sindhu-ganga ke maidaan

sindhu-ganga maidaan ka yojanaamoolak maanachitr

sindhu-ganga ka maidaan, jise uttari maidaani kshetr tatha uttar bhaarateeya nadi kshetr bhi kaha jaata hai, ek vishaal evam upajaaoo maidaani ilaaka hai. ismein uttari tatha poorvi Bhaarat ka adhikaansh bhaag, Pakistan ke sarvaadhik aabaadi vaale bhoo-bhaag, dakshini Nepal ke kuchh bhoo-bhaag tatha lagbhag poora Bangladesh shaamil hai. is kshetr ka yeh naam ise seenchane waali sindhu tatha ganga naamak do nadiyon ke naam par pada hai.

kheti ke liye upajaaoo mitti hone ke kaaran is ilaake mein janasankhya ka ghanatv bahut adhik hai.

7,00,000 varg kimi (2,70,000 varg meal) jagah par lagbhag 1 arab logon (ya lagbhag poori duniya ki aabaadi ka 1/7vaan hissa) ka ghar hone ke kaaran yeh maidaani ilaaka dharati ki sarvaadhik janasankhya vaale kshetron mein se ek hai. sindhu-ganga ke maidaanon par sthit bade shaharon mein Ahmedabad, ludhiyaana, amrutasar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Jaipur, Kanpur, Lucknow, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Kolkata, dhaaka, Lahore, faisalaabaad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, multaan, Hyderabad aur Karachi shaamil hai. is kshetr mein, yeh paribhaashit karna kathin hai ki ek mahanagar kahaan shuroo hota hai aur kahaan samaapt hota hai.

sindhu-ganga ke maidaan ke uttari chhor par achaanak uthane vaale himaalaya ke parvat hain, jo iski kai nadiyon ko jal pradaan karte hain tatha do nadiyon ke milan ke kaaran poore kshetr mein ikatthi hone waali upajaaoo jalodh mitti ke srot hain. is maidaani ilaake ke dakshini chhor par vindhya aur satapuda parvat shrrunkhalaaen tatha chhota Nagpur ka pathaar sthit hai. pashchim mein Irani pathaar sthit hai.

anukram

vibhaajan

indo-gainjetik maidaani kshetr ka ek bhaag

kuchh bhoogolashaastri sindhu-ganga ke maidaan ko kai bhaagon mein vibhaajit karte hain: sindhu ghaati, Punjab ke maidaani ilaake, Haryana ke maidaani ilaake, tatha ganga ke madhya evam nichle ilaake. ye kshetreeya antar mukhya roop se jal ki upalabdhata par aadhaarit hain.

ek anya paribhaasha ke anusaar, sindhu-ganga ke maidaan Delhi rij dvaara do ghaatiyon mein vibhaajit hain; pashchimi bhaag mein Punjab aur Haryana ke maidaani ilaake sthit hain aur poorvi bhaag ganga-brahmaputr ki jal nikaasi pranaaliyon se bana hai. yeh vibhaajan samudra ki satah se keval 300 meter oopar hai, jiske kaaran aisi dhaarana hai ki sindhu-ganga ke maidaan donon ghaatiyon ke beech nirantar (avibhaajit) prateet hote hain.

Punjab evam Haryana ke maidaani ilaakon ki sinchaai raavi, byaas aur sataluj nadiyon dvaara ki jaati hai. in nadiyon par sinchaai pariyojanaaon mein hui pragati ke kaaran paani ka pravaah kam hua hai, jo Bhaarat ke Punjab raajya ki nichli ghaati ke ilaakon tatha Pakistan mein sindhu ghaati tak pahunchata hai. sinchaai ki vruddhi se Haryana ke kisaanon ko hone wala laabh un prabhaavon ki vajah se vivaadit hai jo Bhaarat aur Pakistan, donon ke Punjab ke kshetron ke krushi jeevan par sinchaai ki vajah se pada hai.

madhya ganga pashchim mein yamuna nadi se le kar poorv mein pashchim Bengal tak faili hui hai. ganga ke nichle ilaake aur asam ghaati ke ilaake madhya ganga ke ilaakon se adhik hare hain.

ganga ka nichla hissa pashchim Bengal mein keindrit hai, jahaan yamuna se jud kar ganga delta banaane ke baad, donon nadiyaan Bhaarat mein bahti hain.

brahmaputr ki shuruaat Tibet mein yaralung tsangapo nadi ke roop mein hoti hai tatha Bangladesh ko paar karne se pehle yeh arunaachal pradesh aur asam se ho kar bahti hai.

seema

ek bade maidaan ke roop mein, sateek seema ek srot se doosare srot tak alag-alag ho sakti hain. mote taur par, sindhu-ganga ka maidaan nimn hisson mein faila hua hai:

