shiksha

Afghanistan ke baalavihaar ki ek kaksha

shiksha mein gyaan, uchit aacharan aur takaneeki dakshata, shikshan aur vidya praapti aadi samaavisht hain. is prakaar yeh kaushalon (skills), vyaapaaron ya vyavasaayon evam maanasik, naitik aur saundaryavishyak ke utkarsh par keindrit hai.[1]

aupachaarik shiksha ke shaamil hai vyaavasaayik shikshakon (professional teachers) dvaara niymasheel anudesh, shikshan aur prashikshan in mein shaamil hain adhyaapan (pedagogy) aur paathyakram (curricula) ke vikaas ka viniyog ek udaar shiksha parampara mein, shikshak apne paath ke liye manovijnyaaan, darshanashaastr, soochana praudyogiki, bhaasha vijnyaaanan, jeev vigyaan aur samaajashaastr (sociology) sahit alag alag vishyon se prerana lete hain vyavasaayon ke vishesheekrut shikshak jaise khagol bhautiki (astrophysics), kaanoon, ya praaneeshaastr shaayad ek seemit kshetr mein hi sikhaaen aamtaur par uchch shiksha ke sansthaanon mein profesaron ke roop mein jo vishisht kushalata chaahein, jaise ki uddharan ke liye veh kushalata jo pilot (pilot) bannane ke liye aavashyak hai, un ke liye vyaapaar ke kshetr mein vishesheekrut anudesh ka adhik avsar hai antat:, is kaaranavash anaupachaarik kshetr mein be hadd saare shaikshik avsar hain, samaaj sangrahaalaya (museums) aur pustakaalayon jaise sansthaaon ko badhaava deta hai. anaupachaarik shiksha mein shaamil hai shiksha jo jeevan mein vyavasaaya (profession) ke vyaapaarik paripaati se praapt ki hui ho sahit gyaan aur seekhi gayi kushalata jo jeevan ke dauraan aur sudharata hai,

shiksha ka adhikaar ek moolabhoot maanav adhikaar hai 1952 se Europeeya maanavaadhikaar lok sanmati (European Convention on Human Rights) ke anuchhed 2 ka pehla protokaul sabhi hastaaksharakarta dalon ko shiksha ke adhikaar ki guaranty karne ke liye majaboor karta hai vishv star, par sanyukt raashtra sangh' 1966 ke antararaashtreeya aarthik, saamaajik aur saanskrutik sanshraav (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) ke tahat yeh adhikaar apne anuchhed 13 ke dvaara is adhikaar ki guaranty deta hai

anukram

aupachaarik shiksha ki pranaaliyaaain

shiksha pranaaliyon shiksha aur prashikshan pradaan karne ke liye, aksar bachchon aur yuvaaon ke liye sthaapit ki jaati hai ek paathyakram (curriculum) chhaatron ko kya pata hona chaahiye, bodh aur shiksha ke parinaam ke roop mein karne ke laayak samajh ko paribhaashit karta hai. adhyaapan ka pesha, seekh pradaan karta hai jo vidya praapti aur neetiyon ki ek pranaali, niyamon, pareekshaaon, sanrachanaaon aur vittaposhan ko saksham banaata hai aur vittaposhan shikshakon ko apni pratibha ke uchchatam kshamata se padhne mein madad karti haikabhi kabhi shiksha pranaali siddhaanton ya aadarshon evam gyaan ko badhaava dene ke liye prayog ki jaati hai jise saamaajik abhiyantrika (social engineering) kaha jaata hai visheshatam adhinaayakavaadi raajyon aur sarkaar mein yeh vayavastha ke raajaneetik durupayog ko badhaava de sakta hai

  • shiksha ek vyaapak avadhaarana hai, jo chhaatron mein kuchh seekh sakane ke sabhi anubhavon ka havaala dete hue
  • anudesh shikshak athva anya roopon dvaara vitrit shikshan ko kehte hai jo abhijnyaaat lakshya ki vidya praapti ko jaan boojh kar saral banane ko liye ho
  • shikshan ek asal upadeshak ki kriyaaon ko kehte hai jo shikshan ko sujhaane ke liye aakalpit kiya gaya ho
  • prashikshan vishisht gyaan, kaushal, ya kshamataaon ki seekh ke saath shikshaarthiyon ko taiyaar karne ki drushti se sandarbhit hai, jo ki turant poora karne par laagoo kiya ja sakta hai

praathamik shiksha

khuli hava mein praathamik school. shikshak (pujaari) kaksha ko saath bukaarest ko baahari ilaake mein, lagbhag 1842

