smruti

smruti hindu dharm ke un dharmagranthon ka samooh hai jinki maanyata shruti se neechi shreni ki hain aur jo maanavon dvaara utpann the. inmein ved naheen aate. smruti ka shaabdik arth hai - "yaad kiya hua". yadyapi smruti ko vedon se neeche ka darja haasil hai lekin ve (raamaayan, mahaabhaarat, geeta, puraan) adhikaansh hinduon dvaara padhi jaati hain, kyonki vedon ko samajhna bahut kathin hai aur smrutiyon mein aasaan kahaaniyaaain aur naitik upadesh hain. iski seema mein vibhinn dhaarmik granthon—geeta, mahaabhaarat, vishnusahasranaam ki bhi ganana ki jaane lagi. shankaraachaarya ne in sabhi granthon ko smruti hi maana hai.

manu ne shruti tatha smruti mahatta ko samaan maana hai. Gautam rishi ne bhi yahi kaha hai ki 'vedo dharmamool taddhidaan ch smrutisheele'. haradatt ne Gautam ki vkhaakhya karte hue kaha ki smruti se abhipraaya hai manusmruti se. parantu unki yeh vyaakhya uchit naheen prateet hoti kyonki smruti aur sheel in shabdon ka prayog srot ke roop mein kiya hai, kisi vishisht smruti granth ya sheel ke liye naheen. smruti se abhipraaya hai vedavidon ki smaran shakti mein padi un roodhi aur paramparaaon se jinka ullekh vaidik saahitya mein naheen kiya gaya hai tatha sheel se abhipraaya hai un vidvaanon ke vyavahaar tatha aachaar mein ubharate pramaanon se. fir bhi aapastamb ne apne dharm-sootr ke praarambh mein hi kaha hai 'dharmajnyaasamay: pramaanan vedaashch'.

smrutiyon ki rachana vedon ki rachana ke baad lagbhag 500 isa poorv hua. chhathi shataabdi E.poo. ke pehle saamaajik dharm ved evam vaidik-kaaleen vyavahaar tatha paramparaaon par aadhaarit tha. aapastamb dharm-sootr ke praarambh mein hi kaha gaya hai ki iske niyam samayaachaarik dharm ke aadhaar par aadhaarit hain. samayaachaarik dharm se abhipraaya hai saamaajik parampara se. sab saamaajik parampara ka mahattv isliye tha ki dharmashaastron ki rachana lagbhag 1000 E.poo. ke baad hui. peechhe shishton ki smruti mein pade hue paramparaagat vyavahaaron ka sankalan smruti granthon mein rishiyon dvaara kiya gaya. iski maanyata samaaj mein iseeliye sveekaar ki gayi hogi ki jo baatein ab tak likhit naheen theen keval parampara mein hi usaka svaroop jeevit tha, ab likhit roop mein saamane aain. ataev shishton ki smrutiyon se sankalit in paramparaaon ke pustakeekrut svaroop ka naam smruti rakha gaya. peechhe chalakar smruti ka kshetr vyaapak hua.