  • uttar mein Kashmir;
  • Pakistan ka Punjab kshetr aur

araavali shrrunkhala;

is maidaan ka upajaaoo taraai kshetr Nepal tak faila hai. iske chaaron or se ho kar gujarane waali nadiyon mein byaas, chanbal, chinaab, ganga, gomati, sindhu, raavi, sataluj aur yamuna shaamil hain. mitti talachhat se bharpoor hai, jisse yeh maidaani ilaaka duniya ke un maidaanon mein se ek hai jahaan sabse adhik krushi ki jaati hai. yahaan ke graameen kshetr bhi ghani aabaadi vaale hain.

bhoogol

sindhu-ganga ke maidaani ilaake, jinhein "great plane" bhi kaha jaata hai, sindhu tatha ganga-brahmaputr nadiyon ke ghaas ke vishaal maidaan hain. ye pashchim mein Jammu va Kashmir se lekar poorv mein asam tak himaalaya parvaton ke samaanaantar sthit hain tatha uttari tatha poorvi Bhaarat ke adhikaansh kshetron tak faile hain. in maidaani ilaakon ka kshetrafal lagbhag 700,000 varg kimi (2,70,000 varg meal) hai aur lanbaai ke anusaar chaudaai mein kai sau kilometer tak ka antar hai. is kshetr ki pramukh nadiyaan ganga evam sindhu aur unki sahaayak nadiyaan - vyaas, yamuna, gomati, raavi, chanbal, sataluj aur chinaab hain.

dakshin Asia tak sindhu-ganga maidaanon ka vistaar.in vishaal maidaanon ko kabhi-kabhi chaar khandon mein vargeekrut kiya jaata hai:

  • bhaabar kshetr - himaalaya ki talahati se sata hai aur nadi ki dhaaraaon ke saath neeche laae gaye kankadon aur pattharon se bana hai. choonki is kshetr ki sarandhrata bahut adhik hai, at: dhaara bhoomigat roop se pravaahit hoti hai. bhaabar kshetr aam taur par 7-15 kilometer tak sankara hai.
  • taraai kshetr - bhaabar kshetr ke baad aata hai aur naveen jalodh mitti se bana hua hai. bhoomigat dhaaraaen is kshetr mein fir se prakat hoti hain. yeh kshetr jaroorat se jyaada nam aur saghan vanon se aachhaadit hai. is kshetr mein saal bhar bhaari varsha hoti hai aur yahaan vividh prakaar ke vanya jeev bahutaayat mein paae jaate hain.
  • baangad kshetr - puraani jalodh mitti se bana hota hai aur baadh ke maidaanon ke jalodh kagaar ka nirmaan karta hai. ganga ke maidaanon mein, iski nichli parat letaraait ke bhandaar se dhaki hai.
  • khaadar kshetr - baangad ilaake ke baad apekshaakrut nichli bhoomi par sthit hai. yeh apekshaakrut nai va taaja jalodh mitti se bana hai jo maidaan mein neeche ki or bahne waali nadiyon dvaara ikaththa hoti hai.

sindhu-ganga ka ilaaka, duniya ka sabse bada jalodh mitti ka nirbaadh vistaar hai jo anek nadiyon dvaara talachhat ke jamaav se bana hai. maidaani ilaake samatal aur jyaadaatar vruksh-rahit hain, jisse ye naharon dvaara sinchaai ke liye anukool hain. yeh kshetr bhoomigat jal sroton se bhi samruddh hai.

ye maidaan duniya ke sabse saghan kheti vaale kshetron mein se ek hai. upajaai jaane waali mukhya fasalein chaaval aur gehoon hain, jinhein baari-baari se upajaaya jaata hai. doosari fasalon mein makka, ganna aur kapaas shaamil hai. sindhu-ganga ke maidaan, duniya ke sabse ghani aabaadi vaale kshetron mein gine jaate hain.

jeev-jantu

abhi haal hi tak, sindhu-ganga ke khule ghaas ke maidaan pashuon ki kai prajaatiyon ke nivaas-sthaan the. khule maidaanon mein badi sankhya mein shaakaahaari pashu paae jaate the jinme gaindon ki teen prajaatiyaan (bhaarateeya gainde, jaava mein paae jaane vaale gainde, sumaatra mein paae jaane vaale gainde) bhi shaamil theen. ye khule ghaas ke maidaan kai maamalon mein aadhunik Africa ke vishaal maidaanon jaise the. in ghaas ke maidaanon mein baarahasinga, bhainse, gainde, haathi, sher aur dariyaai ghode usi tarah se vichran karte the, jaise ve aaj Africa mein karte hain. ab vilupt ho chuke orauk sahit, haathiyon ke bade samooh, baarahasinga, hiran, tatha ghodon ke saath jangali pashuon ki kai prajaatiyaan yahaan rahati theen. van kshetron mein jangali sooar, hiran va saambhar ki kai prajaatiyaan pai jaati theen. ganga ke kareeb daladali kshetron mein dariyaai ghodon ki vilupt prajaatiyon ke saath bhainson ke vishaal samooh charate hue nazar aate the.