praathamik (ya maulik) shiksha aupachaarik, sanrachit shiksha ke pratham varshon se bane hote hain saamaanyat:, praathamik shiksha mein shaamil hain chhah ya saat schooli varsh jo paaainch ya chhe saal se aarambh hote hain, haalaanki is mein antar raashtra athva antar raajya bhed ho sakta hai vishv star par, agbhaag 70% praathamik-umr ke bachchon ka praathamik shiksha mein daakhila ho raha hai aur yeh anupaat badh raha hai.[2].yoonesko ko 'shiksha sabhi ke liye' kaaryakramon ko antargat, adhikaaainsh deshon ne 2015 tak praathamik shiksha ki praapti ka aashvaasan diya hai aur kuchh deshon mein to bachchon ki praathamik shiksha anivaarya pratibaddh hai. praathamik aur maadhyamik shiksha (secondary education) ke beech ka vibhaajan kuchh aniyntrit hai, lekin yeh aamtaur par gyaarah ya baarah saal ki umr mein hota hai kuchh shiksha pranaaliyon mein midl school (middle school) alag se hote hain aur maadhyamik shiksha ke antim charan mein sankraman lagbhag chaudah varsh ki umr ke aaspaas hota hai jo vidyaalaya praathamik shiksha pradaan karte hain, unhein jyaadaatar praathamik vidyaalaya ko naam se sandarbhit kiya jaata haiin deshon ko praathamik vidyaalaya aksar praarambhik vidyaalaya (infant school) evam kanishth vidyaalaya (junior school) mein vibhaajit kiya jaata hai

maadhyamik shiksha

vishv ki sabse samakaaleen shiksha pranaaleeyon (educational system) mein maadhyamik shiksha aupachaarik shiksha ke dviteeya varshon se anukool hai jo kishoraavastha (adolescence) ke dauraan hoti hai yeh aam taur par naabaaligon (minor) ke liye anivaarya, vyaapak praathamik shiksha (primary education) se vaikalpik, chayanaatmak truteeyak (tertiary) "pashch-maadhyamik" athva uchch (higher) shiksha (jaise vishvavidyaalaya, vayaskon (adult) ke liye vyaavasaayik school (vocational school) ke sankraman ko kahete hain vyavastha par nirbhar, is avadhi mein paathashaalaaon ko maadhyamik, haai school (high school)s, vyaayaamashaala (gymnasium)s, liseyum (lyceum)s, middle school (middle school)s, college (college)s, ya vyaavasaayik paathashaala kaha ja sakta hai in shabdon ke sahi arth do alag pranaaliyon mein bhinn hain praathamik aur maadhyamik shiksha ke beech ka sateek seema bhi alag alag deshon mein bhinn hai yahaaain tak ki un ke bheetar, bhi antar hai, lekin aamtaur par schooli shiksha ke saatave se dasvein varsh ke aaspaas hai. maadhyamik shiksha mukhya roop se kishor varshon ke dauraan hota hai. amareeka aur kainaada mein praathamik aur maadhyamik shiksha ko ek saath k-12 (K-12) sambhodit kiya jaata hai aur new jaland mein ise saal 1-13 kaha jaata hai maadhyamik shiksha ka uddeshya saamaanya gyaan (common knowledge), dene ke liye, uchch shiksha (higher education) ke liye ya seedhe kisi peshe (profession) ke liye taiyaar karne ke liye prashikshan hai sakta hai

uchch shiksha

Cambridge vishvavidyaalaya uchch shiksha ka ek sansthaan hai.

uchch shiksha, jise truteeyak, teesare charan, ya post maadhyamik shiksha bhi kaha jaata hai, gair anivaarya shiksha ka star hai jo maadhyamik shiksha (secondary education) jaise haai school (high school), maadhyamik vidyaalaya (secondary school), ya jimnesiym (gymnasium) ki poorti karta hai truteeyak shiksha saamaanya roop se avar (undergraduate) aur snaatakottar shiksha (postgraduate education), saath hi vyaavasaayik shiksha aur prashikshan (vocational education and training) shaamil karte hain college (College)s aur vishvavidyaalayon truteeyak shiksha pradaan karne ke mukhya sansthaan hain. saamoohik, ye kabhi kabhi truteeyak sansthaaon ke roop mein jaane jaate hain aam taur par truteeyak shiksha ke parinaamavash pramaanapatr (certificate)s, diploma (diploma)s, ya shaikshik degree (academic degree) milte hain

uchch shiksha mein, anusandhaan aur vishvavidyaalayon ke saamaajik seva gatividhiyaaain shaamil hain aur shikha ke daayare mein shaamil hain donon poorvasnaatak (undergraduate) star (jise kabhi kabhi truteeyak (tertiary education) shiksha kehte hain) aur snaatak (graduate) (ya snaatakottar) star nirdisht (jise kabhi kabhi snaatak paathashaala (graduate school) kehte hain) us desh mein uchch shiksha mein aam taur par ek degree star ke ya sthaapana degree (foundation degree) yogyata ki disha mein kaam shaamil hai jyaadaatar viksit deshon mein janasankhya ka ek adhiktam anupaat (50% tak) apne jeevan ke kisi na kisi samay par uchch shiksha praapt karte hain isi kaaranavash uchch shiksha raashtreeya arthavyavasthaaon (economies) ke liye ek mahatvapoorn udyog aur prashikshit karmiyon ke srot ke roop mein arthavyavasthaaon ke liye aavashyak hai

