string siddhaant

string siddhaant

ati string siddhaant siddhaant Bosonic string theory M-theory (simplified) Type I string · Type II string String field theory · Heterotic string sankalpanaaen Strings · Branes sambandhit vishay atismamiti · atigurutv · kvaantam gurutv shabdakosh string siddhaant ka shabdakosh vaigyaanik Brian greene . graus . sen . viten · others

is sandook ko: dekhein • samvaad •

string sidhdaant kan bhautiki ka ek sakreeya shodh kshetr hai jo pramaatra yaantriki aur saamaanya saapekshata mein saamajasya sthapit karne ka prayaas karta hai. ise sarvatatv siddhaant ka pratiyogi siddhaant bhi kaha jaata hai, ek aatmanirbhar ganiteeya pratimaan jo dravya ke roop va sabhi moolabhoot anyonya kriyaaon ko samajhaane mein saksham hai. string siddhaant ke anusaar parmaanu mein sthit moolabhoot kan (ilektraun, kvaark aadi) bindu kan naheen hain arthaat inki vima shoonya naheen hai balki ek vimiya dolak rekhaaen hain (string athva raju).

string siddhaant ke anusaar ilektraun tatha kvaark ki vima shoonya naheen hai balki ek-vimiya stringo se bane huye hain. in stringo ke dolan hamein, prekshit kanon ke flevar, aavesh, dravyamaan tatha spin pradaan karte hain.

string siddhaant ke parikshan ke prayaason ko vibhinn kathinaaiyaaain mushkile paida karti hain. jinmein sabse mahatvapoorn hai plaank lambaai ki atyant laghu paraas hona jo ki string lambaai (string ki svabhaavik paraas jahaaain stringein, kanon ke saath abhedya na hon.) ki koti ke samaan apekshit hai. anya kathinaai string siddhaant mein vishaal maatra mein mitsthaayi shoonya hain jo nimn oorja par prekshan mein sambhav lagbhag sabhi ghatnaaon ko samajhaane ke liye upayukt hote hue paryaapt bhinn hain.

string sidhdaant ke kuchh aalochakon ka maanana hai ki yeh sab kuchh ka siddhaant ki asafalata hai..^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} kuchh aam aalochanaaeain is prakaar hain:

1. kvaantam gurutvaakarshan ko khojane ke liye bahut uchch oorja ki aavashyakta.
2. halon ki badi sankhya ke kaaran bhavishyavaani ki vishishtata ka abhaav.
3. prushthabhoomi ki svatantrata ka abhaav.

