sona

sona / Gold raasaayanik tatv
namoona
raasaayanik chinh:	Au
parmaanu sankhya:	79
raasaayanik shrunkhala:	sankraman dhaatu
aavart saarani mein sthiti
electronic dhaancha
anya bhaashaaon mein naam:	Gold (angreji)

sona ya svarn (Gold) atyant chamakadaar moolyavaan dhaatu hai. yeh aavart saarani ke pratham antarvavarti samooh (transition group) mein taamr tatha rajat ke saath sthit hai. iska keval ek sthir samasthaanik (isotope, dravyamaan 197) praapt hai. krutrim saadhanon dvaara praapt rediyodharmi samasthaanikon ka dravyamaan kramash: 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198 tatha 199 hai.

sona ek dhaatu evam tatv hai. shuddh sona chamakadaar peele rang ka hota hai jo ki bahut hi aakarshak rang hai. yeh dhaatu bahut keemati hai aur praacheen kaal se sikke banaane, aabhooshan banaane evam dhan ke sangrah ke liye prayog ki jaati rahi hai. sona ghana, mulaayam, chamakadaar, sarvaadhik sanpeedya (malleable) evam tanya (ductile) dhaatu hai. raasaayanik roop se yeh ek tatv hai jiska prateek (symbol) Au evam parmaanu kramaank 79 hai. yeh ek antarvavarti dhaatu hai. adhikaansh rasaayan isse koi kriya naheen karte. sone ke aadhunik audyogik anuprayog hain - dant-chikitsa mein, elektrauniki mein.

svarn ke tej se manushya atyant puraatan kaal se prabhaavit hua hai kyonki bahudha yeh prakruti mein mukt avastha mein milta hai. praacheen sabhyataakaal mein bhi is dhaatu ko sammaan praapt tha. isa se 2500 varsh poorv sindhu ghaati ki sabhyataakaal mein (jiske bhagnaavashesh mohanajodado aur hadppa mein mile hain) svarn ka upayog aabhooshanon ke liye hua karta tha. us samay dakshin Bhaarat ke Mysore pradesh se yeh dhaatu praapt hoti thi. charakasanhita mein (isa se 300 varsh poorv) svarn tatha uske bhasm ka aushadhi ke roop mein varnan aaya hai. kautilya ke arthashaastr mein svarn ki Khan ki pehchaan karne ke upaaya dhaatukarm, vividh sthaanon se praapt dhaatu aur uske shodhan ke upaaya, svarn ki kasauti par pareeksha tatha svarnashaala mein uske teen prakaar ke upayogon (kshepan, gun aur kshudrak) ka varnan aaya hai. in sab varnanon se yeh gyaat hota hai ki us samay Bhaarat mein suvarnakala ka star uchch tha.

iske atirikt misr, aiseeriya aadi ki sabhyataaon ke itihaas mein bhi svarn ke vividh prakaar ke aabhooshan banaae jaane ki baat kahi gayi hai aur is kala ka us samay achha gyaan tha.

madhyayug ke keemiyaagaron ka lakshya nimn dhaatu (lohe, taamr, aadi) ko svarn mein parivartan karna tha. ve aise patthar paaras ki khoj karte rahe jiske dvaara nimn dhaatuon se svarn praapt ho jaae. is kaal mein logon ko raasaayanik kriya ki vaastavik prakruti ka gyaan na tha. anek logon ne daave kiye ki unhonne aise gur ka gyaan pa liya hai jiske dvaara ve lauh se svarn bana sakte hain jo baad mein sadaiv mithya siddh hue.

