sikkim
 |
|
| Bhaarat ke praant | |
| rajdhani | gaantok |
| sabse bada shahar | gaantok |
| janasankhya | 540,493 |
| - ghanatv | 76.17 /kimee² |
| kshetrafal | 7,096 kimee² |
| - jile | 4 |
| raajabhaasha(eain) | nepaali |
| pratishtha | 16 May [1975] |
| - raajyapaal | baalmeeki prasaad |
| - mukhyamantri | pavan Kumar chaamaling |
| - vidhaanasabha | ek sabha |
| aaiesao sankshep | IN-SK |
| sikkim.nic.in | |
sikkim sahaayata·soochana (sikhim bhi) Bhaarat ka ek parvateeya raajya hai. sikkim ki janasankhya Bhaarat ke raajyon mein nyoonatam[1] tatha kshetrafal goaa ke pashchaat nyoonatam hai. sikkim naamagyaal raajatantr dvaara shaasit ek svatantr raajya tha, parantu prashaasanik samasyaayon ke chalte tatha Bhaarat se vilay ke janamat ke kaaran 1975 mein ek janamat-sangrah ke anusaar Bhaarat mein vileen ho gaya.[2] usi janamat sangrah ke pashchaat raajatantr ka ant tatha bhaarateeya samvidhaan ki niyam-pranaali ke dhaachein mein prajaatantr ka udaya hua.[3]
angoothe ke aakaar ka yeh raajya pashchim mein Nepal, uttar tatha poorv mein cheeni Tibet svaayatt kshetr tatha dakshin-poorv mein bhootaan se laga hua hai. Bhaarat ka pashchim Bengal raajya iske dakshin mein hai.[4] angreji, nepaali, lepcha, bhootiya, linboo tatha hindi aadhikaarik bhaashaaeain hain parantu likhit vyavahaar mein angreji ka hi upayog hota hai. hindu tatha bajrayaan bauddh dharm sikkim ke pramukh dharm hain. gangatok rajdhani tatha sabse bada shahar hai.[5]
apne chhote aakaar ke baavajood sikkim bhaugolik drushti se kaafi vividhtaapoorn hai. kanchanajanga jo ki duniya ki teesari sabse oonchi choti hai, sikkim ke uttari pashchimi bhaag mein Nepal ki seema par hai aur is parvat choti ko pradesh ke kai bhaago se aasaani se dekha ja sakta hai. saaf suthara hona, praakrutik sundarata evam raajaneetik sthirta aadi visheshataaon ke kaaran sikkim Bhaarat mein paryatan ka pramukh kendra hai.
anukram
naam ka mool
'sikkim' shabd ka sarvamaanya srot limboo bhaasha ke shabdon su (arthaat "naveen") tatha khyim (arthaat "mahal" athva "ghar" - jo ki pradesh ke pehle raaja funtsok naamagyaal ke dvaara banaaye gaye mahal ka sanketak hai) ko jodkar bana hai. tibbati bhaasha mein sikkim ko dainyajauङag, arthaat "chaaval ki ghaati" kaha jaata hai.[6]
itihaas
bauddh bhikshu guru rinpoche (padmasanbhav) ka 8veen sadi mein sikkim daura yahaaain se sambandhit sabse praacheen vivran hai. abhilekhit hai ki unhonne bauddh dharm ka prachaar kiya, sikkim ko aasheesh diya tatha kuchh sadiyon pashchaat aane vaale raajya ki bhavishyavaani ki. maanyata ke anusaar 14veen sadi mein khye bumsa, poorvi Tibet mein khaam ke minyak mahal ke ek Rajkumar ko ek raat daiveeya drushti ke anusaar dakshin ki or jaane ka aadesh mila. inke hi vanshajon ne sikkim mein raajatantr ki sthaapana ki. 1642 isvi mein khye ke paaainchavein vanshaj funtsong naamagyaal ko teen bauddh bhikshu, jo uttar, poorv tatha dakshin se aaye the, dvaara yuksom mein sikkim ka pratham chogyaal (raaja) ghoshit kiya gaya. is prakaar sikkim mein raajatantr ka aarambh hua.
funtsong naamagyaal ke putr, tensung naamagyaal ne unke pashchaat 1670 mein kaarya-bhaar sambhaala. tensung ne rajdhani ko yuksom se rabadentse sthaanaantarit kar diya. san 1700 mein bhootaan mein chogyaal ki ardh-bahan, jise raaj-gaddi se vanchit kar diya gaya tha, dvaara sikkim par aakraman hua. tibbatiyon ki sahayata se chogyaal ko raaj-gaddi pun: saunp di gayi. 1717 tatha 1733 ke beech sikkim ko Nepal tatha bhootaan ke anek aakramanon ka saamana karna pada jiske kaaran rabadentse ka antat:patan ho gaya.[3]
1791 mein cheen ne sikkim ki madad ke liye aur Tibet ko gorakha se bachaane ke liye apni sena bhej di thi. Nepal ki haar ke pashchaat, sikkim King vansh ka bhaag ban gaya. padosi desh Bhaarat mein brataani raaj aane ke baad sikkim ne apne pramukh dushman Nepal ke viruddh usase haath mila liya. Nepal ne sikkim par aakraman kiya evam taraai samet kaafi saare kshetron par kabja kar liya. iski vajh se East India company ne Nepal par chadhaai ki jiska parinaam 1814 ka gorakha yuddh raha.
