soviyt sangh
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soviyt sangh (roosi bhaasha: Сaaоaaвaaеaáaaтaaсaaкaaиaaй Сaaоaaюaáaaз, sovetski soyooj; angreji: Soviet Union), jiska aupachaarik naam soviyt samaajavaadi ganatantron ka sangh (Сaaоaaюaáaaз Сaaоaaвaaеaáaaтaaсaaкaaиaaх Сaaоaaцaaиaaаaaлaaиaaсaaтaaиaáaaчaaеaaсaaкaaиaaх Рaaеaaсaaпaaуaáaaбaaлaaиaaк, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) tha, yooreshiya ke bade bhoobhaag par vistrut ek desh tha jo 1922 se 1991 tak astitv mein raha. yeh apni sthaapana se 1990 tak saamyavaadi party (komyunist party) dvaara shaasit raha. samvaidhaanik roop se soviyt sangh 15 svashaasit ganatantron ka sangh tha lekin vaastav mein poore desh ke prashaasan aur arthavyavastha par kendreeya sarkaar ka kada niyantran raha. roosi soviyt sangheeya samaajavaadi ganatantr ( Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) is desh ka sabse bada ganatantr aur raajanaitik, saanskrutik aur aarthik kendra tha, isliye poore desh ka gahra rooseekaran hua. yahi kaaran raha ki videsh mein bhi soviyt sangh ko aksar glati se 'roos' bula diya jaata tha.
anukram
itihaas
sthaapana
soviyt sangh ki sthaapana ki prakriya 1917 ki roosi kraanti ke saath shuroo hui jismein roosi saamraajya ke jaar (samraat) ko satta se hata diya gaya. vlaadimeer lenin ke netrutv mein bolshevik party ne satta par kbja kar liya lekin fauran hi vah bolshevik-virodhi shvet morche (White movement) ke saath gruh yuddh mein fains gayi. bolshevikon ki laal sena ne gruh yuddh ke dauraan aise bhi kai raajyon par kbja kar liya jinhonein tsaar ke patan ka faayda uthaakar roos se svatantrata ghoshit kar di thi. December 1922 mein bolshevikon ki poorn jeet hui aur unhonne roos, Ukraine, Belarus aur kaukas kshetr ko milkar soviyt sangh ki sthaapana ka ailaan kar diya.[1]
staalin aur dviteeya vishvayuddh
1924 mein lenin ki mrutyu hui aur josef staalin satta mein aaya. usane soviyt sangh mein zabardast audyogeekaran karavaaya aur keindreeya aarthik vyavastha banaai. krushi aur anya vyavasaayon ka saamoohikeekaran kiya gaya, yaani khet kisaanon ki niji sampatti na hokar raashtra ki sampatti ho gaye aur unapar kisaanon ke gut sarkaari nirdeshon par kaam karne lage. isi keindreekrut arthavyavastha ko dviteeya vishvayuddh mein jang ladne ke liye prayog kiya gaya jis se soviyt sangh ki jeet hui. staalin ne apne shaasanakaal mein saamyavaadi party ke bahut se sadasyon aur netaaon ko alag karke maravaaya aur soviyt sangh ke kai samudaayon par bhi atyaachaar kiya.
dviteeya vishvayuddh mein shuroo mein to Germany aur soviyt sangh mein ek sandhi thi jiske antargat unhonne Poland ko aapas mein baaaint liya tha aur kraisi ilaaka soviyt sangh ko mil gaya. lekin 1941 mein Germany ne palat kar soviyt sangh par hamla kar diya. is se soviyt sangh mitrapaksh shaktiyon (ailaaid shaktiyon) ke gut mein sanyukt raajya America aur Britain ka saath ho gaya aur Germany ke viruddh lada. Germany-soviyt yuddh bahut hi bhayankar tha aur ismein 2.7 karod soviyt logon ki mrutyu hui. lekin ant mein soviyt sangh vijayi hua aur poorvi Europe ke bahut se desh (jaise ki Poland, Hungary, chekoslovekiya, romaaniya, bulgaariya aur poorvi Germany) par usaka niyantran ho gaya.