svarn praaya: mukt avastha mein paaya jaata hai. yeh uttam (noble) gun ka tatv hai jiske kaaran se uske yaugik praaya: asthaayi hi hote hain. aagneya (igneous) chattaanon mein yeh bahut sookshm maatra mein vitrit rahata hai parantu samay ke saath kvaart‌aaj nalikaaon (quartz veins) mein iski maatra mein vruddhi ho gayi hai. praakrutik kriyaaon ke falasvaroop kuchh khanij padaarthon mein jaise lauh paayaraait (Fe S₂), sees salfaaid (Pb S), chelakolaait (Cu₂ S) aadi ayaskon ke saath svarn bhi kuchh maatra mein jama ho gaya hai. yadyapi iski maatra nyoon hi rahati hai parantu in dhaatuon ka shodhan karte samay svarn ki samuchit maatra mil jaati hai. chattaanon par jal ke prabhaav dvaara svarn ke sookshm maatra mein pathareele tatha reteele sthaanon mein jama hone ke kaaran pahaadi jalasroton mein kabhi kabhi iske kan milte hain. keval teldooraail ke roop mein hi iske yaugik milte hain.

Bhaarat mein vishv ka lagbhag do pratishat svarn praapt hota hai. Mysore ki kolaar ki khaanon se yeh sona nikaala jaata hai. kolaar mein svarn ki 5 khaanein hain. in khaanon se svarn paarad ke saath paaradan (amalgamation) tatha saayanaaid vidhi dvaara nikaala jaata hai. uttar mein sikkim pradesh mein bhi svarn anya ayaskon ke saath mishrit avastha mein mila karta hai. Bihar ke monsoon aur sinhabhoom jile mein suvarnarekha nadi mein bhi svarn ke kan praapya hain.

dakshin amareeka ke Columbia pradesh, Mexico, sanyukt raashtra amareeka ke keleeforniya tatha alaasaka pradesh, Australia tatha dakshin Africa svarn utpaadan ke mukhya kendra hain. aisa anumaan hai ki yadi pandrahaveen shataabdi ke ant se aaj tak utpaadit svarn ko sajaakar rakha jaae to lagbhag 20 meter lamba, chauda tatha ooaincha dhan banega. aashcharya to yeh hai ki itni chhoti maatra ke padaarth dvaara karodon manushyon ke bhaagya ka niyantran hota raha hai.

svarn nikaalne ki puraani vidhi mein chattaanon ki reteeli bhoomi ko chhichhle tavon par dhoya jaata tha. svarn ka uchch ghanatv hone ke kaaran vah neeche baith jaata tha aur halki ret dhovan ke saath baahar chali jaati thi. haaidraalik vidhi (hydraulic mining) mein jal ki teevr dhaara ko svarnayukt chattaanon dvaara pravisht karte hain jisse svarn se mishrit ret jama ho jaati hai.

aadhunik vidhi dvaara svarnayukt kvaart‌aaj (quartz) ko choorn kar paarad ki paratadaar taamr ki thaaliyon par dhote hain jisse adhikaansh svarn thaaliyon par jam jaata hai. parat ko khurachakar uske aasavan (distillation) dvaara svarn ko paarad se alag kar sakte hain. praapt svarn mein apadravya vartamaan rahata hai. ispar sodiym saayanaaid ke vilyan dvaara kriya karne se sodiym orosaayanaaid banega.

4 Au + 8 NaCN + O₂ + 2 H₂ O = 4 Na [ Au (C N)₂] + 4 NaOH

is kriya mein vaayumandal ki okseejan aakseekaarak ke roop mein prayukt hoti hai.

sodiym orosaayanaaid vilyan ke vidyut‌ apaghatan dvaara athva yashad dhaatu ki kriya se svarn mukt ho jaata hai.

