sindhu ghaati sabhyata

sindhu ghaati sabhyata apne shuruaati kaal mein, 3300-2600 isaapoorv

sindhu ghaati sabhyata(3300-1700 E.poo.)[1] haal mein hi hue sanshodhan vishv ke sabse sammaanit patreeka nechar ke anusaar yeh sabhyata kam se kam 8000 varsh puraani hai.

vishv ki praacheen nadi ghaati sabhyataaon mein se ek pramukh sabhyata thi. yeh hadppa sabhyata aur sindhu-sarasvati sabhyata ke naam se bhi jaani jaati hai. iska vikaas sindhu aur ghaghghar/hakada (praacheen sarasvati) ke kinaare hua.[2] mohanajodado, kaaleebanga, lothal, dholaaveera, raakheegadhi aur hadppa iske pramukh kendra the.December 2014 mein bhirdaana ko abatak ka khoja gaya sabse praacheen nagar maana gaya sindhu ghaati sabhyata ka. british kaal mein hui khudaaiyon ke aadhaar par puraatatvavetta aur itihaasakaaron ka anumaan hai ki yeh atyant viksit sabhyata thi aur ye shahar anek baar base aur ujade hain.

Charles maisen ne pehli baar is puraani sabhyata ko khoja. kaningham ne 1872 mein is sabhyata ke baare mein sarvekshan kiya. fleet ne is puraani sabhyata ke baare me ek lekh likha. 1921 mein dayaaraam saahani ne hadppa ka utkhanan kiya. is prakaar is sabhyata ka naam hadppa sabhyata rakha gaya. yeh sabhyata sindhu nadi ghaati me faili hui thi isliye iska naam sindhu ghaati sabhyata rakha gaya. pratham baar nagaron ke udaya ke kaaran ise pratham nagareekaran bhi kaha jaata hai pratham baar kaansya ke prayog ke kaaran ise kaansya sabhyata bhi kaha jaata hai. sindhu ghaati sabhyata ke 1400 kendron ko khoja ja saka hai jismein se 925 kendra Bhaarat mein hai. 80 pratishat sthal sarasvati nadi aur usaki sahaayak nadiyon ke aas-paas hai. abhi tak kul khojon mein se 3 pratishat sthalon ka hi utkhanan ho paaya hai.

anukram

naamotpatti

sindhu ghaati sabhyata ka kshetr atyant vyaapak tha. hadppa aur mohanajodado ki khudaai se is sabhyata ke pramaan mile hain. at: vidvaanon ne ise sindhu ghaati ki sabhyata ka naam diya, kyonki yeh kshetr sindhu aur usaki sahaayak nadiyon ke kshetr mein aate hain, par baad mein ropad, lothal, kaaleebanga, vanamaali, rangaapur aadi kshetron mein bhi is sabhyata ke avashesh mile jo sindhu aur usaki sahaayak nadiyon ke kshetr se baahar the. at: kai itihaasakaar is sabhyata ka pramukh kendra hadppa hone ke kaaran is sabhyata ko "hadppa sabhyata" naam dena adhik uchit maanate hain. bhaarateeya puraatatv vibhaag ke mahaanideshak sar John maarshal ne 1924 mein sindhu sabhyata ke baare mein teen mahattvapoorn gr th likhe.

vibhinn kaal

samay (bi.si.E.) kaal yug
7570-3300 poorv hadppa ( navapaashaan yug,taamr paashaan yug)
7570–6200 BCE bhirdaana praarambhik khaadya utpaadak yug
7000–5500 BCE meharagadhI (poorv mrudbhaand navapaashaan kaal)
5500-3300 meharagadh II-VI (mrudbhaand navapaashaan kaal) kshetreeyakaran yug
3300-2600 praarambhik hadppa (aaranbhik kaansya yug )
3300-2800 hadppa 1 (Ravi Phase)
2800-2600 hadppa 2 (Kot Diji Phase, Nausharo I, meharagadh VII)
2600-1900 paripakva hadppa (madhya kaansya yug ) ekeekaran yug
2600-2450 hadppa 3A (Nausharo II)
2450-2200 hadppa 3B
2200-1900 hadppa 3C
1900-1300 uttar hadppa (samaadhi H, uttari kaansya yug) pravaas yug
1900-1700 hadppa 4
1700-1300 hadppa 5