sheet yuddh
poorvi Europe mein apne niyantran ke adheen deshon ke saath soviyt sangh ne ek saamyavaadi sainya mitrapaksh banaaya, jise vaarasau sandhi gut (Warsaw Pact) ke naam se jaana jaata hai. iske vipaksh America ke netrutv mein pashchimi deshon ka gut tha. donon vipkshiyon ke beech sheet yuddh jaari raha jismein donon mein seedhi ladaai to kabhi naheen hui, lekin donon parmaanu hathiyaaron aur misaailon se lais hamesha vidhvansakaari parmaanu yuddh chhid jaane ki sambhaavana ke saaye mein rahe.
staalin ki mrutyu ke baad vibhinn saamyavaadi netaaon mein sarvochch neta banane ki kheenchaataani hui aur nikita khrushcheva satta mein aaye. unhonne staalin ki sabse sakhta taanaashaahi neetiyon ko palat diya. soviyt sangh antariksh anusandhaan mein sabse aage nikal gaya. 1957 mein usane vishv ka sabse pehla krutrim upagrah sputanik pruthvi ke ird-gird kaksha mein pahuainchaaya. 1961 mein soviyt vaayu-sainik yoori gagaarin pruthvi se oopar antariksh mein pahuainchane wala sabse pehla maanav bana. 1962 mein kyoobaai misaail sankat mein America aur soviyt sangh ke beech bahut gambhir tanaav bana aur ve parmaanu pralaya ki dahaleej par pahuainch gaye, lekin kisi tarah yeh sankat tal gaya. 1970 ke dashak mein soviyt-ameriki sambandhon mein tanaav kam hua lekin 1979 mein jab soviyt sangh ne afgaanistaan mein hastakshep karte hue vahaaain apni fauj bheji to sambandh bahut bigad gaye.
soviyt sangh ka ant
afgaanistaan mein soviyt niyantran ke khilaaf upadrav aur gruh yuddh lagaataar jaari rahe aur aakhirkar 1989 mein soviyt faujein vahaaain se bina apna dhyeya poora kiye laut I. desh mein aarthik kathinaaiyaaain bani raheen aur videshi sanbadhon mein bhi pecheedagiyaaain raheen. antim soviyt neta mikhaail gorabaachof ne desh mein glaasnost (glasnost) naamak raajanaitik khulepan ki nai neeti aur perestroika (perestroika) naamak aarthik dhaaainche ko badalne ki neeti ke antargat sudhaar karne ki koshish ki lekin vifal rahe. December 1991 mein unki vichaaradhaara ke viruddh raajyaviplav (coup d'éaatat) ki koshish hui lekin vah kuchali gayi. is ghatna ke baad soviyt sangh toot gaya aur uske 15 ganatantr sabhi svatantr deshon ke roop mein ubhare. antarraashtreeya sandhiyon mein roos ko soviyt sangh ke vaaris desh ki maanyata di gayi.
inhein bhi dekhein
baahari kadiyaaain
- soviyt roos ki chhaviyaaain, John dui (John Dewey)
- soviyt kraantikaari poster
- soviyt sangh se dastaavej aur anya saamagri: 1917-1991
- jaagruti kaaryakram, chechen vidrohi
- soviyt sangh
- soviyt kailakuletar sangrah - soviyt kailakuletaron, kampyootaron, ghadiyon aur anya takaneeki cheejon ka ek bada sangrah
- soviyt sangh ke baare mein jarman prakaashanon ka soochi kosh - lagbhag 1.75 lakh abhilekh
- yuddhon, jhadpon aur hamlon mein soviyt sena ko hui haaniyaaain
sandarbh
- ↑ World and Its Peoples: Europe, pp. 1362, Marshall Cavendish, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7614-7900-0, ... Resistance grew into civil war in which several different movements participated, but the Red Army and the anti-Soviet voluntary White Army were the main combatants ... The declaration of the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, or Soviet Union) was signed on December 30, 1922 ...