sikkim aur Nepal ke beech hui sugauli sandhi tatha sikkim aur brataanavi Bhaarat ke beech hui titaaliya sandhi ke dvaara Nepal dvaara adhikrut sikkimi kshetr sikkim ko varsh 1817 mein lauta diya gaya. yadyapi, angrejon dvaara moraang pradesh mein kar laagoo karne ke kaaran sikkim aur angreji shaasan ke beech sambandhon mein kadvaahat aa gayi. varsh 1849 mein do angrej afsar, sar Joseph daaltan aur daaktar archibaald Campbell, jismein uttaravarti (daaktar archibaald) sikkim aur british sarkaar ke beech sambandhon ke liye jimmedaar tha, bina anumati athva soochana ke sikkim ke parvaton mein ja pahunche. in donon afsaron ko sikkim sarkaar dvaara bandhi bana liya gaya. naaraaj british shaasan ne is himaalayi raajya par chadhaai kar di aur ise 1835 mein Bhaarat ke saath mila liya. is chadhaai ke parinaam vash chogyaal british Governor ke aadheen ek kathaputali raaja ban kar rah gaya.[7]
1947 mein ek lokapriya mat dvaara sikkim ka Bhaarat mein vilay ko asveekaar kar diya gaya aur tatkaaleen bhaarateeya pradhaan mantri Jawahar laal Nehru ne sikkim ko sanrakshit raajya ka darja pradaan kiya. iske tahat Bhaarat sikkim ka sanrakshak hua. sikkim ke videshi, raajanayik athva sampark sanbandhi vishyon ki jimmedaari Bhaarat ne sanbhaal li.
san 1955 mein ek raajya parishd sthaapit ki gayi jiske aadheen chogyaal ko ek samvaidhaanik sarkaar banaane ki anumati di gayi. is dauraan sikkim national kaaaingres dvaara pun: matadaan aur nepaaliyon ko adhik pratinidhitv ki maang ke chalte raajya mein gadabadi ki sthiti paida ho gayi. 1973 mein Rajbhavan ke saamane hue dango ke kaaran Bhaarat sarkaar se sikkim ko sanrakshan pradaan karne ka aupachaarik anurodh kiya gaya. chogyaal raajavansh sikkim mein atyadhik alokapriya saabit ho raha tha. sikkim poorn roop se baahari duniya ke liye band tha aur baahya vishv ko sikkim ke baare main bahut kam jaankaari thi. yadyapi amareekan aarohak gangatok ke kuchh chitr tatha anya kaanooni pralekh ki taskari karne mein safal hua. is prakaar Bhaarat ki kaaryavaahi vishv ke drushti mein I. yadyapi itihaas likha ja chuka tha aur vaastavik sthiti vishv ke tab pata chala jab kaaji (pradhaan mantri) nein 1975 mein bhaarateeya sansad ko yeh anurodh kiya ki sikkim ko Bhaarat ka ek raajya sveekaar kar use bhaarateeya sansad mein pratinidhitv pradaan kiya jaae. April 1975 mein bhaarateeya sena sikkim mein pravisht hui aur raajamahal ke paharedaaron ko ni:shastr karne ke pashchaat gangatok ko apne kabje mein le liya. do dinon ke bheetar sampoorn sikkim raajya Bhaarat sarkaar ke niyantran mein tha. sikkim ko bhaarateeya ganaraajya me sammilitt karne ka prashn par sikkim ki 97.5 pratishat janta ne samarthan kiya. kuchh hi saptaah ke uparaant 16 May 1975 me sikkim aupachaarik roop se bhaarateeya ganaraajya ka 22 vaan pradesh bana aur sikkim me raajashaahi ka ant hua.
varsh 2002 me cheen ko ek badi sharmindagi ke saamana tab karna pada jab satrahavein karmaapa urgyein trinle doraji, jinhein cheeni sarkaar ek laama ghoshit kar chuki thi, ek naatakeeya andaaj mein Tibet se bhaag kar sikkim ki rumtek math me ja pahunche. cheeni adhikaari is dharm sankat me ja fainse ki is baat ka virodh Bhaarat sarkaar se kaise karein. Bhaarat se virodh karne ka arth yeh niklata ki cheeni sarkaar ne pratyaksh roop se sikkim ko Bhaarat ke abhinn ang ke roop me sveekaar liya hai.
