shareerarachana-vigyaan

shaareeriki, shaareer ya shareerarachana-vigyaan (angreji:Anatomy), jeev vigyaan aur aayurvigyaan ki ek shaakha hai jiske antargat kisi jeevit (chal ya achal) vastu ka vichhedan kar, uske ang pratyang ki rachana ka adhyayan kiya jaata hai. achal mein vanaspatijgat tatha chal mein praaneejagat ka samaavesh hota hai aur vanaspati aur praani ke sandarbh mein ise kramash: paadap shaareeriki aur jeev shaareeriki kaha jaata hai. jab kisi vishesh praani athva vanaspati ki shareerarachana ka adhyayan kiya jaata hai, tab ise vishesh shaareeriki (angreji:Special Anatomy) adhyayan kehte hain. jab kisi praani ya vanaspati ki shareerarachana ki tulana kisi doosare praani athva vanaspati ki shareerarachana se ki jaati hai us sthiti mein yeh adhyayan tulanaatmak shaareeriki (angreji:Comparative Anatomy) kahalaata hai. jab kisi praani ke angon ki rachana ka adhyayan kiya jaata hai, tab yeh aangik shaareeriki (angreji:Regional Anatomy) kahalaati hai.

vyaavahaarik ya laukik drushti se maanav shareerarachana ka adhyayan atyant hi mahatvapoorn hai. ek chikitsak ko shareerarachana ka adhyayan kai drushti se karna hota hai, jaise roop, sthiti, aakaar evam anya rachanaaon se sambandh.

aakaarikeeya shareerarachana vigyaan (Morphological Anatomy) ki drushti se maanavashareer ke bheetar angon ki utpatti ke kaaranon ka gyaan, anveshan ka vishay ban gaya hai. is gyaan ki vruddhi ke liye bhroonavijnyaaan (Embryology), jeevavikaas vigyaan, jaativikaas vigyaan evam ootak vigyaan (Histo-anatomy) ka adhyayan aavashyak hai.

svasth maanav shareer ki rachana ka adhyayan nimn bhaagon mein kiya jaata hai:

1. chikitsaashaastreeya shareerarachana vigyaan,

2. shalyachikitsa shareerarachana vigyaan (Surgical Anatomy),

3. stri shareer vishesh rachana vigyaan,

4. dharaataleeya shareerarachana vigyaan (surface Anatomy),

5. sookshmadarsheeya shareerarachana vigyaan (Microscopic Anatomy) tatha

6. bhroon shareerarachana vigyaan (Embryology).

vikrut angon ki rachana ke gyaan ko vikrut shareerarachanaavijnyaaan (Pathological Anatomy) kehte hain.

maanav ki vibhinn prajaatiyon ki shareerarachana ka jab tulanaatmak adhyayan kiya jaata hai, tab maanavavijnyaaan (Anthropology) ka sahaara liya jaata hai. aajkal shareerarachana ka adhyayan sarvaangi (systemic) vidhi se kiya jaata hai.

isa se 1,000 varsh poorv maharshi sushrut ne shavachhed kar shareerarachana ka paryaapt varnan kiya tha. dheere-dheere yeh gyaan arab aur yoonaan hota hua Europe mein pahuaincha aur vahaaain par iska bahut vistaar evam unnati hui. shav ki sanraksha ke saadhan, sookshmadarshi, aiksare aadi ke upalabdh hone par shareerarachana vigyaan ka adhyayan adhik sookshm evam vistrut ho gaya hai. shareer rachana ki sabse chhoti ikaai koshika hai. bahut si koshikaaeain milkar ootak bante hain; ek ya anek prakaar ke ootakon se ang bante hain; kai ang milkar ek tantr banaate hain. shareer kai tantron ka samooh hai.

shareer ka nirmaan karanevaale jeevit ekak (unit) ko koshika (cell) kehte hain. yeh sookshmadarshi se dekhi ja sakti hai. koshika ek svachh lasalase ras se, jise jeevadravya kehte hain, bhari rahati hai. koshika ko chaaron or se gheranevaali kala ko koshika bhitti kehte hain. koshika ke kendra mein nyookliys rahata hai, jo koshika par niyantran karta hai. koshika ke jeevit hone ka lakshan yahi hai ki usamein abhikriya, shakti, ekeekaran shakti, vruddhi, visrjan shakti tatha utpaadan shakti, upasthit rahe. shareer ka svaasthya koshikaaon ke svaasthya par nirbhar karta hai. kaaryanusaar koshikaaeain apna aakaar ityaadi parivrtit kar, bhinn bhinn vargon mein vibhaajit hoti hain, jaise tantrika koshika, asthi koshika, peshi koshika aadi.

ek prakaar ki aakruti evam kaarya karanevaali koshikaaeain milkar, ek vishesh prakaar ke ootak ka nirmaan karti hain. ootak (Tissues) mukhyat: paaainch prakaar ke hote hain :

(1) upakala,

(2) sanyoji ootak,

(3) skeleras ootak,

(4) peshi ootak tatha

(5) tantrika ootak.

vistrut vivran ke liye ootak dekhiye.

shareer ka nirmaan nimnalikhit tantron dvaara hota hai :

(1) asthi tantr,

(2) sandhi tantr,

(3) peshi tantr,

(4) rudhir parivhan tantr,

(5) aashay tantr :

• (k) shvasan tantr,

• (kh) paachan tantr,

• (g) mool evam janan tantr,

(6) tantrika tantr tatha

(7) jnyaaaneindriya tantr.

vistrut vivran ke liye shareer ke tantr dekhiye.

shareerashaastr ki yeh mahatvapoorn shaakha hai aur shalya chikitsa tatha rog nidaan mein atyant sahaayak hoti hai. isi se gyaat hota hai ki daahini dasavi parshuka ke kaartilej ke neeche pittaashaya rahata hai; ya hrudaya ka sheersh (apex) 5veen antaraparshuka se sata, shareer ki madhya rekha se 9 semi. baain or hota hai; athva bhagaasthi, tyoobarakal se 1 semi. oopar hoti hai tatha 1 semi. paarshrv mein baahya udari mudrika chhidr rahata hai. shareer mein sthit jahaaain bindu tvacha par pahachaane ja sakte hain, vahaaain se tvacha ke ant: sthit angon ko tvacha par kheenchakar, us sthaan par kaatne par vahi ang hamein milna chaahiye.

isi prakaar is shaastr ko adhyayan karne ki ek aur vidhi hai jismein ex-re se sahaayata lete hain. ise rediyoleejikl anaitomi kehte hain. asthiyon ke atirikt ab dhamaniyon, vrukk, mootraashaya aadi anek angon ki rachana tatha sthiti ka adhyayan isse karte hain. isse angon ki vaastavik rachana tatha vikrut rachana donon ka gyaan praapt hota hai.

• ang tantr
• shareer ke tantr
• shareerakriya vigyaan
• maanav shareer

• maanav shareer rachana (Google pustak)
• Online anatomy atlas
• Get Body Smart
• Anatomy Atlases — a digital library of anatomy information
• Anatomia 1522–1867: Anatomical Plates from the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
• Anatomy of the Human Body Gray, Henry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918
• High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases
• Anatomy Mnemonics Mnemonics in Anatomy.
• Anatomy in the 16th century studies and digitized texts by the BIUM (Bibliothèaque interuniversitaire de méadecine et d'odontologie, Paris) see its digital library Medic@.
• 19th Century Anatomy Lesson Animated dissection following Gray's Anatomy