sigmund froid

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (May 2016)

sigmand fraayad

sigmand fraayad ( 6 May 1856 -- 23 sitmbar 1939 ) aastriya ke tantrikaavijnyaaani (neurologist) tatha manovishleshan ke sansthaapak the.

sigmund fraayad ka janm aastriya-Hungary saamraajya ke freebarg (Freiberg) shahar mein hua. unke maata-pita yahoodi the. fraayad ke pita oon ke vyaapaari the aur maata inke pita ki teesari patni theen. fraayad apne saat bhaai-bahanon mein sabse bade the. 3 saal ki umr mein fraayad ke pita lipjig (Leipzig) aa gaye aur uske ek saal baad viyna chale gaye, jahaaain ve kareeb 80 saalon tak rahe. fraayad ne viyna vishvavidyaalaya se 1881 mein Doctor of medisin kiya. san 1938 mein hitlar ke naaji vidroh ke kaaran fraayad bhaagakar landan chale gaye. landan mein hi san 1939 ke sitmbar maheene mein unki mrut‍aayu ho gayi.

unneesaveen sadi ke aarambh ke kuchh samay pehle manovijnyaaan ek svatantr vigyaan ke roop mein viksit hua. isse pehle manovijnyaaan ko darshan ke antargat padha jaata tha. us vakt manovijnyaaan ka uddeshya vayask maanav ki chetna ka vishleshan aur adhyayan karna tha. fraayad ne is paramparaagat "chetna ke manovijnyaaan " ka virodh kiya aur manovishleshan sambandhi kai nai sankalpanaaon ka pratipaadan kiya jispar hamaara aadhunik manovijnyaaan tika hua hai.

fraayad ke praarambhik jeevan ko dekhne par ham paate hain ki aarambh se hi unka jhukaav tantrika vigyaan ki or tha. san 1873 se 1881 ke beech unka sampark us samay ke mashahoor tantrika vigyaani arnast bruki (Ernst Brucke) se hua. fraayad, arnast bruki se prabhaavit hue aur unki prayogashaala mein kaarya praarambh kiya. shareer vigyaan aur tantrika vigyaan mein kai shodh patra prakaashit karne ke baad fraayad arnast bruki se alag hue aur unhonne apna niji vyavasaaya chikitsak ke roop mein praarambh kiya. san 1881 mein fraayad ne viyna vishv vidyaalaya se M.di (M.D) ki upaadhi praapt ki. isse theek thode se vakt pehle fraayad ka sampark Joseph briyuvar (Joseph Breuer) se hua. fraayad ne Joseph briyuvar ke saath shodhapatr "stadeej in histeeriya" likha. "stadeej in histeeriya" ek rogi ke vishleshan par aadharit tha, jiska kaalpanik naam "anna O" tha. yeh maana jaata hai ki isi shodhapatr mein manovishleshanavaad ke beej chhipe hue the. yeh shodh bahut mashahoor hua. san 1896 mein briyuvar tatha fraayad mein peshevar asahamati hui aur ve alag ho gaye.

san 1900 fraayad ke jeevan ka sabse mahatvapoorn varsh tha. isi varsh unki bahucharchit pustak "intaraprateshan of dreem" ka prakaashan hua, jo unke aur unke rogiyon ke svap‍aanon ke vishleshan ke aadhaar par likhi gayi thi. ismein unhonne bataaya ki sapane hamaari atrupt ichhaaon ka pratibimb hote hain. is pustak ne unhein prasiddh bana diya. kai samakaaleen buddhijeevi aur manovijnyaaani unki or aakarshit hue. inmein kaarl jung, alfred edalar, oto raink aur sainador frainkji ke naam pramukh hai. in sabhi vyaktiyon se fraayad ka achha sampark tha, par baad mein matabhinnata hui aur log unase alag hote gaye.