.praudh shiksha kai roop leti hai, aupachaarik kaksha nirdeshan se lekar aatm shikshan

vaikalpik shiksha

vaikalpik shiksha (Alternative education) gair paaramparik shiksha bhi kahalaata hai athva shaikshik vikalp ek vyaapak shabd hai jo shiksha ke paaramparik shiksha (traditional education) ke atirikt sabhi shiksha roopon ka ullekh karne ke liye upayog kiya ja sakta hai is mein na keval shiksha ke veh roop shaamil hain jo vishesh jarooraton vaale chhaatron ke liye banaaya gaya ho (kishor garbhaavastha se le kar bauddhik viklaangata tak) balki shiksha ke veh roop bhi shaamil hain jo aam darshakon ke liye banaae gaye hain aur vaikalpik shiksha ke darshanashaastr aur tareekon ka prayog karein

uttaraarddh prakaar ka vikalp aksar shiksha sudhaar (education reform) parinaam hai aur vibhinn darshanashaastron (philosophies) mein jade hain jo saamaanyat: moolaroop se paaramparik anivaarya shiksha (compulsory education) se bhinn hain jab ki kuchh log majaboot raajaneetik, vidvattaapoorn (scholarly), ya daarshanik rujhaan rakhate hain, doosare adhyaapakon aur vidyaarthiyon (student) ke adhik anaupachaarik sangh hain jo paramparaagat shiksha (traditional education) ke kuchh pahaluon se asantusht hain veh vikalp jin mein chaartar school (charter school), viklpik paathashaalaaen (alternative school) svatantr paathashaalaaen (independent school) aur ghar par shikshan (home-based learning) shaamil hain, veh, vyaapak roop se bhinn hain, lekin aksar choti kaksha, chhaatron aur shikshakon ke beech nikat sambandhon aur saamudaayik bhaavana (sense of community) jaise moolyon par jor dete hain

bhaavuk / maanav shiksha

kyonki akriyaatmak shikshan adhik se adhik ke maanadand aur maanak banta ja raha hai, kampaneeyaan aur vyakti saamaanya shiksha ko kam maanyata dete hain thos achhe shikshit vyakti / kaaryakarta ke roop mein adhiktam shikshit aur safal udyameeyon mein uchch sanchaar kaushal ke saath maanaveeyata aur "bhaavanaatmak buddhimtta" hai

kuchh sthaanon par, khaaskar amareeka mein, vaikalpik jaise shabd shikshan ke us roop ka ullekh karte hain jo "khatre mein" chhaatron ke liye hain, udahaaran ke liye maisaachusets (Massachusetts)shiksha vibhaag (Department of Education).[3] dvaara paribhaashit

paathyakram

academic anushaasan (academic discipline) jaankaari ke ek shaakha hai jo vishvavidyaalaya, ya kuchh anya aisi vidhi ke dvaara aupachaarik roop se sikhaai jaae (taught) kaaryaatmak roop s vishay aam taur par shaikshik patrikaaon (academic journal) jin mein anusandhaan (research) prakaashit hote hain aur seekhe samaajon (learned societies) jin ke yeh peshaavar sadasya hain, un ke dvaara paribhaashit aur manyit hote hain profesar maanate hain ki schooli shiksha 80% manovaigyaanik, 20% shaareerik prayaas hai.

aamtaur par pratyek anushaasan ke kai up vishay ya shaakhaaen hain aur aksar bhed ki rekhaaen manamaane aur aspasht hoti hain shaikshanik vishyon ka vyaapak kshetron ke udaaharan mein shaamil hai praakrutik vijnyaaanas, ganit, computer vigyaan (computer science), saamaajik vigyaan (social sciences), maanaviki (humanities) aur prayukt vigyaan{[4]