vistaar

hadppa sanskruti ke sthal

is sabhyata ka kshetr sansaar ki sabhi praacheen sabhyataaon ke kshetr se anek guna bada aur vishaal tha.[3] is paripakva sabhyata ke kendra-sthal Punjab tatha sindh mein tha. tatpashchaat iska vistaar dakshin aur poorv ki disha mein hua. is prakaar hadppa sanskruti ke antargat Punjab, sindh aur baloochistaan ke bhaag hi naheen, balki Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana aur pashchimi uttar pradesh ke seemaant bhaag bhi the. iska failaav uttar mein rahamaanadheri se lekar dakshin mein daimaabaad (Maharashtra) tak aur pashchim mein baloochistaan ke makaraan samudra tat ke sutkaagenador se lekar uttar poorv mein Meerut aur kurukshetr tak tha. praarambhik vistaar jo praapt tha usamein sampoorn kshetr tribhujaakaar tha (uttar me Jammu ke maanda se lekar dakshin mein Gujarat ke bhogatraar tak aur pashchim me Afghanistan ke sutkaagenador se poorv me uttar pradesh ke Meerut tak tha aur iska kshetrafal 12,99,600 varg kilometer tha.) is tarah yeh kshetr aadhunik Pakistan se to bada hai hi, praacheen misr aur mesopotaamiya se bhi bada hai. isa poorv teesari aur doosari sahastraabdi mein sansaar bhaar mein kisi bhi sabhyata ka kshetr hadppa sanskruti se bada naheen tha. ab tak bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein is sanskruti ke kul 1000 sthalon ka pata chal chuka hai. inmein se kuchh aaranbhik avastha ke hain to kuchh paripakva avastha ke aur kuchh uttaravarti avastha ke. paripakva avastha vaale kam jagah hi hain. inmein se aadhe darjanon ko hi nagar ki sanjnyaa di ja sakti hai. inmein se do nagar bahut hi mahatvapoorn hain - Punjab ka hadppa tatha sindh ka mohein jo dado (shaabdik arth - preton ka teela). dono hi sthal vartamaan Pakistan mein hain. dono ek doosare se 483 kimi door the aur sindhu nadi dvaara jude hue the. teesara nagar mohein jo dado se 130 kimi dakshin mein chanhudado sthal par tha to chautha nagar Gujarat ke khanbhaat ki khaadi ke upar lothal naamak sthal par. iske atirikt Rajasthan ke uttari bhaag mein kaaleebanga (shaabdik arth -kaale rang ki choodiyaan) tatha Haryana ke hisaar jile ka banaavali. in sabhi sthalon par paripakva tatha unnat hadppa sanskruti ke darshan hote hain. sutakaageindor tatha surakotada ke samudratateeya nagaron mein bhi is sanskruti ki paripakva avastha dikhaai deti hai. in donon ki visheshata hai ek ek nagar durg ka hona. uttar hadppa avastha Gujarat ke kathiyaavaad praayadveep mein rangapur aur rojadi sthalon par bhi pai gayi hai. is sabhyata ki jaankaari sabse pehle 1826 me Charles main ko praapt hui.

pramukh shahar

sindhu ghaati sabhyata ke pramukh shahar teen deshon mein is prakaar hai:-

Afghanistan mein

  1. shortugoyi
  2. mundigaak

Bhaarat mein

Bhaarat ke vibhinn raajyon mein sindhu ghaati sabhyata ke nimn shahar hai:-

Gujarat

  1. lothal
  2. surakotada
  3. rangapur
  4. rojadi
  5. maalavad
  6. desalapur
  7. dholaaveera