san 1909 mein Clark vishv vidyaalaya ke mashahoor manovijnyaaani ji.S. haal dvaara fraayad ko manovishleshan par vyaakhyaan dene ka nimantran praapt hua, jo unki prasiddhi mein meal ka patthar saabit hua. ismein fraayad ke alaava yung, vreel, jons, ferenkaji tatha kai anya mashahoor manovijnyaaani upasthit the. yahaun se fraayad jald hi vaapas laut gaye, kyonki America ka vaataavaran unhein achha nahi laga. yahaaain fraayad ko pet mein gadbadi ki shikaayat rahane lagi thi, jiska kaaran unhonne vividh ameriki khaadya saamagri ko bataaya. jung aur edalar, fraayad ke manovishleshanavaad ke kai binduon se sahamat the. parantu fraayad dvaara sex par at‍aayadhik bal diye jaane ko unhonne asveekrut kar diya. isse alag-alag samay mein ve donon bhi inse alag ho gaye. jung ne manovishleshan mein saanskrutik viraasat ke dakhal par aur edalar ne saamaajikta par bal diya. yadyapi yeh sahi hai ki peshevar sahakarmi unase ek-ek kar alag ho rahe the fir bhi unki prasiddhi ko isse koi fark nahi pada. san 1923 mein fraayad ke muh mein Cancer ka pata chala jiska kaaran unka jarurat se jyaada sigaar peena bataaya gaya. san 1933 mein hitlar ne Germany ki satta par kabja kar liya. usane saaf kaha ki fraayad vaad ke liye usaki satta mein koi jagah nahi hai. hitlar ne fraayad ki saari pustakon aur hastalipiyon ko jala diya. vah shaayad isse bhi adhik bura vyavahaar karta lekin raajaneetik dabaav aur taatkaaleen American raajadoot ke has‍aatakshep ke baad hitlar ne fraayad se jabardas‍aati ek kaagaj par hastaakshar karavaaya ki sainikon ne unke saath koi bura vyavahaar nahi kiya hai. iske baad unhein viyna chhodkar landan jaane ka aadesh diya. landan mein unka bhavya svaagat hua. unhein turant hi raayal society ka sadasya bana liya gaya. yahaaain unhonne apni antim pustak "mojej end monethijm" ka prakaashan karavaaya.

fraayad ne man ya vyaktitv ke svarup ko gatyaatmak maana hai. unke anusaar vyaktitv hamaare mastishk evam shareer ki kriyaaon ka naam hai. fraayad ke maanasik tatv hote hain jo chetan mein naheen aa paate ya sammohan athva chetna lop ki sthiti mein chetan mein aate hain. ismein baalya kaal ki ichhaaen, laingik ichhaaen aur maanasik sangharsh aadi se sambandhit ve ichhaaen hoti hai, jinka gyaan swayam vyakti ko bhi naheen hota . inhein saamaanyat: vyakti apne pratidin ki jindagi mein poora nahi kar paata aur ye vikrut roop dhaaran karke ya to sapanon ke roop mein ya fir unmaad ke daure ke roop mein vyakti ke saamane upasthit hoti hai. fraayad ke anusaar vyaktitv ka gatyaatmak paksh teen avasthaaon dvaara nirmit hota hai -

• 1. idan (Id )
• 2. aham (ego)
• 3. paraaaham (super ego)

idan ki utpati manushya ke janm ke saath hi ho jaati hai. fraayad ise vyaktitv ka sabse mahatvapoorn hissa maanata tha. iski vishyavastu ve ichhaaen hain jo libido (yaun mool pravruti ki urja ) se sambandhit hai aur taatkaalik santushti chaahati hai. urja ki vruddhi idan nahi sahan kar paata aur agar ise sahi dhang se abhivyakti nahi milti tab yeh vikrut svarup dhaaran karke vyakti ko prabhaavit karta hai. aham (ego) fraayad ke liye sv-chetna ki tarah thi jise usane maanav ke vyavahaar ka dviteeyak niyaamak bataaya. yeh idan ka sangathit bhaag hai, iska uddeshya idan ke lakshyon ko aage badhaana hai. para aham ek prakaar ka vyavahaar pratimaanak hota hai, jisse naitik vyavahaar niyojit hote hain. iska vikaas apekshaakrut der se hota hai. fraayad ke vyaktitv sambandhi vichaaron ko manolaingik vikaas ka siddhaant bhi kaha jaata hai. ise fraayad ne 5 avasthaaon mein baanta hai -