shaikshik moolyaankan

adhyayan roopatmaktaaen

pichhle do dashakon mein shikshan shaili (learning styles) ke kshetr mein bade paimaane par kaarya hua hai dunn aur dunn[5] ne lagbhag usi samay praasangik stimuli ki pahchaan, jo shikshan ko prabhaavit karti hai aur paathashaala ke vaataavaran se chhedchhaad karti hai par dhyaan keindrit kiya jab Joseph reinjulli (Joseph Renzulli)[6] ne badalti shikshan rananeetiyon ki sifaarish ki hauvard gaardanar (Howard Gardner)[7] ne vyaktigat pratibha ya yogyataaon ko apne ekaadhik gyaan (Multiple Intelligences) siddhaant se batalaaya jng (Jung) ke kaamon ke aadhaar par maayars-brigs prakaar soochak (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) aur Keirsey svabhaav saurtar (Keirsey Temperament Sorter)[8] ne yeh samajhne par apna dhyaan keindrit kiya ki kaise logon ke vyaktitv unke baatcheet ke tareeke ko prabhaavit karte hain aur seekhane ke maahaul ke bheetar yeh ek doosare ko kaise prabhaavit karte hain David kolb (David Kolb) aur anthoni grekork (Anthony Gregorc) ke prakaar chitrakaar[9] samaan kintu saraleekrut drushtikon ko maanate hain

aajkal shiksha ko alag alag shikshan vidhiyon mein vibhaajit karna laukik hai shikshan ke taur tareeke[10] shaayad sabse aam hain[11]

  • kinesthetic (Kinesthetic):swayam karmi anubhootit kaarya aur gatividhiyon mein lagne par aadhaarit shikshan
  • chaakshuk (Visual): avlokan par aadhaarit shikshan aur kya seekha ja raha hai yeh dekhna
  • shraavnik (Auditory) : shikshan jo nirdesh / jaankaari sunane par aadhaarit ho

kaha jaata hai ki unke pasandeeda shikshan taur tareeke par aadhaarit, vibhinn shikshan takaneekon ki vibhinn staron se prabhaavasheelata hoti hai[12] is siddhaant ka ek parinaam hai ki kaaragar shikshan vibhinn shaikshik vidhiyaan prastut kare jo sabhi teen shikshan taur tareeke darshaae taaki vidyaartheeyon ke paas apne liye kaaragar shikshan vidhi ka chunaav kar sakein[13]

shikshan

shikshakon ke paas vishyon ko bhali bhaaainti samajhne ki kshamata honi chaahiye taaki veh ek nai peedhi kon us ka saar sanpreshit kar sakein lakshya hai ki ek sudrudh gyaan ka aadhaar sthaapit kiya jaae jis ki aadhaarashila par chhaatr apne jeevan ke alag alag anubhavon ka nirmaan kar sakein peedhi dar peedi gyaan baantana chhaatron ke vikaas mein kaaragar saabit hota hai aur unhein samaaj ke upayogi sadasyon mein viksit hone mein madad karta hai achhe shikshak achha nirnaya, anubhav aur gyaan kon praasangik gyaan mein anuvaadit kar sakte hain jo chhaatr samajh sakein, yaad rakh sakein aur auron kon baaaint sakein ek peshe ke roop mein, shikshan kaarya ke bahut kaarya sambandhit tanaav (WRS) hai[14] jo Britain jaise kuchh deshon mein kisi bhi peshe, ke sarvochch mein soocheebaddh hain. is samasya kon teji se maanyata praapt ho rahi hai aur sahaayak pranaaliyon ki jagah banaayi ja rahi hai[15]

takaneek

takaneek shiksha ke kshetr mein teji se badhta prabhaavashaali kaarak hai.computer aur mobile phone vyaapak roop se viksit deshon mein sthaapit shiksha prathaaon ko poorak karne aur shikshan ke nae tareeke viksit karne jaise online shiksha (online education) (doorasth shiksha ka ek prakaar).yeh kshaatron ko apni pasand ke adhyayan ke chunaav ka avsar deta hai computer ke prachurodbhavan ka arth prograaming aur blogging ki vruddhi bhi hai malteemeediya (Multimedia) sahit, takaneek shaktishaali upakaran pradaan karti hai, jis ki maang hai ki chhaatron kon samjha jaae aur yeh chhaatron ka dhyaan kheenchne ke nae saadhan pradaan karti hai jaise aabhaasi shikshan vaataavaran (Virtual learning environments). takaneek ka prayog na keval prashaasanik kartavyon mein, balki chhaatron ki shiksha mein bhi teji se badh raha hai PowerPoint (PowerPoint) aur interactive whiteboard (interactive whiteboard) kaksha mein chhaatron ka dhyaan kheench raha hai praudyogiki chhaatron ke moolyaankan mein bhi prayog kiya ja raha hai. ek udaaharan ki hai darshakon ki pratikriya pranaali (Audience Response System) (Ars) hai, jo tatkaal pratikriya pareekshanon aur kaksha charcha ko saksham banaata hai