Haryana

  1. raakheegadhi
  2. bhirdaana
  3. banaavali
  4. kunaal
  5. meetaathal

Punjab

  1. ropad
  2. baada
  3. sanghond

Maharashtra

  1. daayamaabaad

uttar pradesh

  1. aalamageerapura5
  1. badaagaanv
  2. ambakhedi

Jammu Kashmir

  1. maanda

Rajasthan

  1. kaaleebanga

nagar nirmaan yojana

Dholavira1.JPG

is sabhyata ki sabse vishesh baat thi yahaan ki viksit nagar nirmaan yojana. hadppa tatha mohan jodado dono nagaron ke apne durg the jahaan shaasak varg ka parivaar rahata tha. pratyek nagar mein durg ke baahar ek ek usase nimn star ka shahar tha jahaan inton ke makaanon mein saamaanya log rahate the. in nagar bhavanon ke baare mein vishesh baat ye thi ki ye jaal ki tarah vinyast the. yaani sadke ek doosare ko samakon par kaatati theen aur nagar anek aayataakaar khandon mein vibhkt ho jaata tha. ye baat sabhi sindhu bastiyon par laagoo hoti theen chaahe ve chhoti hon ya badi. hadppa tatha mohan jodado ke bhavan bade hote the. vahaan ke smaarak is baat ke pramaan hain ki vahaan ke shaasak majadoor jutaane aur kar-sangrah mein param kushal the. inton ki badi-badi imaarat dekh kar saamaanya logon ko bhi yeh lagega ki ye shaasak kitne prataapi aur pratishthaavaan the.

mohan jodado ka ab tak ka sabse prasiddh sthal hai vishaal saarvajanik snaanaagaar, jiska jalaashaya durg ke teele mein hai. yeh into ke sthaapatya ka ek sundar udaaharan hai. yab 11.88 meter lamba, 7.01 meter chauda aur 2.43 meter gahra hai. dono siron par tal tak jaane ki seedhiyaan lagi hain. bagal mein kapde badalne ke kamre hain. snaanaagaar ka farsh paki inton ka bana hai. paas ke kamre mein ek bada sa kunaa hai jiska paani nikaal kar hoj mein daala jaata tha. hauj ke kone mein ek nirgam (Outlet) hai jisse paani bahakar naale mein jaata tha. aisa maana jaata hai ki yeh vishaal snaanaagaar dharmaanushthaan sambandhi snaan ke liye bana hoga jo Bhaarat mein paaramparik roop se dhaarmik kaaryon ke liye aavashyak raha hai. mohan jodado ki sabse bada sanrachana hai - anaaj rakhane ka kothaar, jo 45.71 meter lamba aur 15.23 meter chauda hai. hadppa ke durg mein chh: kothaar mile hain jo inton ke chabootare par do paanton mein khade hain. har ek kothaar 15.23 mi. lamba tatha 6.09 mi. chauda hai aur nadi ke kinaare se kuchhek meter ki doori par hai. in baarah ikaaiyon ka talakshetr lagbhag 838.125 varg mi. hai jo lagbhag utana hi hota hai jitna mohan jodado ke kothaar ka. hadppa ke kothaaron ke dakshin mein khula farsh hai aur ispar do kataaron mein int ke vruttaakaar chabootare bane hue hain. farsh ki daraaron mein gehooain aur jau ke daane mile hain. isse prateet hota hai ki in chabootaron par fsal ki davani hoti thi. hadppa mein do kamron vaale bairak bhi mile hain jo shaayad majadooron ke rahane ke liye bane the. kaaleebangaan mein bhi nagar ke dakshin bhaag mein inton ke chabootare bane hain jo shaayad kothaaron ke liye bane honge. is prakaar yeh spasht hota hai ki kothaar hadppa sanskruti ke abhinn ang the.

