sindhu nadi
sindhu Pakistan ki sabse badi nadi hai. Tibet ke maanasarovar ke nikat sin-ka-Bob naamak jaladhaara sindhu nadi ka udgam sthal hai. is nadi ki lanbaai praay: 2880 kilometer hai. yahaan se yeh nadi Tibet aur Kashmir ke beech bahti hai. nanga parvat ke uttari bhaag se ghoom kar yeh dakshin pashchim mein Pakistan ke beech se gujarati hai aur fir jaakar arab saagar mein milti hai. is nadi ka jyaadaatar ansh Pakistan mein pravaahit hota hai. sindhu ki paanch upanadiyaan hain. inke naam hain: vitsta, chandrabhaaga, iraavati, vipaasa env shatadru. ilamein shatadru sabse badi upanadi hai. shatadru nadi par bani bhaagara-naangal baandh ke dvaara sinchaai env viddut pariyojana ko bahut sahaayata mili hai. iski vajah se Punjab (Bhaarat) env Himachal pradesh mein kheti-baadi ne vahaan ka chehara hi badal diya hai. vitsta (Jhelum) nadi ke kinaare Jammu va Kashmir ki rajdhani shreenagar sthit hai.
parichay
sindh nadi uttari Bhaarat ki teen badi nadiyon mein se ek hain. iska udgam bruhad himaalaya mein Kailash se 62.5 meal uttar mein seingekhabab ke sroton mein hai. apne udgam se nikalkar tibbati pathaar ki chaudi ghaati mein se hokar, Kashmir ki seema ko paarakar, dakshin pashchim mein Pakistan ke registaan aur sinchit bhoobhaag mein bahti hui, karaaainchi ke dakshin mein arab saagar mein girti hai. iski poori lanbaai lagbhag 2,000 meal hai. balatistaan mein khaaitaasho gram ke sameep yeh jaaskaar shreni ko paar karti hui 10,000 foot se adhik gahre mahaakhadd mein, jo sansaar ke bade khaddon mein se ek hain, bahti hai. jahaaain yeh gilgit nadi se milti hai, vahaaain par yeh vakr banaati hui dakshin pashchim ki or jhuk jaati hai. atak mein yeh maidaan mein pahuainchakar Kabul nadi se milti hai. sindh nadi pehle apne vartamaan muhaane se 70 meal poorv mein sthit kachh ke run mein vileen ho jaati thi, par run ke bhar jaane se nadi ka muhaana ab pashchim ki or khisak gaya hai.
Jhelum, chinaav, raavi, vyaas evam sataluj sindh nadi ki pramukh sahaayak nadiyaaain hain. inke atirikt gilgit, Kabul, svaat, kurram, tochi, gomal, sangar aadi anya sahaayak nadiyaaain hain. March mein him ke pighlane ke kaaran ismein achaanak bhayankar baadh aa jaati hai. barasaat mein monsoon ke kaaran jal ka star ooaincha rahata hai. par September mein jal star neecha ho jaata hai aur jaade bhar neecha hi rahata hai. sataluj evam sindh ke sangam ke paas sindh ka jal bade paimaane par sinchaai ke liye prayukt hota hai. san 1932 mein sakkhar mein sindh nadi par lauyad baaaindh bana hai jiske dvaara 50 lakh ekad bhoomi ki sinchaai ki jaati hai. jahaaain bhi sindh nadi ka jal sinchaai ke liye upalabdh hai, vahaaain gehooain ki kheti ka sthaan pramukh hai aur iske atirikt kapaas evam anya anaajon ki bhi kheti hoti hai tatha dhoron ke liye charaagaah hain. Hyderabad (sindh) ke aage nadi 3,00 varg meal ka delta banaati hai. gaad aur nadi ke maarg parivartan karne ke kaaran nadi mein nausanchaalan khatarnaak hai.
sindhu ghaati sabhyata (3300-1700 E.poo.) vishv ki praacheen nadi ghaati sabhyataaon mein se ek pramukh sabhyata thi.