svar (maanav ka)

sangeet se sambandhit 'svar' ke liye dekhein - svar

svar (Voice) ya kanthadhvani ki utpatti usi prakaar ke kanpanon se hoti hai jis prakaar vaadyayantr se dhvani ki utpatti hoti hai. at: svarayantr aur vaadyayantr ki rachana mein bhi kuchh samaanata hai. vaayu ke veg se bajanevaale vaadyayantr ke samakaksh manushya tatha anya stanadhaari praaniyon mein nimnalikhit ang hote hain :

1. kanpak (Vibrators) ismein svar rajjueain (Vocal cords) bhi sammilit hain.

2. anunaadak avayav (resonators) ismein nimnalikhit ang sammilit hain :

k. naasa grasani (nasopharynx), kh. grasani (pharynx),

g. mukh (mouth), gh. svarayantr (larynx),

ch. shvaasanali aur shvasani (trachea and bronchus)

chh. fuffus (lungs), j. vakshaguha (thoracic cavity).

3. spasht uchchaarak (articulators) avayav - ismein nimnalikhit ang sammilit hain :

k. jihva (tongue), kh. daaaint (teeth), g. oth (lips),

gh. komal taalu (soft palate), ch. kathor taalu (hard palate).

svar ki utpatti mein uparyukt avyav nimnalikhit prakaar se kaarya karte hain : fuffus jab uchhvaas ki avastha mein sankuchit hota hai, tab uchhvasit vaayu vaayunalika se hoti hui svarayantr tak pahunchati hai, jahaaain uske prabhaav se svarayantr mein sthir svararajjueain kanpit hone lagti hain, jiske falasvaroop svar ki utpatti hoti hai. theek isi samay anunaadak arthaat svarayantr ka oopari bhaag, grasani, mukh tatha naasa apni apni kriyaaon dvaara svar mein visheshata tatha mruduta utpann karte hain. iske uparaant ukt svar ka shabd uchchaaran ke roopaantar uchchaarak arthaat komal, kathor taalu, jihva, daaaint tatha onth karte hain. inheen sab ke sahayog se spasht shuddh svaron ki utpatti hoti hai.

yeh peshi tatha snaayujaal se baindhi upaasthiyon (cartilages) ke judne se bani rachana hai. yeh ek oopar neeche chhidravaala mukutaakaar rachana hai jo gale ke sammukh bhaag mein shvaasanali ke shikhar par rahata hai aur jiske dvaara shvaasavaayu ka pravesh hota hai tatha kanth se svar niklata hai. yeh peshiyon se ghira rahata hai tatha tvacha ke neeche anubhav bhi kiya ja sakta hai. yeh oopar kanthikaasthi aur neeche shvaasanali se mila hai. svarayantr nau upaasthiyon se bana hai jinmein teen ekal badi upasthiyaaain aur teen yugm upasthiyaaain hoti hain.

yeh svarayantr ki pradhaan upaasthi hai, jiska aakaar faile hue yugm pankh ke samaan hota hai. iska baahar se ubhaar yuvaavastha mein, visheshakar purushon mein dikhaai deta hai. iske donon pankh madhyarekha ke donon or hain aur sammukh mein kon banaakar peechhe ki or faile hue hain. iske oopar neeche do shrung (horns) hain. oopar ke shrungon mein kanthikaasthi ke donon paarshv jude hain tatha neeche ke donon shrungavalaya upaasthi se milte hain. donon pankhon ke sandhikon ke oordhv bhaag mein kanthachhad (epiglottis) ka moolasthaan hai. in sab rachanaaon ke chaaron taraf chhoti badi maansapeshiyaaain aachhaadit rahati hain.

yeh svarayantr ke neeche ki upaasthi hai jiska aakaar aaingoothi ke samaan hota hai. iske do bhaag hote hain jinmein sammukh ka bhaag patala aur gol hai aur peechhe ka bhaag sthool aur chauda hai. sammukh bhaag ke oopar ki or avatu upaasthi ka nimnabhaag aur neeche ki or shvaasanali ka oordhvabhaag shleshm jhilli dvaara juda rahata hai. pashchim bhaag ke peechhe madhya rekha mein annanali ka sammukh bhaag hai. iske donon or maansapeshiyaaain aachhaadit hain.

isi prakaar svarayantr ki anya pramukh upaasthiyon mein kunbhakaar (arytenoid) upaasthi, keelak (cuneiform) upaasthi tatha shrungi (Corniculate) hain, jo chaaron taraf se maansapeshiyon se baindhi rahati hain tatha svar ki utpatti mein sahaayak hoti hain.

svar rajjuon ka naamaankit chitr

ye sankhya mein chaar hoti hain jo svarayantr ke bheetar saamane se peechhe ki or faili rahati hain. yeh ek reshedaar rachana hai jismein anek sthitisthaapak reshe bhi hote hain. dekhne mein ujali tatha chamakeeli maaloom hoti hai. ismein oopar ki donon tantriyaaain gaun tatha neeche ki mukhya kahalaati hain. inke beech mein trikon avakaash hota hai jisko kanthadvaar (glottis) kehte hain. inheen rajjuon ke khulne aur band hone se naana prakaar ke vichitr svaron ki utpatti hoti hai.

svar ki utpatti mein svararajjuon ki gatiyaaain (movements)

shvasan kaal mein rajjudvaar khula rahata hai aur chauda tatha trikonakaar hota hai. saaains lene mein yeh kuchh adhik chauda tatha shvaas chhodne mein kuchh sankeern ho jaata hai. bolte samay rajjueain aakarshit hokar paraspar sannikt aa jaati hain aur unka dwaar atyant sankeern ho jaata hai. jitna hi svar uchch hota hai, utana hi rajjuon mein aakarshan adhik hota hai aur dvaara utana hi sankeern ho jaata hai.

svarayantr ki vruddhi ke saath saath svararajjuon ki lanbaai badhti hai jisse yuvaavastha mein svar bhaari ho jaata hai. svararajjueain striyon ki apeksha purushon mein adhik lambi hoti hain.

uchhvasit vaayu ke veg se jab svar rajjuon ka kanpan hota hai tab svar ki utpatti hoti hai. yahaaain svar ek hi prakaar ka utpann hota hai kintu aage chalakar taalu, jihva, dant aur oshth aadi avayavon ke sampark se usamein parivartan aa jaata hai. svararajjuon ke kanpan se utpann svar ka svaroop nimlikhit teen baaton par nirbhar karta hai :

1. prabalata (loudness) - yeh kanpan tarangon ki uchchata ke anusaar hota hai.

2. taaratv (Pitch) - yeh kanpan tarangon ki sankhya ke anusaar hota hai.

3. gunata (Quality) - yeh gunjanasheel sthaanon ke vistaar ke anusaar badalta rahata hai aur kanpan tarangon ke svaroop par nirbhar hota hai.

• Free Voice analyzer and Biometrics displaying software from University College London
• The Head Voice and Other Problems, 1917, by D. A. Clippinger, from Project Gutenberg
• The Voice Foundation's official website
• The Anatomy of Singing
• David Harper, vocal coach: A passion for the voice that never wanes - Opera~Opera article
• Irish Voice festival official website