hadppa sanskruti ke nagaron mein int ka istemaal ek vishesh baat hai, kyonki isi samay ke misr ke bhavanon mein dhoop mein sookhi int ka hi prayog hua tha. samakaaleen mesopetaamiya mein pakki inton ka prayog milta to hai par itne bade paimaane par naheen jitna sindhu ghaati sabhyata mein. mohan jodado ki jal nikaas pranaali adbhut thi. lagbhag har nagar ke har chhote ya bade makaan mein praangan aur snaanaagaar hota tha. kaaleebangaan ke anek gharon mein apne-apne kuen the. gharon ka paani bahakar sadkon tak aata jahaan inke neeche moriyaan (naaliyaan) bani theen. aksar ye moriyaan inton aur patthar ki silliyon se dhakeen hoti theen. sadkon ki in moriyon mein naramokhe bhi bane hote the. sadkon aur moriyon ke avashesh banaavali mein bhi mile hain.

aarthik jeevan

krushi evam pashupaalan

aaj ke mukaabale sindhu pradesh poorv mein bahut upajaaoo tha. isa-poorv chauthi sadi mein sikndar ke ek itihaasakaar ne kaha tha ki sindh is desh ke upajaaoo kshetron mein gina jaata tha. poorv kaal mein praakrutik vanaspati bahut theen jiske kaaran yahaan achhi varsha hoti thi. yahaan ke vanon se inte pakaane aur imaarat banaane ke liye lakdi bade paimaane par istemaal mein laai gayi jiske kaaran dheere dheere vanon ka vistaar simtata gaya. sindhu ki urvarata ka ek kaaran sindhu nadi se prativrsh aane waali baadh bhi thi. gaanv ki raksha ke liye khadi paki int ki deevaar ingit karti hai baadh har saal aati thi. yahaan ke log baadh ke utar jaane ke baad November ke maheene mein baadh vaale maidaanon mein beej bo dete the aur agali baadh ke aane se pehle apreel ke maheene mein gehooain aur jau ki fsal kaat lete the. yahaan koi faavada ya faal to naheen mila hai lekin kaaleebangaan ki praak-hadppa sabhyata ke jo kooaint (halarekha) mile hain unase aabhaas hota hai ki Rajasthan mein is kaal mein hal jote jaate the.

sindhu ghaati sabhyata ke log geinhoo, jau, raai, matar, jvaar aadi anaaj paida karte the. ve do kism ki geainhoo paida karte the. banaavali mein mila jau unnat kism ka hai. iske alaava ve til aur sarason bhi upajaate the. sabse pehle kapaas bhi yaheen paida ki gayi. isi ke naam par yoonaan ke log is sindan (Sindon) kehne lage. hadppa yonto ek krushi pradhaan sanskruti thi par yahaan ke log pashupaalan bhi karte the. bail-gaaya, bhains, bakari, bhed aur sooar paala jaata tha . hadppaai logon ko haathi tatha gainde ka gyaan tha.

vyaapaar

yahaan ke log aapas mein patthar, dhaatu shalk (haddi) aadi ka vyaapaar karte the. ek bade bhoobhaag mein dher saari seal (mrunmudra), ekaroop lipi aur maanakeekrut maap taul ke pramaan mile hain. ve chakke se parichit the aur sanbhavat: aajkal ke ikke (rath) jaisa koi vaahan prayog karte the. ye afgaanistaan aur Iran (faaras) se vyaapaar karte the. unhonne uttari afgaanistaan mein ek vaanijyik upanivesh sthaapit kiya jisse unhein vyaapaar mein sahooliyt hoti thi. bahut si hadppaai seal mesopotaamiya mein mili hain jinse lagta hai ki mesopotaamiya se bhi unka vyaapaar sambandh tha. mesopotaamiya ke abhilekhon mein meluha ke saath vyaapaar ke pramaan mile hain saath hi do madhyavarti vyaapaar kendron ka bhi ullekh milta hai - dalamun aur maakan. dilmun ki pehchaan shaayad faaras ki khaadi ke bahareen ke ki ja sakti hai.