cheeni sarkaar ki abhi tak sikkim par aupachaarik sthiti yeh thi ki sikkim ek svatantr raajya hai jis par Bhaarat nein adhikraman kar rakhkha hai.[3][8] cheen ne antat: sikkim ko 2003 mein Bhaarat ke ek raajya ke roop mein sveekaar kiya jisse Bhaarat-cheen sambandhon mein aayi kadvaahat kuchh kam hui. badle mein Bhaarat nein Tibet ko cheen ka abhinn ang sveekaar kiya. Bhaarat aur cheen ke beech hue ek mahatvapoorn samjhaute ke tahat cheen ne ek aupachaarik maanachitr jaari kiya jismein sikkim ko spasht roop me Bhaarat ki seema rekha ke bheetar dikhaaya gaya. is samjhaute par cheen ke pradhaan mantri ven jiyaabaao aur Bhaarat ke pradhaan mantri Manmohan Singh ne hastaakshar kiya. 6 July 2006 ko himaalaya ke naathula darre ko seemaavarti vyaapaar ke liye khol diya gaya jisse yeh sanket milta hai kai is kshetr ko lekar donon deshon ke beech sauhaard ka bhaav utpann hua hai.[9]
bhoogol
angoothe ke aakaar ka sikkim poora parvateeya kshetr hai. vibhinn sthaanon ki ooainchaai samudri tal se 280 meter (920 feet) se 8,585 meter (28,000 feet) tak hai. kanchanajanga yahaaain ki sabse oonchi choti hai. pradesh ka adhiktar hissa kheti. krushi ke liye anyupayukt hai. iske baavajood kuchh dhalaan ko kheton mein badal diya gaya hai aur pahaadi tareeke se kheti ki jaati hai. barf se nikli kai dhaaraayein maujood hone ki vajah se sikkim ke dakshin aur pashchim mein nadiyon ki ghaatiyaaain ban gain hain. yeh dhaaraayein milkar teesta evam rangeet banaati hain. teesta ko sikkim ki jeevan rekha bhi kaha jaata hai aur yeh sikkim ke uttar se dakshin mein bahti hai. pradesh ka ek tihaai hissa ghane jangalon se ghira hai.
himaalaya ki ooainchi parvat shrankhalaaon ne sikkim ko uttari, poorvi aur pashchimi dishaaon me ardhachandraakaar. ardhachandr mein gher rakha hai. raajya ke adhik janasankhya vaale kshetr adhiktar raajya ke dakshini bhaag me, himaalaya ki kam ooainchaai waali shrankhalaaon me sthit hain. raajya me ataathaais parvat chotiyaaain, ikkees himaani, do sau sattaais jheelein. jheel (jinme chaangu jheel, gurudongmaar jheel aur khechiyopalri jheelein. khechiyopalri jheele shaamil hain), paaainch garm paani ke chashme. garm paani ka chashma aur sau se adhik nadiyaaain aur naale hain. aath pahaadi darre sikkim ko Tibet, bhootaan aur Nepal se jodte hain.[4]
bhootatv
sikkim ki pahaadiyaaain mukhyat: nesti(gneissose) aur arddh-skeesteeya(half-schistose) pattharon se bani hain, jis kaaran unki mitti bhoori mruttika, tatha mukhyat: uthala aur kamzor hai. yahaaain ki mitti khuradari tatha lauh jaareya se thodi amleeya hai. ismein khaniji aur kaarbanik poshakon ka abhaav hai. is tarah ki mitti sadaabahaar aur parnapaati vanon ke yogya hai.
sikkim ki bhoomi ka adhiktar bhaag kembriya-poorv(Precambrian) chattaanon se aavrut hai jinki aayu pahaadon se bahut kam hai. patthar fileetiyon. fileet(phyllite) aur skeest se bane hain is kaaranavash and therefore the slopes are highly susceptible to weathering and prone to erosion. This, combined with the intense rain, causes extensive soil erosion and heavy loss of soil nutrients through leaching. is ke parinaam svaroop yahaan aaye din bhooskhalan hote rahate hain, jo bahut se chhote gaavon aur kasbon ka shahari ilaakon se sampark vichhhed kar dete hain.[4]
garam paani ke jharane
sikkim mein garam paani ke anek chashme hain jo apni rogahar kshamata ke liye vikhyaat hain. sabse mahatvapoorn garam paani ke chshme furachaachu, yumathaang, boraaaing, raalaang, taramachu aur yumi saamadong hain. in sabhi chashmon mein kaafi maatra mein salfar paaya jaana hai aur ye nadi ke kinaare sthit hain. in garam paani ke chashmon ka ausat taapamaan 50 °aC (celcius) tak hota hai.
mausam
yahaaain ka mausam jahaaain dakshin mein sheetoshn katibandhi hai to vaheen tundra pradesh ke mausam ki tarah hai. yadyapi sikkim ke adhikaansh aavaasit kshetr mein, mausam samasheetoshn (tainparet) rahata hai aur taapamaan kam hi 28 °sai (82 °fai) se oopar yaan 0 °asai (32 °afai) se neeche jaata hai. sikkim mein paanch rituen aati hain: sardi, garmi, basant aur patajhad aur varsha, jo June aur September ke beech aati hai. adhiktar sikkim mein ausat taapamaan lagbhag 18 °asai (64 °afai) rahta hai. sikkim Bhaarat ke un kuchh hi raajyon mein se ek hai jinme yathaakram varsha hoti hai. him rekha lagbhag 6000 meter (19600 feet) hai.