soochana aur sanchaar praudyogiki (ICTs) samvaad karne ke upakaranon aur sansaadhanon ka ek "vividh set hai, jo store, prasaar aur jaankaari ko prabandhit banaane mein upayog kiya jaata hai."[16] in praudyogikiyon mein computer, Internet, prasaaran praudyogikiyon (radio aur television) aur telephone shaamil hain. computer aur Internet shiksha mein kaise aupachaarik aur anaupachaarik aaropan mein sabhi staron par sudhaar kar sakte hain, is vishay mein roochi badh rahi hai[17] puraane soochana aur sanchaar praudyogikeeyaan jaise radio aur television kon doorasth shiksha ke liye chaalees varshon se adhik istemaal kiya gaya hai haalaanki print sabse sasta, sabse adhik sulabh hai aur isliye donon viksit donon aur vikaasasheel deshon mein sabse prabhaavi vitran pranaali hai[18]

vikaasasheel deshon mein computer ka upayog adhik laagat aur seemit avasanrachana ka kaaranavash agar hai bhi to abhi buniyaadi star par hi hai aamtaur par, vibhinn praudyogikiyoain ekamaatr vitran pranaali ki upeksha sanyojan mein upayog ke jaati hain udaaharan ke liye, Kothmale saamudaayik radio Internet Sri Lanka mein ek graameen samudaaya ko soochanaaen saajha karne aur shiksha ke avsar pradaan karne ke liye radio prasaaran aur computer aur Internet praudyogiki donon ka upayog karta hai.[19] United Kingdom (England) ka mukt vishvavidyaalaya (UKOU) 1969 mein duniya mein pehli mukt aur doorasth adhyayan ke liye samarpit sthaapit shiksha sanstha abhi bhi radio, television dvaara poorak bhaari mudran saamagri par nirbhar hai aur haal filhaal varshon mein online programming par[20] isi tarah, Bhaarat mein indira Gandhi raashtreeya mukt vishvavidyaalaya, mudran, abhilikhit audio aur video, radio aur television prasaaran aur audio kaunfreinsing praudyogikiyon[21] ke mel ka upayog karta hai

"computer-assisted learning" (CAL) (computer sahaayataapraapt shikshan) shikshan mein praudyogiki ke upayog ka varnan karne ke liye prayog kiya jaata hai.

itihaas

Italy

ke bolona vishvavidyaalaya (University of Bologna), ka ek chitran

deetar leinjein (Dieter Lenzen), barlin ke mukt vishvavidyaalaya (Freie Universitäat Berlin) ke adhyaksh ke anusaar shiksha ka itihaas ya to laakhon saal pehle yaan fir 1770 ke ant mein aarambh mein shuroo hua shiksha vijnyaaanan shaikshik paranparaaon se alag naheen kiya ja sakta hai jo pehle se hi vidyamaan tha shiksha pauraanik sabhyataaon ke avashesh aur safalta sangharsh ki svaabhaavik pratikriya thi vayaskon ne apne samaaj ke bachchon ko gyaan aur kaushal mein prashikshit kiya jin mein unhein nipunata haasil karni thi aur antat: aage felaana tha sanskruti ka vikaas aur prajaati ke roop mein maanavata sanchaaran ke is abhyaas par nirbhar tha saakshar samaajon se poorv maukhik roop se aur nakal ke maadhyam se haasil kiya gaya tha kahaani kathan ek peedhi se doosari tak jaari rahaamaukhik bhaasha prashn ke likhit prateekon aur patron mein viksit hua. gyaan ki gaharaai aur vistaar jo sanrakshit aur aage failaaya ja sake, us ki jald hi adhik vruddhi hui jab sanchaaran, vyaapaar, bhojan ki vyavastha, dhaarmik prathaaon aadi jaise buniyaadi kaushal se pare, sanskrutiyaaain apne gyaan ka vistaar karne lage aupachaarik shiksha janasamooh aur schooli shiksha, antat: falane lage is sandarbh mein misr mein vidyaalaya shiksha pehle se hi maujood thi 3000 aur 500 isa poorv saalon mein

darshanashaastr

John loke (John Locke) ka kaarya shiksha sambandhit kuchh vichaar (Some Thoughts Concerning Education) 1693 mein likha gaya tha aur abhi bhi pashchimi duniya mein paaramparik shiksha praathamiktaaon ka khulaasa karta hai

shiksha ka darshanashaastr (philosophy of education) shiksha ke uddeshya, prakruti aur aadarsh ke adhyayan saamagri (content) hain sambandhit vishyon mein shaamil hain swayam gyaan (knowledge itself), buddhi ki prakruti ko jaanana (the nature of the knowing mind) aur manushya vishay, praadhikaari ki samasyaaeain aur shiksha aur samaaj ke beech ka rishta.kam se kam Locke (Locke's) ke samay se shikshan ke darshanashaastr ko vikaasaatmak manovijnyaaan (developmental psychology) aur maanav vikaas (human development). ke siddhaanton se joda gaya hai

shiksha ke liye prastaavit maulik uddeshyon mein shaamil hain:

