sikandar mahaan

sikandar (20 July 356 isaapoorv se 11 June 323 isa poorv) makadooniyaaain, (mesedoniya) ka greek prashaasak tha. vah elekjeindar truteeya tatha elekjeindar mesedoniyn naam se bhi jaana jaata hai. itihaas mein vah sabse kushal aur yashasvi senaapati maana gaya hai. apni mrutyu tak vah us tamaam bhoomi ko jeet chuka tha jiski jaankaari praacheen greek logon ko thi. iseeliye use vishvavijeta bhi kaha jaata hai. usane apne kaaryakaal mein iraan, Syria, misr, masopotemiya, fineeshiya, judeaa, gaajha, baiktriya aur Bhaarat mein Punjab tak ke pradesh par vijay haasil ki thi. ullekhaneeya hai ki uparokt kshetr us samay faarasi saamraajya ke ang the aur faarasi saamraajya sikndar ke apne saamraajya se koi 40 guna bada tha. faarasi mein use eskandar-A-makduni (maisedoniya ka alekjeindar) auऱ hindi mein sikandar mahaan kaha jaata hai.

yoonaani shaasak sikndar ne Bhaarat par aakraman 327 E. poo. mein kiya. vah Bhaarat aakar kuchh raajyon mein vijay praapt karke vaapas laut raha tha, tab usane takshashila ke paas ek udyaan mein bahut se nagn jain muniyon ko tapasyaarat dekha. usane apne ek doot ko bhejkar muniraajon ko bulavaana chaaha lekin muniraaj naheen aaye. tab sikndar swayam us sthaan par pahuaincha aur digmbar muniraajon ke tap ko dekhkar bahut prabhaavit hua. unamein se ek kalyaan muni the, jinse sikndar ne yoonaan mein dharm prachaar karne ki praarthana ki aur uske bahut aagrah se kalyaan muni uske saath gaye. nagn rahana, bhoomi shodhan kar chalana, haritkaaya ka viraadhan na karna, kisi ka nimntran sveekaar na karna ityaadi jin niyamon ka paalan muni kalyaan aur unke sabhi muni gan karte the, unase yoonaani bahut prabhaavit the. muni kalyaan jyotish shaastr mein nishnaat the. unhonne bahut—asi bhavishyavaaniyaaain ki theen aur sikndar ki mrutyu ko bhi unhonne pehle se ghoshit kar diya tha. in digmbar jain shramanon ki shiksha ka yoonaaniyon par vishesh prabhaav pada. yoonaan ke enthes shahar mein kalyaan muni ka samaadhi sthal bana hai.

sikandar ke sainikon ke khilaaf bhaarateeya yuddh haathi.

Alexander troops beg to return home from India in plate 3 of 11 by Antonio Tempesta of Florence, 1608

sikndar ke pita ka naam fileep tha. 329 E. poo. mein apni pita ki mrutyu ke uparaant vah samraat bana. vah bada shooraveer aur prataapi samraat tha. vah vishvavijyi banana chaahata tha. sikndar ne sabse pehle greek raajyon ko jeeta aur fir vah Asia maainar (aadhunik Turkey) ki taraf badha. us kshetr par us samay faaras ka shaasan tha. faarasi saamraajya misr se lekar pashchimottar Bhaarat tak faila tha. faaras ke shaah daara truteeya ko usane teen alag-alag yuddhon mein paraajit kiya. hainlaanki usaki tathaakathit "vishv-vijay" faaras vijay se adhik naheen thi par use shaah daara ke alaava anya sthaaneeya praantapaalon se bhi yuddh karna pada tha. misr, baiktriya, tatha aadhunik taajikistaan mein sthaaneeya pratirodh ka saamana karna pada tha. sikndar bhaarateeya abhiyaan par 327 E. poo. mein nikla. 326 E. poo. mein sindhu paar kar vah takshashila pahuaincha.^[1] vahaaain ke raaja aambhi ne usaki adhinta sveekaar kar li. pashchimottar pradesh ke anek raajaaon ne takshashila ki dekha dekhi aatm samarpan kar diya. vahaaain se puroo ke raajya ki taraf badha jo Jhelum aur chenaab nadi ke beech basa hua tha. yuddh mein puroo paraajit hua parantu usaki veerata se prabhaavit hokar sikndar ne use apna mitr banaakar use usaka raajya tatha kuchh nae ilaake diye. yahaaain se vah vyaas nadi tak pahuaincha, parantu vahaaain se use vaapas lautana pada. uske sainik magadh ke nand shaasak ki vishaal sena ka saamana karne ko taiyaar na the. vaapasi mein use anek raajyon (shivi, kshudrak, maalav ityaadi) ka bheeshan pratirodh sahana pada. 325 E. poo. mein bhaaratabhumi chhodkar sikndar bebeelon chala gaya. jahaaain usaki mrutyu hui.

• Marshal Zhukov on Alexander's failed India invasion