monsoon ke maheenon mein pradesh mein bhaari varsha hoti hai jisse kaafi sankhya mein bhooskhalan hota hai. pradesh mein lagaataar baarish hone ka keertimaan 11 din ka hai. pradesh ke uttari kshetr mein sheet ritu mein taapamaan -40 °aC se bhi kam ho jaata hai. sheet ritu evam varsha ritu mein kohara bhi jan jeevan ko prabhaavit karta hai jisse parivhan kaafi kathin ho jaata hai.[4]
upavibhaag
sikkim mein chaar janapad hain. pratyek janapad (jile) ko kendra athva raajya sarkaar dvaara niyukt jilaadhikaari dekhta hai. cheen ki seema se lage hone ke kaaran adhiktar kshetron mein bhaarateeya sena ka baahulya dikhaai deta hai. kai kshetron mein pravesh nishedh hai aur logon ko ghoomane ke liye paramit lena padta hai. sikkim mein kul aath kasbe evam nau up-vibhaag hain.
yeh chaar jile poorv sikkim, pashchim sikkim, uttari sikkim evam dakshini sikkim hain jinki raajadhaaniyaaain kramash: gangatok, gejing, mangan evam naamachi hain.[5] yeh chaar jile pun: vibhinn up-vibhaagon mein baaainte gaye hain. "pakayong" poorvi jile ka, "soreing" pashchimi jile ka, "chungathaang" uttari jile ka aur "raavongala" dakshini jile ka upavibhaag hai.[10]
jeev jantu evam vanaspati
sikkim himaalaya ke nichle hisse mein paaristhitik garmasthaan mein Bhaarat ke teen paaristhitik kshetron mein se ek basa hua hai. yahaaain ke jangalon mein vibhinn prakaar ke jeev jantu evam vanaspatiyaaain pai jaati hain. alag alag ooainchaai hone ki vajh se yahaaain tropikl, temperet, elpaain aur tundra tarah ke paudhe bhi paaye jaate hain. itne chhote se ilaake mein aisi bhinnata kam hi jagahon par pai jaati hai.
The flora of Sikkim includes the rhododendron, the state tree, with a huge range of species occurring from subtropical to alpine regions. Orchids, figs, laurel, bananas, sal trees and bamboo in the lower altitudes of Sikkim, which enjoy a sub-tropical type climate. In the temperate elevations above 1,500 metres, oaks, chestnuts, maples, birchs, alders, and magnolias grow in large numbers. The alpine type vegetation includes juniper, pine, firs, cypresses and rhododendrons, and is typically found between an altitude of 3,500 metres to 5,000 m. Sikkim boasts around 5,000 flowering plants, 515 rare orchids, 60 primulas species, 36 rhododendrons species, 11 oaks varieties, 23 bamboos varieties, 16 conifer species, 362 types of ferns and ferns allies, 8 tree ferns, and over 424 medicinal plants. The orchid Dendrobium nobile is the official flower of Sikkim.
The fauna includes the snow leopard, the musk deer, the Bhoral, the Himalayan Tahr, the red panda, the Himalayan marmot, the serow, the goral, the barking deer, the common langur, the Himalayan Black Bear, the clouded leopard, the Marbled Cat, the leopard cat, the wild dog, the Tibetan wolf, the hog badger, the binturong, the jungle cat and the civet cat. Among the animals more commonly found in the alpine zone are yaks, mainly reared for their milk, meat, and as a beast of burden.
sikkim ke pakshi jagat mein pramukh hain - Impeyan pheasant, the crimson horned pheasant, the snow partridge, the snow cock, the lammergeyer and griffon vultures, as well as golden eagles, quail, plovers, woodcock, sandpipers, pigeons, Old World flycatchers, babblers and robins. yahaan pakshiyon ki kul 550 prajaatiyaan abhilikhit ki gayi hain, jin mein se kuchh ko viluptapraay: ghoshit kiya gaya hai.[4]
arth-vyavastha
vruhat arthavyavasthaasanbandhi pravaah
yeh saankhyiki evam kaaryakram kaaryaanvayan mantraalaya dvaara jaari sikkim ke sakal ghareloo utpaad ke pravaah ki ek jhalak hai (karod rupayon mein)[11]
| saal | sakal ghareloo utpaad |
|---|---|
| 1980 | 52 |
| 1985 | 122 |
| 1990 | 234 |
| 1995 | 520 |
| 2000 | 971 |
| 2003 | 2378.6 [1] |
2004 ke aaainkadon ke anusaar sikkim ka sakal ghareloo utpaad $478 million hone ka anumaan lagaaya gaya hai.