• 1. maukhik avastha (oral stage) - janm se ek varsh
• 2. guda avastha (Anal stage ) - 2 se 3 varsh
• 3. laingik avastha (Phallic stage) - 4 se 5 varsh
• 4. sushupta vastha (Latency stage) - 6 se 12 varsh
• 5 jananik avastha (Gental stage ) - 12 se 20 varsh

inhi ke aadhaar par usane vivaadaspad ilektra aur odips kaampleks ki avadhaarana di jiske anusaar shishu ki laingik shakti praarambh mein khud ke liye prabhaavi hoti hai, jo dheere -dheere doosare vyaktion ki or unmukh hoti hai. isi kaaran putr maata ki or tatha putri pita ki or adhik aakarshit hote hain. iske kaaran ladkon mein maata ke prati prem aur pita ke prati pratidvandita utpann hoti hai, jise fraayad dvaara odips kaampleks ka naam diya. yeh bahut vivaadaaspad aur charchit avadhaarana rahi hai. fraayad in sankalpanaaon ki satyata saabit karne ke liye aankade nahi de paae. un par aalochakon ne yeh aarop lagaaya ki unhonne apne anubhavon ko in prekshanon ke saath mishrit kiya hai aur jo kuchh bhi unke rogiyon ne kaha us par unhonne aaainkh band kar vishvaas kiya hai. fraayad par yeh bhi aarop lage ki vah manovijnyaaan mein jarurat se adhik kalpanaasheelata aur mithkeeya granthon ka ghaalamel kar rahe hain, yaun aavashyakataaon ko jarurat se adhik sthaan de rahe hain.

fraayad ke kaarya aur un par aadhaarit unki maanyataaon ke dekhne par ham yeh paate hain ki fraayad ne maanav ki paashavik pravruti par jarurat se adhik bal daala tha. unhonne yeh spash‍aat kiya ki nimnatar pashuon ke bahut saare gun aur visheshataaen manushyon mein bhi dikhaai deti hain. unke dvaara paribhaashit mool pravruti ki sankalpana bhi iske antargat aati hai.

fraayad ka yeh mat tha ki vayask vyakti ke svabhaav mein kisi prakaar ka parivartan naheen laaya ja sakta kyonki uske vyaktitv ki neenv bachapan mein hi pad jaati hai, jise kisi bhi tareeke se badla nahi ja sakta. haalaaainki baad ke shodhon se yeh saabit ho chuka hai ki manushya moolat: bhavishya unmukh hota hai. ek shaikshik (academic) manovijnyaaani ke samaan fraayad ke manovijnyaaan mein kramabaddhata naheen dikhaai deti parantu unhonne manovijnyaaan ko ek nai paribhaasha di jiske aadhaar par ham aadhunik manovishleshaanaatmak manovijnyaaan ko khada paate hain aur tamaam aalochanaaon ke baad bhi asaamaanya manovijnyaaan aur naidaanik manovijnyaaan mein fraayad ke yogadaan ko anadekha nahi kiya ja sakaata.

fraayad dvaara pratipaadit manovishleshan ka sanpradaaya apni lokapriyta ke karan bahut charchit raha. fraayad ne kai pustake likheen jinmein se "intar prateshan of dreams", "group saaikoloji end the enelesis of di igo ", "totem end taiboo " aur "sivilaaijesan end its diskaanateints " pramukh hain. 23 sitmbar 1939 ko landan mein inki mrutyu hui.

• manovishleshan