svanavijnyaaan
svaaniki ya svanavijnyaaan (Phonetics), bhaashaavijnyaaan ki vah shaakha hai jiske antargat maanav dvaara boli jaane waali dhvaniyon ka adhyayan kiya jaata hai. yeh boli jaane waali dhvaniyon ke bhautik gun, unke shaareerik utpaadan, shravan grahan aur tantrika-shaareerik bodh ki prakriyaaon se sambandhit hai.
itihaas
svaaniki ka adhyayan praacheen Bhaarat me lagbhag 2500 varsh pehle se kiya jaata tha, iska pramaan hamein paanini dvaara 500 E poo mein rachit unke sanskrut ke vyaakaran sambandhi granth ashtaadhyaayi me milta hai, jisme vyanjanon ke uchaaran ke sthaan tatha uchchaaran ki vidhi ka vistaar se varnan kiya gaya hai. aaj ki adhiktar bhaarateeya lipiyon me vyanjanon ka sthaan paanini ke vargeekaran par aadhaarit hai.
aadhunik kaal mein svaaniki ka adhyayan joshuaa steel (1779) tatha alekjendar bail (1867) aadi ke prayaason se aarambh hua.
svanvijnyaaan ka svaroop
bhaasha ki laghuttam ikaai svan hai. ise dhvani naam bhi diya jaata hai. dhvani ke abhaav mein bhaasha ki kalpana bhi naheen ki ja sakti hai. bhaasha vigyaan mein svan ke adhyayan sandarbh ko 'svanavijnyaaan' ki sanjnyaa di jaati hai. dhvani shabd dhvan dhaatu mein in (i) pratyaya ke yog se bana hai. bhaasha vigyaan ke gambhir adhyayan mein dhvanivijnyaaan ek mahattvapoorn shaakha ban gayi hai. iske liye dhvanishaastra, dhvanyaalochan, svanavijnyaaan, svaniti aadi naam diye gaye hain. angreji mein uske liye 'fonetiks' (phonetics) aur 'fonolauji' (phonology) shabdon ka prayog hota hai. in donon shabdon ki nirmiti greek ke 'phone' (phone) se hai.
svan (dhvani) ke adhyayan mein teen paksh saamane aate hain-
- (1) utpaadak
- (2) sanvaahak
- (3) sangraahak
svan utpann karanevaale vyakti ya vakta ko svanautpaadak ki sanjnyaa dete hai. sangraahak ya grahanakarta shrota hota hai, jo dhvani ko grahan karta hai. sanvaahak ya sanvahan karanevaala maadhyam jo mukhyat: vaayu ki tarangon ke roop mein hota hai. svan prakriya mein teenon angon ki anivaaryata svat: siddh hai. jab mukh ke vibhinn angon mein se kinheen do ya don se adhik avyavayon ke sahayog se dhvani unpann hogi tabhi svan (dhvani) ka astitv sambhav hai. dhvani-utpaadak avayavon ki bhoomika ke abhaav mein svan ka astitv asambhav hai.
dhvani-utpaadak avayavon ki upayogi bhoomika ke baad yadi sanvaahak ya sanvahan maadhyam ka abhaav hoga, to svan ka aabhaas asambhav hai. maana ek vyakti ek vaayu-avarodhi (airtight) kaksh mein baith kar dhvani karta hai, to vaayu tarang kaksh se baahar naheen aa paati aur baahar ka vyakti dhvani-grahan naheen kar sakta hai. is prakaar svan prakriya avaruddh ho jaati hai.
truteeya ang sangraahak ya shrota ke abhaav mein dhvani-utpaadan ka astitv svat: hi shoonya ho jaata hai. is prakaar svan prakriya mein vakta (utpaadak), maadhyam (sangraahak) teenon ka hona anivaarya hota hai.
dhvani ke saarthak aur nirrthak do svaroop hain. bhaasha vigyaan mein keval saarthak dhvaniyon ka adhyayan kiya jaata hai. dhvani utpaadan prakriya mein vaayu mukh ya naak donon hi bhaagon se niklati hai. is prakaar dhvani ko anunaasik tatha nirnunaasik do vargo mein vibhkt kar sakte hain. dhvaniyon ke uchchaaran mein vaayu mukh-vivr ke saath naasika-vivr se bhi niklati hai. use anunaasik dhvani kehte hain. jin dhvaniyon ke uchchaaran mein vaayu keval mukh-vivr se nikle use nirnunaasik ya maukhik dhvani kehte hain. dhvani ki teevrata aur mandata ke aadhaar par use naad, shvaas tatha japit, teen vargo mein vibhkt kar sakte hain. jab dhvani utpaadan mein svar tantriyaaain ek doosare se mili hoti hain, to vaayu unhein dhakka dekar beech se baahar aati hai, aisi dhvani ko naad dhvani kehte hain, yatha-g, gh, j aadi. ise saghosh dhvani bhi kehte hain. jab svar tantriyaaain ek doosare se door hoti hain to nishvaas ki vaayu bina gharshan ke saralata se baahar aati hai. aisi dhvani ko 'shvaas' ya aghosh kehte hain; yatha k, t, p aadi. jab bahut mand dhvani hoti hai to donon svar tantriyon ke kisi kone se vaayu baahar aati hai. aisi dhvani ko japit dhvani kehte hain.
bhaasha-adhyayan mein svanavijnyaaan ka vishesh mahattv hai kyonki anya vruhattar ikaaiyon ka gyaan iske hi aadhaar par hoti hai. iske hi antargat vibhinn dhvani utpaadak avayavon ka adhyayan kiya jaata hai. svanon ke shuddh gyaan ke pashchaat shuddh lekhan ko sabal aadhaar mil jaata hai. uchchaaran mein honevaale vividh sandarbhon ke parivrtanon ka gyaan bhi sambhav hota hai.
svanavijnyaaan mein vibhinn dhvaniyon ke adhyayan ke saath unke utpaadan ki prakriya ka vistrut vishleshan kiya jaata hai. isi adhyayan kram mein dhvani utpaadak vibhinn angon ki rachana aur unki bhoomika ka bhi adhyayan kiya jaata hai. dhvanigun aur usaki saarthakata ka niroopan bhi kiya jaata hai. svan ke saath 'svanim' ka bhi vivechan-vishleshan kiya jaata hai. bhaasha ki uchchaaranaatmak laghuttam ikaai akshar ke svaroop aur unke vargeekaran par bhi vichaar kiya jaata hai. samay, paristhiti aur prayogaanusaar vibhinn dhvaniyon mein parivartan hota rahata hai. dhvani-parivartan ke sandarbh mein vibhinn vidvaanon ne kuchh dhvani niyam nirdhaarit kiye hain. in niyamon ke adhyayan ke saath dhvani-parivartan ki dishaaon aur dhvani-parivartan ke kaaranon par vichaar kiya jaata hai.
2. ant:oshthya (endo-labial)
3. dantya (dental)
4. vartsya (alveolar)
5. post-alveolar
6. prä-palatal
7. taalavya (palatal)
8. mrudutaalavya (velar)
9. alijihveeya (uvular)
10. grasani se (pharyngal)
11. shvaasadvaareeya (glottal)
12. upajihveeya (epiglottal)
13. jihvaamooleeya (Radical)
14. pashchaprushtheeya (postero-dorsal)
15. agraprushtheeya (antero-dorsal)
16. jihvaapaagreeya (laminal)
17. jihvaagreeya (apical)
18. sub-laminal