Zn + 2 Na [Au (C N)₂] = Na₂ [ Zn (CN)₄] + 2 Au

saayanaait vidhi dvaara aise ayaskon se svarn nikaala ja sakta hai jinmein svarn ki maatra nyoonatam ho. anya vidhi ke anusaar ayask mein upasthit svarn ko kloreen dvaara gold kloraaid (Au Cl₃) mein parint kar jal mein vilyit kar liya jaata hai. vilyan mein haaidrojan salfaaid (H₂ S) pravaahit karne par gold salfaaid ban jaata hai jiske dahan se svarn dhaatu mil jaati hai.

oopar bataai kriyaaon se praapt svarn mein apadravya upasthit rahate hain. iske shodhan ki aadhunik vidhi vidyut‌ apaghatan par aadhaarit hai. is vidhi mein gold kloraaid ko tanu (dilute) haaidroklorik aml mein vilyit kar lete hain. vilyan mein ashuddh svarn ke dhanaagr aur shuddh svarn ke rinaagr ke beech vidyut‌ pravaah karne par ashuddh svarn vilyit ho rinaagr par jam jaata hai.

svarn peele rang ki dhaatu hai. anya dhaatuon ke mishran se iske rang mein antar aa jaata hai. ismein rajat ka mishran karne se iska rang halka pad jaata hai. taamr ke mishran se peela rang gahra pad jaata hai. mini gold mein 8.33 pratishat taamr rahata hai. yeh shuddh svarn se adhik laalima liye rahata hai. plaitinm ya pelaidiym ke sammishran se svarn mein shvet chhata aa jaati hai.

svarn atyant komal dhaatu hai. svachh avastha mein yeh sabse adhik dhaatavardhya (malleable) aur tanya (ductile) dhaatu hai. ise peetane par 10-5 mimi patale varak banaae ja sakte hain.

svarn ke kuchh vishesh sthiraank nimnaankit hain :

sanket (Au),

paramaanusankhya 79,

paramaanubhaar 196.97,

galanaank 106° se.,

kvathanaank 2970° se.

ghanatv 19.3 gram prati ghan semi,

parmaanu vyaas 2.9 engstraam A°,

aayaneekaran vibhv 9.2 ivon,

vidyut pratirodhakata 2.19 maaikrooham‌ - semi.

svarn vaayumandal okseejan dvaara prabhaavit naheen hota hai. vidyut‌aavaahak-bal-shrunkhala (electromotive series) mein svarn ka sabse neecha sthaan hai. iske yaugik ka svarn aayan saralata se ilektraan grahan kar dhaatu mein parivrtit ho jaaega. svarn do sanyojakata ke yaugik banaata hai, 1 aur 3. 1 sanyojakata ke yaugikon ko oras (aurous) aur 3 ke yaugikon ko orik (auric) kehte hain.

svarn naaitrik, salfyoorik athva haaidroklorik aml se naheen prabhaavit hota parantu amlaraaj (aqua regia) (3 bhaag saandr haaidroklorik aml tatha 1 bhaag saandr naaitrik aml ka sammishran) mein ghulakar kloroorik aml (H Au Cl4) banaata hai. iske atirikt garam seleenik aml (selenic acid) kshaareeya salfaaid athva sodiym thaayosalfet mein vileya hai.

svarn ke 1 aur 3 sanyoji yaugik praapt hain. iske atirikt iske anek jatil yaugik bhi banaae gaye hain jinmein iski sankhya upasahasanyojakata (co ordination number) 2 ya 4 rahati hai.

svarn ka haaidroksaaid oras haaidroksaaid (Au O H), oras kloraaid (Au Cl) par tanu potaishiym haaidraaksaaid (dil KOH) ki kriya dvaara praapt hota hai. yeh gahre baingani rang ka choorn hai jise kuchh raasaayanik jalayukt oksaaid (Au2 O) kehte hain. yeh svarn tatha kriyaaksaaid (Au2 O3) mein parint ho sakta hai. oras haaidroksaaid mein shithil kshaareeya gun vartamaan hain. yadi orik kloraaid (Au Cl3) athva kloroaarik aml (HAuCl4) par kshaareeya haaidroksaaid ki kriya ki jaae to orik haaidraaksaaid {Au (OH)3} banta hai jise garam karne par aaraail haaidraaksaaid Au O (O H) aarik oksaaid (Au2 O3) aur (Au2 O2) aur tatpashchaat‌ svarn dhaatu bach rahati hai.