smruti ki bhaasha saral thi, niyam samayaanusaar the tatha naveen paristhitiyon ka inmein dhyaan rakha gaya tha. at: ye adhik janagraahya tatha samaaj ke anukool bane rahe. fir bhi shruti ki mahatta inki apeksha atyadhik sveekaar ki gayi. parantu peechhe inke beech sandhi sthaapit karne ke liye vruhaspati ne kaha ki shruti aur smruti manushya ke do netr hain. yadi ek ko hi mahatta di jaaya to aadmi kaana ho jaaega. atri ne to yahaaain tak kaha ki yadi koi ved mein poorn paarangat ho smruti ko ghruna ki drushti se dekhta ho to ikkees baar pashu yoni mein usaka janm hoga. vruhaspati aur atri ke kathan se is prakaar yeh spasht hai ki ved ke samaan smruti ki bhi mahatta ab sveekaar ki gayi. peechhe chalakar saamaajik chalan mein shruti ke oopar smruti ki mahatta ko sveekaar kar liya gaya jaise dattak putr ki parampara ka vedon mein jahaaain virodh hain vaheen smrutiyon mein iski sveekruti di gayi hai. isi prakaar panyachamahaayajnya shrutiyon ke rachana kaal ki apeksha smrutiyon ke rachana kaal mein vyaapak ho gaya. vedon ke anusaar jhanjhaavaat mein, atithiyon ke aane par, poornima ke din chhaatron ko svaadhyaaya karna chaahiye kyonki in dinon mein sasvar paath karne ki manaahi thi. parantu smrutiyon ne in dinon svaadhyaaya ko bhi band kar diya. shoodron ke sambandh mein shruti ka yeh spasht nirnaya hai ki ve moksh naheen praapt kar sakte hain parantu upanishdon ne shoodron ke oopar se yeh bandhan hata diya evam unke moksh praapti ki maanyata sveekaar kar li gayi. ye sabhi tathya siddh karte hain ki shruti ki nirdhaarit paramparaaon par smrutiyon ki virodhi paramparaaon ko peechhe saamaajik maanyata praapt ho gayi. smrutiyon ki is mahatta ka kaaran bataate hue maareechi ne kaha hai ki smrutiyon ke jo vachan nirrthak ya shruti virodhi naheen hain ve shruti ke hi praaroop hain. ved vachan rahasmaya tatha bikhre hain jinhein suvidha mein smrutiyon mein spasht kiya gaya hai. smruti vaakya paramparaaon par aadhaarit hain at: inke liye vaidik pramaan ki aavashyakta naheen hai. inki vedagat praamaanikta svat: sveekaarya hai. vaidik bhaasha janamaanas ko adhik durooh prateet hone lagi thi, jabki smrutiyaaain laukik sanskrut mein likhi gayi theen jise samaaj saralata se samajh sakta tha tatha ve saamaajik vyavastha ke anuroop siddhaantapratipaadit karti theen. smruti lekhakon ko bhi vaidik maharshiyon ki tarah samaaj ne garima pradaan ki thi. vaidik aur smruti kaal ke beech vyavahaaron tatha paristhitiyon ke badalne se evam vibhinn aarthik kaaranon aur naveen vichaaron ke samaagam se smruti ko shruti ki apeksha praathamikta mili. iska kaaran yeh bhi bataaya ja sakta hai ki samaajashaastreeya maanyata ke paksh mein tha. in sab kaaranon se shruti ki maanyata ko smrutiyon ki maanyata ke sammukh 500 isa poorv se mahattvaheen samjha jaane laga.

• dharmashaastr
• 18 puraan
• raamaayan
• mahaabhaarat (aur bhagavadgeeta)
• dharmasootr
• gruhyasootr
• manusmruti
• yaajnyaavalkya smruti
• yogasootr aur anya darshanon ke sootr
• aagam shaastr aur anya shaastr

• atrismruti
• vishnusmruti
• hareetasmruti
• aushanaasi smruti
• angiraasmruti
• yam smruti
• kaatyaayan smruti
• bruhaspati smruti
• paraashar smruti
• vyaas smruti
• daksh smruti
• Gautam smruti
• vashisht smruti
• aapastaambh smruti
• sanvartasmruti
• shankh smruti
• likhit smruti
• deval smruti
• shaataatap smruti

yeh sunishchit karne ke liye ki Bhaarat ke praacheen granth ek peedhi se doosari peedhi mein mool roop mein hastaantarit hote rahein, praacheen bhaarateeyon ne bahut mehnat ki. udaaharan ke liye vedon ko yaad karne ke liye lagbhag gyaarah tareeke se unka paath karne ki pratha thi. yaad karne ke liye paath ki kuchh pramukh vidhiyaaain is prakaar theen-

jata-paath

dhvaja-paath

ghan-paath

• smruti-sahaayak (nyumoniks)