• sarvatatv siddhaant

lokapriya pustakein aur lekh

• Davis, paul; jooliyn aara॰ brown (Eds.) (1992). suparastrings: A theory of evereething? (sarvatatv siddhaant). Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pa॰ 244. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-521-43775-X.
• geftar, amaanda (December 2005). "ij string theory in trabal?". new saaintist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18825305.800-is-string-theory-in-trouble.html?full=true. abhigman tithi: December 19, 2005. – liyonaard susaskind ka ek saakshaatkaar, aise saiddhaantik bhautik vigyaani hain jinhonne string siddhaant ek vimeeya vastuon (stringon) par aadhaarit hai ko pratipaadit kiya aur aajkal mahaabrahmaand ke vichaar ko viksit kar rahe hain.
• green, Michael (sitmbar 1986). "suparastrings". scientific American. http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/mbg15/superstrings/superstrings.html. abhigman tithi: 19 December 2005.
• green, Brian (2003). the eligeint universe: suparastrings, hidn daaimeinshans, end the kvest for the alteemet theory. New York: dabloo॰ dabloo॰ naurtan & company. pa॰ 464. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-393-05858-1.
• green, Brian (2004). the faibrik of the kausamaus: space, time, end the teksachar of reality. New York: alfred e॰ knopf. pa॰ 569. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-375-41288-3.
• gribbin, John (1998). the sarch for suparastrings, simitri, end the theory of evareething. landan: little brown end company. pa॰ 224. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-316-32975-4.
• halpern, paul (2004). the great biyaund: haayar daaimeinshans, pairelal yooniverses, end the ekstraaaardinri sarch for A theory of evareething. hobokein, nyoojarsi: John Wiley & sons, Inc.. pa॰ 326. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-471-46595-X.
• Hooper, den (2006). Dirk kausamaus: in sarch of our universe'j mising maas end enarji. New York: haarpar kaulins. pa॰ 240. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0-06-113032-8.
• kakoo, mikiyo (1994). haaiparaspes: A scientific odisi throo pairelal yooniverses, time vaarps, end the teinth daayameinshan. oksaford: oksaford university press. pa॰ 384. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-19-508514-0.
• klebanov, igor aur maaldaakena, jooain (January 2009). solving kvaantam field thyoreej vaaya karvad spesataaims. aaj ka bhautik vigyaan.
• musser, George (2008). the kampaleet idiyt'j guide too string theory. indiyaanaapolis: alfa. pa॰ 368. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-1-59257-702-6.
• renadaal, lisa (2005). vaarpad paisej: anaraveling the mistreej of the universe'j hidn daaimeinshans. New York: ekko press. pa॰ 512. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-06-053108-8.
• susaskind, liyonaard (2006). the kausmik laindaskep: string theory end the ilushan of inteleejeint dijaain. New York: Hachette book samooh/bek be books. pa॰ 403. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-316-01333-1.
• taubes, gaire (November 1986). "evareething's naau taaid too strings" diskavar maigajeen bhaag 7, #11. (Popular article, probably the first ever written, on the pratham atistring mahatvapoorn parivartan.)
• vileinkin, aleks (2006). meni varldas in van: the sarch for adar yooniverses. New York: hil end vaang. pa॰ 235. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-8090-9523-8.
• viten, Edward (June 2002). "the yoonivers on A string" (peedeeऍf). khagol shaastr ki ek patrika (estronaumi maigajeen). http://www.sns.ias.edu/~witten/papers/string.pdf. abhigman tithi: 19 December 2005. – mool saiddhaantik aadhaar par ek saral gair takaneeki anuchhed (N iji naunateknikl aartikl on the veri besiks of the theory).

string siddhaant ki do aalochanaatmak gair-takaneeki pustakein:

• smolin, li (2006). the trabal vid fijiks (bhautiki mein aafat): string siddhaant ka udbhav jo vigyaan ka patan hai aur bhaavi kya hai (the raaij of string theory, the faul of A science, end what kamas next. New York: Houghton mifflin ko॰. pa॰ 392. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-618-55105-0.
• voit, Peter (2006). not ivan raaaing (yeh anupayukt bhi naheen hai)– string siddhaant ki asafalata aur bhautiki niyamon mein sanmaagata (the feliyr of string theory end the sarch for unity in fijikl law. landan: jonaathan kep &: New York : besik books. pa॰ 290. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0-465-09275-8.

paathya pustakein

• Becker, Katrin, Becker, Melanie, and John H. Schwarz (2007) String Theory and M-Theory: A Modern Introduction . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86069-5
• Binéatruy, Pierre (2007) Supersymmetry: Theory, Experiment, and Cosmology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850954-7.
• Dine, Michael (2007) Supersymmetry and String Theory: Beyond the Standard Model. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85841-0.
• Paul H. Frampton (1974). Dual Resonance Models. Frontiers in Physics. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-8053-2581-6.
• Gasperini, Maurizio (2007) Elements of String Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86875-4.
• Michael Green, John H. Schwarz and Edward Witten (1987) Superstring theory. Cambridge University Press. The original textbook.
  • Vol. 1: Introduction. ISBN 0-521-35752-7.
  • Vol. 2: Loop amplitudes, anomalies and phenomenology. ISBN 0-521-35753-5.
• Kiritsis, Elias (2007) String Theory in a Nutshell. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12230-4.
• Johnson, Clifford (2003). D-branes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-521-80912-6.
  • Vol. 1: An introduction to the bosonic string. ISBN 0-521-63303-6.
  • Vol. 2: Superstring theory and beyond. ISBN 0-521-63304-4.
• Szabo, Richard J. (Reprinted 2007) An Introduction to String Theory and D-brane Dynamics. Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-427-7.
• Zwiebach, Barton (2004) A First Course in String Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83143-1. Contact author for errata.

