka ullekh bahut kam milta hai. fir bhi praapt pramaanon ke anusaar yeh gyaat hota hai ki taang raajavansh (Tang Dynasty) (618-907) ke samay mein cheeni log mukhya bhoomi se nikalkar taaivaan mein basane lage the. kubalai khaaain ke shaasanakaal (1263-94) mein nikat ke peskaadors (pescadores) dveepon par naagrik prashaasan ki paddhati aarambh ho gayi thi. taaivaan us samay tak avashya mangolon se achhoota raha.

jis samay cheen mein satta ming vansh (1368-1644 E.) ke haath mein thi, kuchh Japani jaladasyuon tatha nirvaasit aur sharanaarthi cheeniyon ne taaivaan ke tateeya pradeshon par, vahaaain ke aadivaasiyon ko hataakar balaat adhikaar kar liya. cheeni dakshini pashchimi aur Japani uttari ilaakon mein bas gaye.

1517 mein taaivaan mein purtagaali pahuainche, aur usaka naam 'ila faaramosa' (Ilha Formosa) rakkha. 1622 mein vyaapaarik pratispardha se prerit hokar dachon (haalaindavaasiyon) ne peskaadors (Pescadores) par adhikaar kar liya. do varsh pashchaat cheeniyon ne dach logon se sandhi ki, jiske anusaar dachon ne un dveepon se hatkar apna vyaapaarakeindr taaivaan banaaya aur taaivaan ke dakshin pashchim bhaag mein fort jeelaandiya (Fort Zeelandia) aur fort praavideinshiya (Fort Providentia) do sthaan nirmit kiye. dheere dheere raajaneetik daavain peinchon se unhonne sampoorn dweep par apna adhikaar kar liya.

17veen shataabdi mein cheen mein ming vansh ka patan hua, aur maanchoo logon ne ching vansh (1644-1912 E.) ki sthaapana ki. sattaachyut ming vansheeya cheing cheing kung (Cheng Cheng Kung) ne 1661-62 mein dachon ko hataakar taaivaan mein apna raajya sthaapit kiya. 1682 mein maanchuon ne cheing cheing kung (Cheng Cheng Kung) ke uttaraadhikaariyon se taaivaan bhi chheen laya. san 1883 se 1886 tak taaivaan fyookiyn (Fukien) pradesh ke prashaasan mein tha. 1886 mein use ek pradesh ke roop mein maanyata mil gayi. prashaasan ki or bhi cheeni sarkaar adhik dhyaan dene lagi.

1895 mein cheen-Japan yuddh ke baad taaivaan par jaapaaniyon ka jhanda gad gaya, kintu dveepavaasiyon ne apne ko jaapaaniyon dvaara shaasit naheen maana aur taaivaan ganaraajya ke liye sangharsh karte rahe. dviteeya vishvayuddh ke samay Japan ne vahaaain apne prasaar ke liye udyogeekaran ki yojanaaeain chalaani aarambh keen. inko yuddh ki vibheeshika ne bahut kuchh samaapt kar diya.

kaahira (1946) aur potsadam (1945) ki ghoshanaaon ke anusaar September 1945 mein taaivaan par cheen ka adhikaar fir se maan liya gaya. lekin cheeni adhikaariyon ke durvyavahaaron se dveepavaasiyon mein vyaapak kshobh utpann hua. vidrohon ka daman badi nrushansata se kiya gaya. janalaabh ke liye kuchh prashaasanik sudhaar avashya laagoo hue.

idhar cheen mein saamyavaadi aandolan safal ho raha tha. antatogatva chyaang kaai shek (tatkaaleen raashtrapati) ko apni neshanalist senaaon ke saath bhaagakar taaivaan jaana pada. is prakaar 8 December, 1949 ko cheen ki neshanalist sarkaar ka sthaanaantaran hua.

1951 ki sainafraansisko sandhi ke antargat Japan ne taaivaan se apne saare svatvon ki samaapti ki ghoshana kar di. doosare hi varsh taaipi (Taipei) mein cheen-Japan-sandhi-vaarta hui. kintu kisi sandhi mein taaivaan par cheen ke niyantran ka spasht sanket naheen kiya gaya.

• taaivaan : saahitya aur sangeet

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