raajanaitik jeevan

itna to spasht hai ki hadppa ki viksit nagar nirmaan pranaali, vishaal saarvajanik snaanaagaaron ka astitv aur videshon se vyaapaarik sambandh kisi badi raajanaitik satta ke bina naheen hua hoga par iske pukhta pramaan naheen mile hain ki yahaan ke shaasak kaise the aur shaasan pranaali ka svaroop kya tha. lekin nagar vyavastha ko dekhkar lagta hai ki koi nagar nigam jaisi sthaaneeya svashaasan waali sanstha thi|

dhaarmik jeevan

IndusValleySeals swastikas.JPG

thumbnail|left|mevaad ke ekalinganaath ji hadppa mein paki mitti ki stri moortikaaen bhaari sankhya mein mili hain. ek moorti mein stri ke garbh se niklata ek paudha dikhaaya gaya hai. vidvaanon ke mat mein yeh pruthvi devi ki pratima hai aur iska nikat sambandh paudhon ke janm aur vruddhi se raha hoga. isliye maaloom hota hai ki yahaan ke log dharati ko urvarata ki devi samajhte the aur iski pooja usi tarah karte the jis tarah misr ke log neel nadi ki devi aaisis ki. lekin praacheen misr ki tarah yahaan ka samaaj bhi maatru pradhaan tha ki naheen yeh kehna mushkil hai. kuchh vaidik sookton mein pruthvi maata ki stuti hai,dholaaveera ke durg mein ek kuaa mila hai ismein neeche ki taraf jaati seediya hai aur usame ek khidki thi jaha deepak jalaane ke saabut milte hai| us kue mein sarasvati nadi ka paani aata tha, to shaayad sindhu ghaati ke log us kueain ke jariye sarasvati ki pooja karte the.

sindhu ghaati sabhyata ke nagaro mein ek seal paaya jaata hai jisme ek yogi ka chitr hai 3 ya 4 mukh wala, kai vidvaan maanate hai ki yeh yogi Shiv hai| mevaad jo kabhi sindhu ghaati sabhyata ki seema mein tha vaha aaj bhi 4 mukh vaale Shiv ke avataar ekalinganaath ji ki pooja hoti hai| sindhu ghaati sabhyata ke log apne shavo ko jalaaya karte the, mohan jodado aur hadppa jaise nagaro ki aabaadi kareeb 50 hajaar thi par fir bhi vaha se keval 100 ke aaspaas hi kabre mili hai jo is baat ki aur ishaara karta hai ve shav jalaate the| lothal, kaaleebanga aadi jagahon par havan kund mile hai jo ki unke vaidik hone ka pramaan hai | yahaaain svastik ke chitr bhi mile hai |

kuchh vidvaan maanate hai ki hindu dharm dravido ka mool dharm tha aur Shiv dravido ke devata the jinhein aaryon ne apna liya| kuchh jain aur boddh vidvaan yeh bhi maanate hai ki sindhu ghaati sabhyata jain ya boddh dharm ke the, par mukhyadhaara ke itihaasakaaron ne yeh baat nakaar di aur iske adhik pramaan bhi naheen hai |

praacheen misr aur mesopotaamiya mein puraatatvavidon ko kai mandiron ke avashesh mile hai par sindhi ghaati mein aaj tak koi mandir naheen mila, maarshal aadi kai itihaasakaar maanate hai ki sindhu ghaati ke log apne gharo mein, kheto mein ya nadi kinaare pooja kiya karte the, par abhi tak keval bruhatsnaanaagaar ya vishaal snaanaghar hi ek aisa smaarak hai jise poojaasthal maana gaya hai| jaise aaj hindu ganga mein nahaane jaate hai vaise hi saindhav log yahaaain nahaakar pavitra hua karte the |

shilp aur takaneeki gyaan

mohenjodaado mein pai gayi ek moorti - karaaainchi ke raashtreeya sangrahaalaya se
nartaki (mohan jodado)
sindhu-sarasvati sabhyata ke das varn jo dholaaveera ke uttari gate ke nikat san 2000 isavi mein khoje gaye hain