sikkim ek krushi pradhaan. krushi raajya hai aur yahaaain seedheedaar kheton mein paaramparik paddhati se krushi ki jaati hai. yahaaain ke kisaan ilaaichi, adarak, santara, seb, chai aur peenashif aadi ki kheti karte hain.[5]chaaval raajya ke dakshini ilaakon mein seedheedaar kheton mein ugaaya jaata hai. sampoorn Bhaarat mein ilaaichi ki sabse adhik upaj sikkim mein hoti hai. pahaadi kshetr hone ke kaaran aur parivhan ki aadhaarbhoot suvidhaaon ke abhaav mein yahaaain koi bada udyog naheen hai. madyanirmaanashaala, madyanishkarshashaala, charm-udyog tatha ghadi-udyog sikkim ke mukhya udyog hain. yeh raajya ke dakshini bhaag mein sthit hain- mukhya roop se melli aur jorethaang nagaron mein. raajya mein vikaas dar 8.3% hai, jo Delhi ke pashchaat raashtra bhar mein sarvaadhik hai.[12]
haal ke kuchh varshon mein sikkim ki sarkaar ne pradesh mein paryatan ko badhaava dena praarambh kiya hai. sikkim mein paryatan ka bahut sambhaavana hai aur inheen ka laabh uthaakar sikkim ki aay mein apratyaashit vruddhi hui hai. aadhaarbhoot sanrachana mein sudhaar ke chalte, yeh upeksha ki ja rahi hai paryatan raajya mein arthavyavastha ke ek mukhya aadhaar ke roop mein saamane aayega. online sattebaaji raajya mein ek nae udyog ke roop mein ubhar kar aaya hai. "plevin" juaa, jise vishesh roop se taiyaar kiye gaye antakon par khela jaata hai, ko raashtra bhar mein khoob vaanijyik safalta haasil hui hai.[13][13] raajya mein pramukh roop se taamba, dolomaait, choona patthar, grefaait, abhrak, loha aur koyala aadi khanijon ka khanan kiya jaata hai.[14]
July 6, 2006 ko naathoola darra, jo sikkim ko lhaasa, Tibet se jodta hai, ke khulne se yeh aasha jataayi ja rahi hai ki isse sikkim ki arthavyavastha ko badhaava milega, bhale ve dheere-dheere hi dekhne ko milein. yeh darra, jo 1962 mein 1962 Bhaarat-cheen yuddh. Bhaarat-cheen yuddh ke pashchaat band kar diya gaya tha, praacheen resham maarg ka ek hissa tha aur oon, chhaal aur masaalon. masaala ke vyaapaar mein sahaayak tha.[9]
parivhan
sikkim mein kathin bhookshetr ke kaaran koi havaai adda athva rel station naheen hai. sameepatam havaaiadda baagadogara havaaiadda, sileegudi, pashchim Bengal mein hai. yeh havaaiadda gangatok se 124 ki0mee0 door hai. gangatok se baagadogara ke liye sikkim helicopter service dvaara ek helicopter seva upalabdh hai jiski udaan 30 minute lambi hai, din mein keval ek baar chalti hai aur keval 4 logon ko le ja sakti hai.[15] gangatok haileepaid raajya ka ekamaatr asainik haileepaid hai. niktatam rel station nai jalapaaigudi mein hai jo sileegudi se 16 kilometer. ki0mee0 door hai.[5]
raashtreeya raajamaarg 31A sileegudi ko gangatok se jodta hai. yeh ek sarv-ritu maarg hai tatha sikkim mein rangpo par pravesh karne ke pashchaat teesta nadi ke samaanaantar chalta hai. anek saarvajanik athva niji vaahan havaai-adde, rel-station tatha aur siligudi ko gangatok se jodte hain. melli se aane vaale raajamaarg ki ek shaakha pashchimi sikkim ko jodti hai. sikkim ke dakshini aur pashchimi shahar sikkim ko uttari pashchimi Bengal ke parvateeya shahar kalimpong aur daarjeeling se jodte hain. raajya ke bheetar chaupahiya vaahan lokapriya hain kyonki yeh raajya ki chattaani chadhaaiyon ko aasaani se paar karne mein saksham hote hain. chhoti basein raajya ke chhote shaharon ko raajya aur jila mukhyaalayon se jodti hain.[5]
janasaankhyiki
maanavajaateeya roop se sikkim ke adhiktar nivaasi nepaali hain jinhonne pradesh mein unneesaveen sadi mein pravesh kiya. bhootiya sikkim ke mool nivaasiyon mein se ek hain, jinhonne Tibet ke khaam jile se chaudaveen sadi mein palaayan kiya aur lepaacha, jo sthaaneeya maanyataanusaar sudoor poorv se aaye maane jaate hain. pradesh ke uttari tatha poorvi ilaakon mein tibbati bahutaayat mein rahate hain. anya raajyon se aakar sikkim mein basane vaalon mein pramukh hain maaravaadi log. maaravaadi, jo dakshin sikkim tatha gangatok mein dukaanein chalaate hain;bihaari jo adhiktar shramik hain; tatha bangaali log. bangaali.