helojan tatvon se svarn anek yaugik banaata hai. raktataap par svarn floreen se sanyukt ho gold floraaid banaata hai. kloreen ke saath do yaugik oras kloraad (Au Cl) aur orik kloraaid (Au Cl3) gyaat hain. oras kloraaid jal dvaara apaghatit ho svarn aur orik kloraaid (Au Cl) bana hai aur adhik uchch taap par poornataya: vightit ho jaata hai. bromeen ke saath oras bromaaid (Au Br) aur orik bromaaid (Au Br3) bante hain. inke gun kloraaid yaugikon ki bhaaainti hain. aayodeen ke saath bhi svarn ke do yaugik oras aayodaaid (Au I) aur orik aayodaaid (Au I3) bante hain parantu ve donon asthaayi hote hain.

vaayu ki upasthiti mein svarn kshaareeya saayanaaid mein vilyit ho jatil yaugik orosaainaaid [ Au (C N)2] banta hai jismein svarn 1 sanyoji avastha mein hai. trisanyoji avastha ke jatil yaugik { K Au (C N)4} bhi gyaat hain.

orik oksaaid par saandr amoniya ki kriya se ek kaala choorn banta hai jise fleemineting gold (2 Au N. N H3. 3 H2 O) kehte hain. yeh sookhi avastha mein visfotak hota hai.

svarn ke kaalaayadi vilyan (colloidal solution) ka rang kanon ke aakaar par nirbhar hai. bade kanon ke vilyan ka rang neela rahata hai. kanon ka aakaar chhota hone par kramash: laal tatha naarangi ho jaata hai. kloroorik aml vilyan mein stainash kloraaid (Sn Cl2) mishrit karne par ek neelalohit avakshep praapt hota hai. ise kaisiym neelalohit (purple of cassius) kehte hain. yeh svarn ka bada samvedansheel pareekshan (delicate test) maana jaata hai.

svarn ka mudra tatha aabhooshan ke nimitt praacheen kaal se upayog hota raha hai. svarn anek dhaatuon se mishrit ho mishradhaatu banaata hai. mudra mein prayukt svarn mein lagbhag 90 pratishat svarn rahata hai. aabhooshan ke liye prayukt svarn mein bhi nyoon maatra mein anya dhaatueain milaai jaati hain jisse uske bhautik gun sudhar jaaeain. svarn ka upayog dantakala tatha sajaavati akshar banaane mein ho raha hai.

svarn ke yaugik fotograafi kala mein tatha kuchh raasaayanik kriyaaon mein bhi prayukt hue hain.

svarn ki shuddhata degree athva kairat mein maapi jaati hai. vishuddh svarn 1000 degree athva 24 kairat hota hai.--- (r. chan. k.)

sone ka khanan Bhaarat mein atyant praacheen samay se ho raha hai. kuchh vidvaanon ka mat hai ki dasveen shataabdi ke poorv paryaapt maatra mein khanan hua tha. gat teen shataabdiyon mein anek bhoovettaaon ne Bhaarat ke svarnayukt kshetron mein kaarya kiya kintu adhikaanshat: ve aarthik star par sona praapt karne mein asafal hi rahe. Bhaarat mein utpann lagbhag sampoorn sona Mysore raajya ke kolaar tatha hatti svarnakshetron se niklata hai. atyant alp maatra mein sona uttar pradesh, Bihar, udeesa, Punjab tatha Madras raajyon mein bhi anek nadiyon ki mitti ya ret mein paaya jaata hai kintu iski maatra saadhaaranat: itni kam hai ki iske aadhaar par aadhunik dhang ka koi vyavasaaya aarthik drushti se praarambh naheen kiya ja sakta. in kshetron mein kuchh sthaanon par sthaaneeya nivaasi apne avakaash ke samay mein is mitti evam‌ ret ko dhokar kabhi kabhi alp sone ki praapti kar lete hain.