shiksha ke ek keindreeya jadsootr mein aamtaur par shaamil hai "gyaan ka pradaan hona "buniyaadi star par, yeh uddeshya antat: gyaan ki prakruti, mool aur vistaar se sambandh rakhata hai darshanashaastr ki veh shaakha jo in aur in se sambandhit muddon ka vyaakhyaan karti hai use epistemology (epistemology) kahete hai adhyayan ka yeh kshetr aksar prakruti aur gyaan ke vibhinn prakaar ke vishleshan par jor deta hai aur yeh kaise isi tarah ke vichaaron jaise sachchaai (truth) aur vishvaas (belief) se sambandhit hai

jabki shabd gyan adhiktam shiksha ke is saamaanya prayojan ko sanpreshit karne ke liye prayog kiya jaata hai, ise saatatyak chetna ke bhaag ke roop mein dekha ja sakta hai vishisht aankade (data) se uchchatam star tak ke liye.is raushani mein dekhne par, saantatyak mein ativyaapi staron ke ek saamaanya padaanukram ka hona socha ja sakta hai jaankaari ko behtar samajhne aur yaad rakhane ke liye chhaatron mein nai jaankaari ko puraani jaankaari ke tukadon se jodne ki kshamata honi chaahiye is saantatyak mein shaamil ho sakte hain aankade (data), jaankaari (information), gyaan, buddhi (wisdom) aur anubhooti (realization).

aadarsh ya samagr shiksha [seeef: sankalpanaatmak tanaav-samajh aur prabandhan: dau॰ shreenivaas kashaalikr] hai socha samjha vikaasavaadi badlaav jo ek aur sabhi ke samagr svaasthya ka ek saath kalyaan par lakshit ho .is ke liye aavashyakta hai apne shareer ke svasthata ka vikaas, pravrutti ke shodhan, bhaavanaaon ka spashteekaran aur gahan, mati ki samruddhi aur saarvabhaumik ekta ka pariprekshya sanjnyaaanaatmak, bhaavaatmak aur manosanchaalit ke atirikt, uttejana ki poorti bhi aavashyak hai

manovijnyaaan

amareeka ke ek kaksha prayog se yeh saamane aaya ki kam aay vaale parivaaron se chhaatr yadi 3 ya us se adhik saalon ke liye choti kaksha mein upasthit rahe, to un ki uch vidyaalaya se kramaagati ki sambhaavana badh jaati hai[22]

shaikshik manovijnyaaan (Educational psychology) adhyayan hai ki kaise maanav shaikshik vaataavaran mein seekhata hai, shaikshik hastakshepon ki prabhaavasheelata, shikshan ke manovijnyaaan aur vidyaalayas ke roop mein sangathan ka saamaajik manovijnyaaan (social psychology) haalaanki shabd "shaikshik manovijnyaaan" aur "school manovijnyaaan" ka prayog aksar aapas mein badal diya jaata hai, sambhaavana hai ki shodhakarta aur kalpanaatmak shaikshik manovaijnyaaanikon ke roop mein pahachaane jaaeain, jabki paathashaala ya paathashaala sambandhit vaataavaran mein karmi school manovijnyaaani (school psychologist) ke naam se jaane jaate hain shaikshik manovijnyaaan saamaanya evam up janasankhya mein shiksha praapti ki prakriyaaon jaise guni (gifted) aur bachche jin mein vishesh viklaangataaen (disabilities). ho se sambandhit hai

shaikshik manovijnyaaan aanshik roop se anya vishyon ke saath apne sambandhon ke sandarbh se samjha ja sakta haiyah mukhya roop se davaai aur jeev vigyaan. se anuroopi sambandhit manovijnyaaan se soochit kiya jaata hai shaikshik manovijnyaaan aage shaikshik adhyayan mein anudeshaatmak design (instructional design), shaikshik praudyogiki (educational technology), paathyakram vikaas, sangathanaatmak seekhane (organizational learning), vishesh shiksha (special education) aur kaksha prabandhan (classroom management). sahit vishishtataaon ki ek vistrut shrrunkhala ko soochit karta hai shaikshik manovijnyaaan sanjnyaaanaatmak vigyaan (cognitive science) aur vigyaan shikshan (learning sciences). se seekhata bhi hai aur un mein yogadaan bhi deta hai vishvavidyaalayon mein shaikshik manovijnyaaan ke vibhaag aam taur par shiksha ke sankaayon ke bheetar, sanbhavat: parichyaatmak manovijnyaaan paathyapustakon mein shaikshik manovijnyaaan saamagri (lukaas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006) ke pratinidhitv ke abhaav ke liye lekhaankan karte hain.