[[chit|angoothaakaar|baaeain|bhirdaana se praapt nartaki ka bhittichitr ]] yadyapi is yug ke log pattharon ke bahut saare aujaar tatha upakaran prayog karte the par ve kaanse ke nirmaan se bhali bheenti parichit the. taanbe tatha tin milaakar dhaatushilpi kaansya ka nirmaan karte the. hanlaanki yahaan dono mein se koi bhi khanij prachur maatra mein upalabdh naheen tha. sooti kapde bhi bune jaate the. log naav bhi banaate the. mudra nirmaan, moortika nirmaan ke saat baratan banaana bhi pramukh shilp tha.

praacheen mesopotaamiya ki tarah yahaan ke logon ne bhi lekhan kala ka aavishkaar kiya tha. hadppaai lipi ka pehla namoona 1853 isvi mein mila tha aur 1923 mein poori lipi prakaash mein I parantu ab tak padhi naheen ja saki hai. lipi ka gyaan ho jaane ke kaaran niji sampatti ka lekha-jokha aasaan ho gaya. vyaapaar ke liye unhein maap taul ki aavashyakta hui aur unhone iska prayog bhi kiya. baat ke tarah ki kai vastue mili hain. unase pata chalta hai ki taul mein 16 ya uske aavartakon (jaise - 16, 32, 48, 64, 160, 320, 640, 1280 ityaadi) ka upayog hota tha. dilchasp baat ye hai ki aadhunik kaal tak Bhaarat mein 1 roopaya 16 aane ka hota tha. 1 kilo mein 4 paav hote the aur har paav mein 4 kanavaan yaani ek kilo mein kul 16 kanavaan.

avsaan

yeh sabhyata mukhyat: 2500 E.poo. se 1800 E. poo. tak rahi. aisa aabhaas hota hai ki yeh sabhyta apne antim charan mein hvaasonmukh thi. is samay makaanon mein puraani inton ke prayog ki jaankaari milti hai. iske vinaash ke kaaranon par vidvaan ekamat naheen hain. sindhu ghaati sabhyata ke avsaan ke peechhe vibhinn tark diye jaate hain jaise: barbar aakraman, jalavaayu parivartan evam paaristhitik asantulan, baadh tatha bhoo-taatvik parivartan, mahaamaari, aarthik kaaran. aisa lagta hai ki is sabhyata ke patan ka koi ek kaaran naheen tha balki vibhinn kaaranon ke mel se aisa hua. jo alag alag samay mein ya ek saath hone ki sambhaavana hai. mohenjo daro me naga‍aar aur jal nikaas ki vayvvastha se mahaamari ki sambhaavan kam lagati hai. bhishn agnikaand ke bhi pramaan praapt hue hai. mohenjodaro ke ek kamre se 14 nar kankaal mile hai jo aakraman, aagajani, mahaamaari ke sanket hai.

chitr deergha

  • sindhu ghaati sabhyata ke nagar mein sthit ek kuaaain aur snaan ghar

  • ek bail ke moorti

  • lothaal sthit praacheen nagar mein sthit ek naali

  • laal mitti se bane ek paatr ke avashesh

  • anushthaanon ya samaarohon mein prayukt hone wala paatr (isaapoorva 2600 se 2450)

sandarbh

  1. ↑ http://aajtak.intoday.in/education/story/indus-valley-civilization-or-sindhu-valley-culture-general-knowledge-1-769584.html
  2. ↑ Ching, Francis D. K.; Jarzombek, Mark;Prakash, Vikramaditya (2006). A Global History of Architecture. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 28–32. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0471268925.
  3. ↑ "sarasvati nadi va praacheenatam sabhyata". India vaatar portal (hindi). http://hindi.indiawaterportal.org/content/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE. abhigman tithi: 2009.

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