kolaar svarnakshetr (Kolar Gold Field)

yeh kshetr Mysore raajya ke kolaar jile mein Madras ke pashchim ki or 125 meal ki doori par sthit hai. samudra se 2,800 foot ki ooainchaai par yeh kshetr ek uchch sthali par hai. vaise to is kshetr ka vistaar uttar-dakshin mein 50 meal tak hai kintu utpaadan yogya patitka (Vein) ki lanbaai lagbhag 4 meal hi hai. is kshetr mein baalaaghaat, nandi durg, uragaam, champion reef (Champion Reef) tatha Mysore khaanein sthit hain. khanan ke praarambh se March 1951 ke ant tak 2,18,42,902 aauns svarn, jiska moolya 169.61 karod rupaya hua, praapt hua. kolaar kshetr mein kul 30 pattikaaeain hain jinki ausat chaudaai 3-4 foot hai. in pattikaaon mein sarvaadhik svarn utpaadak pattika 'champion reef' hai. ismein neele bhoore varn ka, vishuddh tatha kanonvaala sfatik praapt hota hai. isi sfatik ke saahacharya mein sona bhi milta hai. sone ke saath hi turameleen (Tourmaline) bhi sahaayak khanij ke roop mein praapt hota hai. saath hi saath paayarotaait (Pyrotite), paayaraait, chaalkopaayaraait, ilmenaait, maignetaait tatha sheelaait (Shilite) aadi bhi is kshetr ki shilaaon mein milte hain.

kolaar (Mysore) ki sone ki khaanon mein poornat: aadhunik evam vaigyaanik vidhiyon se kaarya hota hai. yahaaain ki chaar khaanein 'Mysore', 'nandeedrug', 'uragaam' aur 'chaipiynareef' sansaar ki sarvaadhik gahari khaanon mein se hai. in khaanon mein se do to satah se lagbhag 10,000 foot ki gaharaai tak pahuainch chuki hain. in khaanon mein taap 148° faarenahaaid tak chala jaata hai at: sheetotpaadak yantron ki sahaayata se taap 118° faarenahaait tak kam karne ki vyavastha ki gayi hai. san‌ 1953 mein uragaam Khan band kar di gayi hai. ausat roop se kolaar mein prati tan khanij mein lagbhag paune teen maashe sona paaya jaata hai. dviteeya vishvayuddh se poorv vipul maatra mein sone ka niryaat kiya jaata tha. san‌ 1939 mein 3,14,515 aauns sone ka utpaadan hua jiska moolya 3,24,34,364 rupaye hua kintu iske pashchaat‌ svarn utpaadan mein aniyamit roop se kami hoti chali gayi hai tatha san‌ 1947 mein utpaadan ghatkar 1,71,795 aauns rah gaya jiska moolya 5,10,69,000 rupae tak pahuaincha. kolaar svarnakshetr ki khaanon ka raashtreeyakaran ho gaya hai tatha Mysore ki raajya sarkaar dvaara sampoorn kaarya sanchaalit hota hai. kolaar vishv ka ek adviteeya evam aadarsh khanan nagar hai. yahaaain svarn khaanon ke karmachaariyon ko lagbhag sabhi sambhav suvidhaaeain pradaan ki gayi hain. khaanon mein bhi aapaatkaaleen sthiti ka saamana karne ke liye vishesh suraksha dal (Rescue Teams) rahate hain.