shiksha ka aarthik prabhaav

hdfliuh॑eb fyuerlfheriup bo;ifu[A'r ferou; hai ki shiksha ke uch star, aarthik vikaas ke uchch star ki praapti ke liye anivaarya hai[23] siddhaant mein yeh maana jaata hai ki gareeb desh ameer deshon ki tulana mein adhik teji se badhte hai kyonki veh Aamir deshon dvaara pehle se hi parakhi hui agrani takaneek ko aasaani se apna sakte hain kintu arthashaastriyon ka yeh kehna hai ki agar vishv ke sabse Aamir aur gareeb deshon mein shiksha ke star mein bahut antar ho, to takaneek jo arthavyavastha ki badhat ko teevr karti hai, ke aadaan pradaan mein bahut mushkilein aaeaingi aur isi kaaranavash duniya ke sab se gareeb arthavyavasthaaen sthir hi rah jaayeingi

shiksha ka samaajashaastr

roos mein Europe ke kisi bhi anya desh se adhik shaikshik snaatak hai.

shiksha ka samaajashaastr (sociology of education) veh adhyayan hai jo bataaye ki kaise saamaajik sansthaayein sena shaikshik prakriyaaon aur parinaamon ko prabhaavit karti hai aur shaikshik pratikriyaaen saamaajit sansthaaon aur sena ko prabaavit karte hain bahut log shiksha ko veh maadhyam maanate hain jis ke dvaara akshamata par kaaboo paaya ja sake aur sabhi ke liye adhik samaanata, dhan aur darja paaya ja sake shikshaarthiyon ko pragati aur behatari ki aakaankshaaon se prerit kiya ja sakta hai. shiksha us jagah ko maana jaata hai jahaaain bachche apni yogyata aur sanbhaavya ke anusaar viksit ho sakein[24] shiksha ka uddeshya apni poori kshamata ke liye har vyakti ko viksit karne ke liye kiya ja sakta hai.istamaal kiye gaye samaajashaastreeya pratimaan (sociological paradigm) ke anusaar shaikshik samaajeekaran (socialization) prakriyaaon ke lakshya aur matlab ki samajh

vikaasasheel deshon mein shiksha

vishv ka shiksha soochakaank sanket naksha (2007 / 2008 ke anusaar maanav vikaas report (Human Development Report))

kuchh vikaasasheel deshon mein, samasyaaon ki sankhya aur gambheerta svaabhaavik roop se adhik hain.adhik sudoor ya krushi kshetron mein log kabhi kabhi shiksha ke mahatva se anajaan rah jaate hainkai deshon mein ek sakriya shiksha mantraalaya (Ministry of Education) aur videshi bhaasha seekhane jaise kai vishyon, mein, shiksha ki degree vaastav mein audyogeekrut deshon se tulanaatmak adhik uch hai; udaaharan ke liye, bahut se vikaasasheel deshon mein chhaatron ke liye yeh asaamaanya naheen hai ki veh yathochit kai videshi bhaashaaon mein nipun ho, jabki viksit deshon mein yeh ek durlabh vastu hai jahaaain adhiktan janasainkhya ek hi bhaasha ka uchaaran karne mein saksham hain

veh maata pita jo shiksha ke kisi bhi deerghakaalik laabh ki upeksha alpaavadhi mein bachchon se paisa banaane ki ummeed karte hai, un ke kaaranavash aarthik dabaav hota hai baal shram aur gareebi par filhaali adhyayan yeh darshaate hai ki jab gareeb parivaar buniyaadi jarooraton ki poorti ki ek nishchit seema pahuainch jaae to maata pita apne bachchon ko paathashaala mein daakhil kar dete hain ek baar dahaleej paar kar di gayi to yeh paaya gaya hai ki yeh ek sachchaai hai, baavajood iske ki is beech isi baal shram ke sambhaavit aarthik moolya mein vruddhi hui hai anya samaan vyavasaayon (profession) ke apaksha shikshakon ko kam bhugataan milta hai

apekshaakrut uchch janasankhya ghanatv vaale deshon mein achhe vishvavidyaalayon ki kami aur achhe vishvavidyaalayon mein sveekruti dar ki kami spasht hai.kuchh deshon mein saamaanya, atyadhik sanchaarit, atal keindreekrut kaaryakram hai jo shikshan ke sabhi pahaluon ko niyantrit karte hain

  • vaishveekaran (globalization) ke kaaran paathayakram gatividhiyon mein chhaatron par dabaav badha
  • shiksha ke aashurachana ke liye chhaatron ke ek nishchit pratishat ko (aamtaur par schoolon mein, 10 veen kaksha ke baad) hataana