Technical and critical:

• Penrose, Roger (2005). The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe. Knopf. pa॰ 1136. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-679-45443-8.

online saamagri

• saaaincha:Cite arxiv – This is a one semester course on bosonic string theory aimed at beginning graduate students. The lectures assume a working knowledge of quantum field theory and general relativity.
• saaaincha:Cite arxiv – Four lectures, presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, in June 2000, and addressed to an audience of graduate students in experimental high energy physics, survey basic concepts in string theory.
• Witten, Edward (1998). "Duality, Spacetime and Quantum Mechanics". Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics. http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/plecture/witten/. abhigman tithi: December 16, 2005. – Slides and audio from an Ed Witten lecture where he introduces string theory and discusses its challenges.
• saaaincha:Cite arxiv – Invited Lecture at COSLAB 2004, held at Ambleside, Cumbria, United Kingdom, from 10 to 17 September 2004.
• saaaincha:Cite arxiv – A guide to the string theory literature.
• Ajay, Shakeeb, Wieland et al. (2004). "The nth dimension". http://thenthdimension.com/. abhigman tithi: December 16, 2005. – A comprehensive compilation of materials concerning string theory. Created by an international team of students.
• Woit, Peter (2002). "Is string theory even wrong?". American Scientist. http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/is-string-theory-even-wrong. abhigman tithi: December 16, 2005. – A criticism of string theory.
• Veneziano, Gabriele (May 2004). "The Myth of the Beginning of Time". Scientific American. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=00042F0D-1A0E-1085-94F483414B7F0000.
• Krauss, Lawrence (2005-11-23). "Theory of Anything?". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2005/11/theory_of_anything.html. – A criticism of string theory.
• Harris, Richard (2006-11-07). "Short of 'All,' String Theorists Accused of Nothing". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6377252. abhigman tithi: 2007-03-05.
• A website dedicated to creative writing inspired by string theory.
• An Italian Website with various papers in English language concerning the mathematical connections between String Theory and Number Theory.
• George Gardner (2007-01-24). "Theory of everything put to the test". tech.blorge.com. (Web link). abhigman tithi: 2007-03-03.
• Minkel, J. R. (2006-03-02). "A Prediction from String Theory, with Strings Attached". Scientific American. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanId=sa003&articleId=1475A684-E7F2-99DF-355B95296BE6031C.
• Chalmers, Matthew (2007-09-03). "Stringscape". Physics World. http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/indepth/30940. abhigman tithi: September 6, 2007. — An up-to-date and thorough review of string theory in a popular way.
• Woit, Peter. Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory & the Continuing Challenge to Unify the Laws of Physics, 2006. ISBN 0-224-07605-1 (Jonathan Cape), ISBN 0-465-09275-6 (Basic Books)
• Schwarz, John (2001). "Early History of String Theory: A Personal Perspective". http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/colloq/schwarz1/. abhigman tithi: July 17, 2009.
• Zidbits (2011-03-27). "A Layman's Explanation For String Theory?". http://zidbits.com/2011/03/a-laymans-explanation-for-string-theory/.

string siddhaant ko vikshanari,
ek mukt shabdakosh mein dekhein.

• streeng siddhaant : saiddhaantik bhautiki aur nyutan
• string siddhaant kyon? – string siddhaant ka ek parichay
• string siddhaant ki sthaapana par samvaad, ganit ke prushth
• param string (Superstrings!) string siddhaant ka mukhaprushth – online shikshan
• CI.physics. STRINGS newsgroup – string siddhaant (kvaantam gurutv va balon ke ekeekaran par aadhaarit ek siddhaant) aur uchch oorja bhautiki se sambandhit vishyon par vivechana karne ke liye ek niyantrit nav samooh.
• not ivan raaaing (galat bhi naheen hai) – string siddhaant ki sameeksha ka ek chittha.
• suparastring theory (param string siddhaant) perimeetar instityoot for thyoretikl fijiks
• string siddhaant ki aadhikaarik website
• manohar brahmaand – nova dvaara Brian green ke saath ek teen-chaar ghante ki laghu shrrunkhala (peebeees (saarvajanik prasaaran seva) dvaara mool prasaaran dinaank: shaayan 08:00 baje se shaayan 10:00 baje, 28 October aur shaayan 08:00-09:00 baje, 4 November 2003). string siddhaant ko vibhinn chitron, sootron, chalachitron aur sfuran drushyon dvaara samajhaaya ja raha hai.
• Beyond String Theory – A project by a string physicist explaining aspects of string theory to a broad audience.
• Spinning the Superweb: Essays on the History of Superstring Theory – A Science Studies' approach to the history of string theory (an elementary knowledge of string theory is required).