hindu dharm raajya ka pramukh dharm hai jiske anuyaayi raajya mein 60.9% mein hain.[16] bauddh dharm ke anuyaayi 28.1% par ek badi alpasankhya mein hain.[16] sikkim mein isaai. isaaiyon ki 6.7% aabaadi hai jinme mool roop se adhiktar ve lepacha hain jinhonne unneesaveen sadi ke uttarakaal mein sanyukt raajashaahi. angrejeedharmopadeshakon ke prachaar ke baad isaai mat apnaaya. raajya mein kabhi saampradaayik tanaav naheen raha. musalmaanon ki 1.4% pratishat aabaadi ke liye gangatok ke vyaapaarik kshetr mein aur mangan mein masjid. masjidein hain.[16]
nepaali sikkim ka pramukh bhaasha hai. sikkim mein praay: angreji aur hindi bhi boli aur samajhi jaati hain. yahaaain ki anya bhaashaaon me bhootiya, joङakha, groma, gurung, lepcha, limbu, magar, maajhi, majhavaar, nepaalabhaasha, danuvaar, sherpa, sunavaar bhaasha. sunavaar, taamaaङ, thulung, tibbati aur yaakkha shaamil hain.[5][17]
5,40,493 ki janasankhya ke saath sikkim Bhaarat ka nyoonatam aabaadi wala raajya hai,[18] jismein purushon ki sankhya 2,88,217 hai aur mahilaaon ki sankhya 2,52,276 hai. sikkim mein janasankhya ka ghanatv 76 manushya prativrg kilometer hai par Bhaarat mein nyoonatam hai. vikaas dar 32.98% hai (1991-2001). lingaanupaat 875 stri prati 1000 purush hai. 50,000 ki aabaadi ke saath gangatok sikkim ka ekamaatr mahattavapoorn shahar hai. raajya mein shahari aabaadi lagbhag 11.06% hai.[10] prati vyakti aay 11,356 ru0 hai, jo raashtra ke sabse sarvaadhik mein se ek hai.[17]
sanskruti
sikkim ke naagrik Bhaarat ke sabhi mukhya hindu tyohaaron jaise deepaavali aur dashahara, manaate hain. bauddh dharm ke lhosaar, loosong, saaga daava, lhaabaab dyuchen, drupaka teshi aur bhoomachoo ve tyohaar hain jo manaaye jaate hain. losar - tibbati nav varsh losar, jo ki madhya December mein aata hai, ke dauraan adhiktar sarkaari kaaryaalaya evam paryatak kendra hafte bhar ke liye band rahate hain. gair-mausami paryatakon ko aakarshit karne ke liye haal hi mein bada din. bade din ko gangatok mein prasaarit kiya ja raha hai.[19]
paashchaatya rock sangeet yahaaain praay: gharon evam bhojanaalayon mein, gair-shahari ilaakon mein bhi sunaai de jaata hai. hindi sangeet ne bhi logon mein apni jagah banaai hai. vishuddh nepaali rock sangeet, tatha paashchaatya sangeet par nepaali kaavya bhi kaafi prachalit hain. football evam cricket yahaaain ke sabse lokapriya khel hain.
noodal par aadhaarit vyanjan jaise thukpa, chaaumeen, thaantuk?, faakhtu?, gyaathuk? aur vaunatan? sarvasaamaanya hain. m:m, bhaap se pake aur sabjiyon se bhare pakaudiyaaain, soop ke saath parosa hua bhains ka maaains. bhains athva sooar ka maaains. suar ka maaains lokapriya laghu aahaar hai. pahaadi logon ke aahaar mein bhains, sooar, ityaadi ke maaains ki maatra bahut adhik hoti hai. madira par raajya utpaad shulk kam hone ke kaaran raajya mein beer?, viski?, ram? aur braandi ityaadi ka sevan kiya jaata hai.
sikkim mein lagbhag sabhi aavaas dehaati hain jo mukhyat: kade baaains ke dhaaainche par lacheele baaains ka aavaran daal kar banaaye jaate hain. aavaas mein ooshma ka sanrakshan karne ke liye is par gaaya ke gobar ka lep bhi kiya jaata hai. raajya ke adhik ooainchaai vaale kshetron mein adhiktar lakdi ke ghar banaaye jaate hain.