Bhaarat aisi praudyogikiyon ko viksit kar raha hai jis mein telephone aur intaranet leenon ki aavashyakta nahi rahegi iske bajaay, Bhaarat ne edusait (EDUSAT) naamak, ek shiksha upagrah ka shubhaaranbh kiya jis ki pahuainch bahut kam keemat par desh ke adhiktan bhaag mein hogi MIT ke ek samooh ne kai pramukh nigmon ki madad dvaara 100 dollar ka laptop ($100 laptop$) viksit karne ka beda uthaaya hai yeh laptop 2006 ke ant ya 2007 tak upalabdh ho jaane chaahiye keemat par beche jaane vaale laptop vikaasasheel deshon mein bachchon ko ek digital shiksha ka avsar pradaan karega aur duniya mein dijeetal vibhaajan ko rok dega

Africa mein NEPAD (NEPAD) ne e-school kaaryakram (e-school programme) ki sanrachana curry jis ke tahet sabhi 600,000 praathamik aur uchch vidyaalayon ko agale 10 saalon mein computer upakaran, shikshan saamagri aur intaranet upayog pradaan hoga The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), jaise niji samooh satat shiksha kosh (Perpetual Education Fund) jaise kaaryakramon ke maadhyam se pragatisheel deshon mein adhik vyaktiyon ki shiksha praapti ki or kaam kar rahe hain ameriki raashtrapati bill Clinton ke samarthan ke saath shuroo nabuur.com naamak antarraashtreeya vikaas agency Internet ka upayog pariyojana saamaajik vikaas ke muddon par vyaktiyon dvaara sahayog mein maddad karta hai

antararaashtreeyakaran

shiksha sahi maayane mein antararaashtreeya banta ja raha hai. na keval saamagri antararaashtreeya maahaul se prabhaavit ho rahi hain, lekin sabhi staron par chhaatron mein aadaan pradaan ek mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibha rahi hai udaaharan ke liye Europe ka sukaraat-iraasmas kaaryakram Europeeya vishvavidyaalayon mein aadaan pradaan ko badhaava deta hai soros sansthaan madhya Asia aur poorvi Europe ke kai chhaatron ko anek avsar pradaan karta hai. bina paravaah kiye ke ek pranaali doosari se behtar hai yaan naheen, kuchh vidvaan yeh bahas karte hain ki shiksha ke ek alag anubhav ko antararaashtreeya shikshan ka sabse mehetvapoorn sushobhana tattv maana ja sakta hai[25]

ise bhi dekhein


sandarbh

  1. ↑ shikshan - mariam vebastar online shabdakosh se paribhaasha
  2. ↑ yoonesko, shiksha sabhi ko liye - mauneetaring report 2008, praathamik shiksha ka net naamaankan dar
  3. ↑ maisaachusets ke shiksha vibhaag ki vaikalpik shiksha ki paribhaasha
  4. ↑ vishyon ka udaaharan ...
  5. ↑ dunn aur dunn
  6. ↑ reinjulli ka jeevani lekhak
  7. ↑ Thomas Armstrong ki website ekaadhik samajhon ka vistruteekaran
  8. ↑ kirseya web site
  9. ↑ chitrakaar prakaar vivran
  10. ↑ svassing, r. h., barbe, va. bi., & milone, m. na. (1979). svassing - barbe roopaatmakata soochakaank: jner - bloser soochakaank kit .kolanbas, O h : jner - bloser .
  11. ↑ seekhane ki vividh vidhiyaan
  12. ↑ Barbe, W. B., & Swassing, R. H., with M. N. Milone.(1979). saadhan taakat ke maadhyam se adhyaapan: avdhaarnaaen aur prathaaen .kolanbas, O h : jner - bloser .
  13. ↑ leerning karve website se roopaatmakata ankan seekhana
  14. ↑ shikshan mein kaarya sambandhit tanaav
  15. ↑ England end vels ke liye adhyaapak sahaayata
  16. ↑
  17. ↑ shiksha mein ICT (soochana aur sanchaar praudyogiki)
  18. ↑
  19. ↑
  20. ↑ United Kingdom (England) ka khula vishvavidyaalaya aadhikaarik website
  21. ↑ indira Gandhi raashtreeya mukt vishvavidyaalaya aadhikaarik website
  22. ↑ fin, J . di ., gerber, s . bi ., boyd - jhaarias, J 2005).praarambhik varshon mein choti kakshaaen, shaikshanik upalabdhiyaan aur uch vidyaalaya se kramaagati shaikshik manovijnyaaan patrika, 97 , 214 - 233 .
  23. ↑ hanushek, aarthik parinaam aur paathashaala gunavatta
  24. ↑ schofiyeld, k . (1999)."shiksha ke prayojan ", kveensalaind raajya shiksha: 2010, [online] URL: www.aspa.asn.au / dastaavej / eqfinalc.PDF [October 28, 2002 ko pravesh]
  25. ↑ Dubois, H.F.W., Padovano, G., & Stew, G. (2006) antararaashtreeya nurse prashikshan mein sudhaar: ek ameriki-itaalavi maamale ka adhyayan. antararaashtreeya nursing ki sameeksha, 53(2): 110-116.

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