isliye itni vishaal sankhya mein jaanvaron ne avashya hi maansaahaari jaanvaron ki badi sankhya ko bhi aakarshit kiya hoga. bhediye, siyaar, dhaareedaar lakkadbagghe, bhaarateeya cheete aur Asiaee sher ne khule maidaanon par atyadhik shikaar kiya hoga jabki baaghon aur teinduon ne aaspaas ke jangalon mein shikaar kiya hoga. ganga mein badi sankhya mein ghadiyaal, magaramachh aur nadi mein milne waali daulfin milti theen, jo machhaliyon tatha kabhi kabhaar nadi paar karne vaale jhundon ki sankhya ko (shikaar dvaara) niyantrit rakhate the.

krushi

sindhu-ganga ke maidaanon mein mukhyat: chaaval aur gehoon ki kheti ki jaati hai, jinhein baari-baari se upajaaya jaata hai. anya fasalon mein makka, ganna aur kapaas shaamil hai.

varsha ka mukhya srot dakshin pashchim monsoon hai jo aam taur par saamaanya krushi ke liye paryaapt hai. himaalaya se nikalne waali kai nadiyaan sinchaai ke pramukh kaamon ke liye paani upalabdh karti hain.

paani ki aapoorti par dabaav

aisa maana jaata hai ki teji se badh rahi aabaadi (tatha iske saath-saath monsoon tatha himaalaya ke ksharan ko prabhaavit karne vaale anya kaarak, jaise vaishvik garmi) ke kaaran bhavishya mein is kshetr mein paani ki atyadhik kami ka khatra ho sakta hai. yeh kshetr brahmaputr nadi aur araavali parvat shrrunkhala ke beech bhoomi ka gathan karta hai, ganga, yamuna, chanbal ghaggar aur brahmaputr jaisi prasiddh nadiyaan is kshetr se ho kar bahti hai.

itihaas

is kshetr ko Pakistan mein kendrit sindhu ghaati sabhyata ke liye jaana jaata hai jo praacheen dakshin Asiaee sanskruti ke janm ke liye uttaradaayi thi. samatal aur upajaaoo kshetr mein vibhinn saamraajyon ka udaya evam vistaar hua jinme gupt saamraajya, kannauj, magadh, maurya saamraajya, mugal saamraajya aur Delhi saltanat shaamil hai - in sabhi saamraajyon ke janasaankhyikeeya aur raajaneetik kendra sindhu-ganga ke maidaanon mein sthit the. bhaarateeya itihaas ke vaidik aur mahaakaavya yug ke dauraan, is kshetr ko "aaryaavart" (aaryon ki bhoomi) kaha jaata tha jo pashchim mein sindhu nadi tak tatha dakshin mein vindhya parvat shrrunkhalaaon tak faila hua tha. islaami kaal ke dauraan, Turkey Afghan aur iraan ke shaasakon ne is kshetr ko "Hindustan" (hinduon ki bhoomi) ka naam diya, jo sindhu nadi ke faarasi shabd ke liye prayukt hua hai. baad mein is shabd ka prayog poore Bhaarat ka ullekh karne ke liye kiya gaya, kintu aadhunik yug mein bhi, is kshetr mein boli jaane waali hindi-urdoo ki praakrut bhaasha ko hindustaani kaha jaata hai, yeh ek aisa shabd hai jiska prayog sthaaneeya sangeet va sanskruti ke liye bhi kiya jaata hai.[1][2]

british aur svatantr Bhaarat, donon ke janasaankhyikeeya aur raajaneetik kendra (pehle Calcutta mein aur fir Delhi mein) yaheen sthit the.

bhaashaaen

pehle sindhu-ganga ke maidaani kshetr ki bhaasha sindhu-aarya thi. iske atirikt yahaan kshetreeya bhaashaaon mein vishaal vividhta pai jaati hai, jo kai maamalon mein ek doosare mein rachabas kar ek shrrunkhala ka roop le leti hain.[krupaya uddharan jodein]

shahar

sindhu-ganga ke maidaanon par sthit bade shaharon mein Bhaarat ke Ahmedabad, ludhiyaana, amrutasar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Jaipur, Kanpur, Lucknow, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, evam Kolkata, Bangladesh mein dhaaka, tatha Pakistan ke Lahore, faisalaabaad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, multaan, Hyderabad aur Karachi shaamil hain. is kshetr mein yeh paribhaashit karna kathin hai ki ek mahanagar kahaan se shuroo hota hai aur kahaan khtm hota hai.

prashaasanik vibhaajan

choonki sindhu-ganga ke maidaan ki seemaaon ko poori tarah se paribhaashit karna sambhav naheen hai, at: is ilaake ke prashaasanik kshetron ki sateek soochi dena bhi kathin hai.

nimn kshetron ka lagbhag poora bhaag ya aadhe se adhik bhaag maidaani ilaakon ka hissa hai:

prashaasanik kshetron ke nimnalikhit chhote hisse maidaan ka hissa naheen hain ya inmein se kuchh hain:

inhein bhi deinkhein

sandarbh

  1. ↑ "India". CIA – The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-12-14.
  2. ↑ "Hindustani Classical Music". Indian Melody. http://www.indianmelody.com/hindustani.htm. abhigman tithi: 2007-12-14.

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