raajaneeti aur sarkaar
Bhaarat ke anya raajyon ke samaan, kendriya sarkaar dvaara nirvaachit raajyapaal raajya shaasan ka pramukh hai. usaka nirvaachan mukhyat: aupachaarik hi hota hai, tatha usaka mukhya kaam mukhyamantri ke shapath-grahan ki adhyakshata hi hota hai. mukhyamantri, jiske paas vaastavik prashaasanik adhikaar hote hain, adhiktar raajya chunaav mein bahumat jeetne vaale dal athva gathabandhan ka pramukh hota hai. raajyapaal mukhyamantri ke paraamarsh par mantreemandal? niyukt karta hai. adhiktar anya raajyon ke samaan sikkim mein bhi ekasabhaayi (ekasadani? unicameral) sadan waali vidhaan sabha hi hai. sikkim ko Bhaarat ki dvisdani vidhaanasabha ke donon sadanon, raajya sabha tatha lok sabha mein ek-ek sthaan praapt hai. raajya mein kul 32 vidhaanasabha seatein? hain jinmein se ek bauddh sangh ke liye aarakshit hai. sikkim uchch nyaayaalaya desh ka sabse chhota uchch nyaayaalaya hai.[20]
| raajya pashu | laal paanda |
| raajya pakshi | rakt mahooka? |
| raajya vruksh | barunsh? |
| raajya fool | peenashif? |
1975 mein, raajatantr ke ant ke uparaant, Congress ko 1977 ke aam chunaavon mein bahumat praapt hua. asthirta ke ek daur ke baad, 1979 mein, sikkim sangraam parishad party ke neta nar bahaadur bhandaari ke netrutv mein ek lokapriya mantri parishad ka gathan hua. is ke baad, 1984 aur 1989 ke aam chunaavon mein bhi bhandaari hi vijayi rahe. 1994 mein sikkim democratic frant ke pavan Kumar chaamaling raajya ke mukhyamantri bane. 1999 aur 2004 ke chunaavon mein bhi vijay praapt kar, yeh party abhi tak sikkim mein raaj kar rahi hai.[7][15]
avasanrachana
sikkim ki sadkein bahudha bhooskhalan tatha paas ki dhaaron dvaara baadh se kshatigrast ho jaati hain, parantu fir bhi sikkim ki sadkein anya raajyon ki sadkon ki tulana mein bahut achhi hain. seema sadak sangathan(BRO), bhaarateeya sena ka ek ang in sadkon ka rakh-rakhaav karta hai. dakshini sikkim tatha raa0raa0-31a ki sadkein achhi sthiti mein hain kyonki yahaaain bhooskhalan ki ghatanaaeain kam hai. raajya sarkaar 1857.35 ki0mee0 ka vah raajamaarg jo see0sa0san0 ke antargat naheen aata hai, ka rakh-rakhaav karti hai.[10]
sikkim mein anek jal vidyut bijli station (kendra) hain jo niyamit bijli upalabdh karaate hain, parantu sanchaalan shakti asthir hai tatha sthaayeekaaron (stabilisers) ki aavashyakta padti hai. sikkim mein prativyakti bijli prayog 182 kWh hai. 73.2% gharon mein svachh jal suvidha upalabdh hai,[10] tatha anek dhaaraaon ke parinaam svaroop raajya mein kabhi bhi akaal ya paani ki kami ki paristhitiyaaain utpann naheen hui hain. tista nadi par kai jalavidyut kendra nirmaanasheel hain tatha unka paryaavaran par prabhaav ek chinta ka vishay hai.
patraachaar
dakshini nagareeya kshetron mein angreji, nepaali tatha hindi ke dainik patra hain. nepaali samaachaar-patra sthaaneeya roop se hi chhapate hain parantu hindi tatha angreji ke patra siligudi mein. sikkim mein nepaali bhaasha mein prakaashit samaachaar patron ki maang vigat dinon mein badhi hain. samay dainik, haamro prajaashakti, himaali bela aur saaङageela taaimas ityaadi nepaali samaachaar patra gangatok se prakaashit hote hain jinmein haamro prajaashakti raajya ka sabse bada aur lokapriya samaachaar patra hai. angreji samaachaar patron mein sikkim naao aur sikkim express, himaalayan mirror sthaaneeya roop se chhapate hain tatha the stetsamain tatha the telegraaf siligudi mein chhaape jaate hain jabki the hindu tatha the times of indiya Calcutta mein chhapane ke ek din pashchaat gangatok, jorethaang, melli tatha gyaalshing pahuainch jaate hain. sikkim heraald sarkaar ka aadhikaarik saaptaahik prakaashan hai. haal-khabar sikkim ka ekamaatr antarraashtriya samaachaar ka maanakeekrut praveshadvaar hai. sikkim sein 2007-mein nepaali saahitya ka online patrika tistaarangeet shuru hui hai jis ka sanchaalan saahitya sirjana sahakaari samiti limited] karti hai.
antarjaal suvidhaaeain jila mukhyaalayon mein to upalabdh hain parantu braudabaind sampark upalabdh naheen hai tatha graameen kshetron mein abhi antarjaal suvidha upalabdh naheen hai. thaali vidyut-graahakon (Dish antennae) dvaara adhiktar gharon mein upagrah dooradarshan sarani (satellite television channels) upalabdh hain. Bhaarat mein prasaarit saraniyon ke atirikt nepaali bhaasha ke sarani bhi prasaarit kiye jaate hain. sikkim kebal, dish tee0 vee0, dooradarshan tatha nayum (Nayuma) mukhya seva pradaata hain. sthaaneeya koshthaatmak doorabhaash seva pradaataaon (cellular phone service provider) ki achhi suvidhaaeain upalabdh hain jinmein bhaa0san0ni0li0 ki suvidha raajya-vistrut hai parantu rilaayans infokaum tatha Airtel keval nagareeya kshetron mein hai. raashtriya akhil bhaarateeya aakaashavaani raajya ka ekamaatr aakaashavaani kendra hai.[21]
shiksha
saaksharata pratishat dar 69.68% hai, jo ki purushon mein 76.73% tatha mahilaaon mein 61.46% hai. sarkaari vidyaalayon ki sankhya 1545 hai tatha 18 niji vidyaalaya bhi hain jo ki mukhyat: nagaron mein hain.[10] uchch shiksha ke liye sikkim mein lagbhag 12 mahaavidyaalaya tatha anya vidyaalaya hain. sikkim manipaal vishvavidyaalaya aabhiyaantriki, chikitsa tatha prabandh ke kshetron mein uchch shiksha pradaan karta hai. vah anek vishyon mein doorasth shiksha bhi pradaan karta hai. raajya-sanchaalit do bahushilpakeindr, uchch takaneeki prashikshan kendra (Advanced Technical Training Centre) tatha sanganak evam sanchaar takaneek kendra (Centre for Computers and Communication Technology) aadi aabhiyaantriki ki shaakhaaon mein sanad paathyakram chalaate hain. ATTC baaradaang, singataam tatha CCCT chisopaani,naamchi mein hai. adhiktar vidyaarthi uchch shiksha ke liye sileegudi athva Kolkata jaate hain. bauddh dhaarmik shiksha ke liye rumatek gompa dvaara sanchaalit naalanda navavihaar ek achha kendra hai.