Hyderabad mein hatti mein bhi sona praapt hua hai. isi prakaar Kerala mein vaayanaad naamak sthaan par sona mila tha kintu ye nikshep kaarya yogya naheen the.

kisi padaarth ki satah par usaki suraksha athva alankaran hetu yaantrik tatha raasaayanik saadhanon se sona chadhaaya jaata hai. yeh kala bahut hi praacheen hai. misravaasi aadikaal hi mein lakdi aur har prakaar ke dhaatuon par sona chadhaane mein praveen tatha abhyast rahe. puraane testaameint mein bhi gilding ka ullekh milta hai. rom tatha grees aadi deshon mein praacheen kaal se is kala ko poorn protsaahan milta raha hai. praacheen kaal mein adhik motaai ki sone ki pattiyaaain prayog mein laai jaati theen. at: is prakaar ki gilding adhik majaboot tatha chamakeeli hoti rahi. poorvi deshon ki sajaavat ki kala mein iska pramukh sthaan hai- mandiron ke gunbajon tatha raajamahalon ki shobha badhaane ke liye yeh kala visheshat: apnaai jaati hai. Bhaarat mein aaj bhi jis vidhi se sona chadhaaya jaata hai iski praacheenata ka ek sundar udaaharan hai.

aadhunik gilding mein tarah tarah ki vidhiyaaain prayog mein laai jaati hain aur inse har prakaar ke satahon par sona chadhaaya ja sakta hai, jaise tasveeron ke frem, alamaariyon, sajaavati chitran, ghar aur mahalon ki sajaavat, kitaabon ki jildabaaji, dhaatuon ke avaran, batan banaana, gild taav trade, printig tatha vidyut‌ aavaran, mitti ke bartanon, porsilen, kaaainch tatha kaaainch ki choodiyon ki sajaavat. teksataail, chamade aur paarchameint par bhi sona chadhaaya jaata hai tatha in prachalit kaamon mein sona adhik maatra mein upabhukt hota hai.

sona chadhaane ki samast vidhiyaaain yaantrik athva raasaayanik saadhanon par nirbhar hain. yaantrik saadhanon se sone ki bahut hi baareek pattiyaaain banaate hain aur use dhaatuon ya vastuon ki satah se chipka dete hain. isliye dhaatuon ki satah ko bhali bhaaainti khurachakar saaf kar lete hain. aur use achhi tarah paalish kar dete hain. fir greej tatha doosare apadravyon (Impurities) jo paalish karte samay rah jaati hai, garam karke hata dete hain. bahudha laal taap par dhaatuon ki satah par barnishr se sone ki pattiyon ko dabaakar chipka dete hain. ise fir garam karte hain aur yadi aavashyakta hui to aur pattiyaaain rakhakar chipka dete hain, tatpashchaat‌ ise thanda karke barnishr se ragad kar chamakeela bana dete hain. doosari vidhi mein paare ka prayog kiya jaata hai. dhaatuon ki satah ki poorvavat‌ saafakar aml vilyan mein daal dete hain. fir use satah ki poorvavat‌ saafakar aml vilyan mein daal dete hain. fir use baahar nikaalkar sukhaane ke baad jhauva tatha surkhi se ragad kar chiknaahat paida kar dete hain. is kriya ke uparaant satah par paare ki ek patali part paaradan kar dete hain, tab ise kuchh samay ke liye paani mein daal dete hain aur is prakaar yeh sona chadhaane yogya ban jaata hai. sone ki baareek pattiyaaain chipkaane se ye paare se mil jaati hain. garam karne ke falasvaroop paara ud jaata hai aur sona bhoorepan ki avastha mein rah jaata hai, ise aget varnishr se ragadkar chamakeela bana dete hain. is vidhi mein sone ka praaya: duguna paara lagta hai tatha paare ki pun: praapti naheen hoti.

raasaayanik gilding mein ve vidhiyaaain shaamil hain jinmein prayukt sona kisi na kisi avastha mein raasaayanik yaugik ke roop mein rahata hai.

sona chadhaana - chaaaindi par praaya: sona chadhaane ke liye, sone ka amlaraaj mein vilyan bana lete hain aur kapde ki sahaayata se vilyan ko dhaatvik satah par faila dete hain. fir ise jala dete hain aur chaaaindi se chipki kaali tatha bhaari bhasm ko chamade tatha anguliyon se ragadkar chamakeela bana lete hain. anya dhaatuon par sona chadhaane ke liye pehle usapar chaaaindi chadha lete hain.