sandarbh
teeka-tippani
- ↑ arjun adalakha (April 1997). "Population Trends: India" (peedeeef). International brief. you.S. dipaartameint of Commerce. pp. 5. http://www.census.gov/ipc/prod/ib-9701.pdf#search=%22india%20state%20population%22. abhigman tithi: 2006.
- ↑ "Sikkim". www.gloriousindia.com. 31 December 2006. http://www.gloriousindia.com/places/states/sikkim.html. abhigman tithi: 2007.
- ↑ a aa i "History of Sikkim". dipaartameint of inframeshan end pablik rileshans, gavarnameint of sikkim. 29 September 2005. http://www.sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/HISTORY/history_of_sikkim.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006.
- ↑ a aa i E u "Physical Features of Sikkim". Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim. 2005-09-29. http://sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/ecosystem/ecosystem.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006.
- ↑ a aa i E u oo A "General Information". sikkiminfo.net. http://www.sikkiminfo.net/general_info.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006.
- ↑ "About Sikkim". Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim. 2005-09-29. http://sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/about_sikkim/SIKKIM.HTM. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ a aa "History of Sikkim". Government of Sikkim. 2002-08-29. http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/sikk_his.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ "Elections after the merger". Sikkiminfo.net. http://www.sikkiminfo.net/elections_after_merger.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ a aa "Hisotric India-China link opens". BBC. 2006-07-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5150682.stm. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ a aa i E u "Sikkim at a glance". Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim. 2005-09-29. http://www.sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/STATS/sikkimataglance.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ "National Accounts Division : Press release & Statements". Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. 2006-05-23. http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ "Economy of Sikkim". Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim. 2005-09-29. http://sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/ECONOMY/ECONOMY.HTM. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
-
↑ a aa "Playwin lottery". Interplay Multimedia Pty. Ltd.. 2006-08-20. http://www.lotteryinsider.com/lottery/playwin.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12. sandarbh truti: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Playwin" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Sikkim's Economy". National Informatics Centre. 2002-08-29. http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/home_eco.htm#mini. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ a aa "30 Years of Statehood In a Nutshell". Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of sikkim. 2005-11-24. http://sikkimipr.org/IPR/statehood/statehood_nutshell.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ a aa i http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/ 2001 Indian Census Data
- ↑ a aa "People of Sikkim". Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim. 2005-09-29. http://sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/PEOPLE/PEOPLE.HTM. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ "Sikkim statistics". Government of India. http://www.censusindia.net/profiles/sik.html. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ "Culture and Festivals of Sikkim". Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim. 2005-09-29. http://sikkimipr.org/GENERAL/CULTURE/LUCKY_SIGNS.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ "Judge strengths in High Courts increased". Ministry of Law & Justice. 2003-10-30. http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/30102003/r301020036.html. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
- ↑ "Entertainment in Sikkim". Sikkiminfo.net. http://www.sikkiminfo.net/entertainment.htm. abhigman tithi: 2006-10-12.
baahari kadiyaaain
- saundarya aur sanskruti mein dam hai! sikkim kahaan kam hai! (prabhaasaakshi)
- foolon, pakshiyon aur parvaton wala sundar sikkim (prabhaasaakshi)
- sikkim ke baare mein jaanein
- sikkim paryatan
- sikkim... himaalaya mein basa ek chhota sa svarg
- sikkim arthaat 'naya ghar'
- tistaaraङageet (sikkim ki pratham aanalaain saahityik patrika)
- egrisnet (ARISNET) - nepaali mein kheti-kisaani tatha sikkim ke baare mein sampoorn jaankaari
- saiaalaaniyon mein khaas pehchaan bana raha hai siaaakkim
- veer gorakha (hindi tatha nepaali ka blog)
- Holidaying in Sikkim and Bhutan – published by Nest and Wings – ISBN 81-87592-07-9
- Sikkim — Land of Mystic and Splendour – published by Sikkim Tourism.
- History of Sikkim
- Sikkim state statistics Figures on Sikkim's population, per capita income, density etc.
- Official website of the Government of Sikkim, Maintained by Department of Information Technology
- Department of Information and Public Relations, Govt. of Sikkim
- Pictures from West-Sikkim
- Pictures from North-Sikkim