geeli sonaachadhaai - gold kloraaid ke patale vilyan ko haaidroklorik aml ki upasthiti mein pruthakkaari keep ki madad se ithareeya vilyan mein praapt kar lete hain tatha ek chhote burush se vilyan ko dhaatuon ki saaf satah par faila dete hain. ithar ke ud jaane par sona rah jaata hai aur garam karke paalish karne par chamakeela roop dhaaran kar leta hai.

aag sonaachadhaai (fire Gilding) - ismein dhaatuon ke taiyaar saaf aur svachh satah par paare ki patali si parat faila dete hain aur usapar sone ka paaradan chadha dete hain. tatpashchaat‌ paare ko garam kar uda dete hain aur sone ki ek patali patal bach jaati hai, jise paalish kar sundar bana dete hain. ismein paare ki adhik kshati hoti hai aur kaam karanevaalon ke liye paare ka dhuaaain adhik asvasthyakar hai.

kaashth sonaachadhaai - lakdi ki satah par chaak ya jipsam ka lep chadhaakar chiknaahat paida kar dete hain. fir paani mein tairati hui sone ki baareek pattiyon ka sthaami viroopan kar dete hain. sookh jaane par ise chipka dete hain tatha dabaakar samasthiteekaran kar dete hain. iske uparaant yeh sone ki moti chaddaron ki tarah dikhaai dene lagti hai. daaaintedaar gilding se ismein adhik chamak aa jaati hai.

mitti ke baratanon, porsilen tatha kraaainch par sona chadhaane ki kala adhik lokapriya hai. sone ke amlaraaj vilyan ko garam kar paaudar avastha mein praapt kar lete hain aur ismein baarahavaaain bhaag vismath aaksaaid tatha thodi maatra mein boraaks aur gan paaudar mila dete hain is mishran ko ooaint ke baalavaale burush se vastu par yathaasthaan chadha dete hain. aag mein tapaane par kaale maile rang ka sona chipka rah jaata hai, jo aget barnishr se paalish kar chamakaaya jaata hai. aur fir aiseetik aml se ise saaf kar lete hain.

loha ya ispaat par sona chadhaane ke liye satah ko saaf kar kharochane ke pashchaat‌ usapar line bana dete hain. fir laal taap tak garam kar sone ki pattiyaaain bichha dete hain aur dhanda karne ke uparaant isko aget barnishr se ragadkar paalish kar dete hain. is prakaar ismein poorn chamak aa jaati hai aur iski sundarata anupam ho jaati hai.

dhaatuon par vidyut‌ aavaran ki kala ko aajkal adhik protsaahan mil raha hai. ek chhote se naad mein gold saayanaaid aur sodiym saayanaaid ka vilyan daal dete hain tatha sone ka ainod aur jispar sona chadhaana hota hai, usaka kaithod lataka dete hain. fir vidyutpraah se sone ka aavaran kaithod par chadh jaata hai. vidyut‌-aavaraneeya sone ka rang anya dhaatuon ke nikshepan par nirbhar hai. achhaai, tikaaoopan, sundarata tatha sajaavat ke liye nimn koti ki dhaatuon par pehle taaainbe ka vidyut‌ aavaran karke chaaaindi chadhaate hain. tatpashchaat‌ sona chadhaana uttam hota hai. is dhang se sone ki baareek se baareek parat ka aavaran chadhaaya ja sakta hai tatha jis motaai ka chaahein sone ka vidyut‌aaavaran aavashyakataanusaar chadha sakte hain. isse dhaatuon ki sanksharan se raksha hoti hai tatha har prakaar ki vastuon par sone ki sundar chamak aa jaati hai.

• saayanaaid vidhi - svarn nirmaan ki dhaatukaarmik takaneek