sarpagandha
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raaulafiya sarpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz[1] |
sarpagandha eposaainesi parivaar ka dvibeejapatri, bahuvarsheeya jhaadeedaar sapushpak aur mahatvapoorn
sarpagandha mein risaarpin tatha raaulafin naamak upakshaar paaya jaata hai. sarpagandha ke naam se gyaat hota hai ki yeh sarp ke kaatne par dava ke naam par prayog mein aata hai. sarp kaatne ke alaava ise
do-teen saal puraane paudhe ki jad ko ukhaad kar sookhe sthaan par rakhate hai, isse jo davaaeain nirmit hoti hain, unka upayog uchch raktachaap, garbhaashaya ki deevaar mein sankuchan ke upachaar mein karte hain. iski patti ke ras ko nichod kar aaainkh mein dava ke roop mein prayog kiya jaata hai. iska upayog mastishk ke liye aushadhi banaane ke kaam aata hai. anidra, histeeriya aur maanasik tanaav ko door karne mein sarpagandha ki jad ka ras, kaafi upayogi hai. iski jad ka choorn pet ke liye kaafi laabhadaayak hai. isse pet ke andar ki krumi khatm ho jaati hai.
anukram
sarpagandha ka itihaas
sarpagandha ka roochikr itihaas[4] hai. paudhe ka varnan charak (1000-800 i0poo0) ne sanskrut naam sarpagandha ke tahat sarpadansh tatha keetadansh ke upachaar hetu laabhaprad vishnaashak ke rup mein kiya hai. sarpagandha se judi anek kathaayein hain. aisi hi ek katha ke anusaar kobara sarp (cobra snake) se yuddh ke poorv nevala (mongoose) sarpagandha ki pattiyon ko choosakar taakat praapt karta hai. doosari katha ke anusaar sarpadansh mein sarpagandha ki taaja PC hui pattiyon ko paanv ke talave ke neeche lagaane se aaraam milta hai. ek anya katha ke anusaar paagal vyakti dvaara sarpagandha ki jadon ke upabhog se paagalapan se mukti mil jaati hai. isi kaaran se Bhaarat mein sarpagandha ko paagal-ki-dava ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai.
sarpagandha ke naamakaran ko lekar bhi vibhinn mat hain. ek aise hi mat ke anusaar is vanaspati ka naam sarpagandha isliye pada kyonki sarp is vanaspati ki gandh paakar door bhaag jaate hain. doosare mat ke anusaar choonki sarpagandha ki jade sarp ki tarah lambi tatha tedhi-medhi hoti hain isliye iska naam sarpagandha pada hai. lekin ukt donon mat bhraamak tatha tathyaheen hain. paudhe ka naam sarpagandha isliye pada hai kyonki praacheen kaal mein vishesh taur par iska upayog sarpadansh ke upachaar mein vishnaashak ke rup mein hota tha. satrahaveen shataabdi mein french vanaspatishaastri ploomiyrs (Plumiers) ne sarpagandha ka jenerik naam raaolfiya, solahaveen shataabdi ke aagasbarg (Augsburg) Germany ke prakhyaat fijishiyn, vanaspatishaastri, yaatri tatha lekhak liyonaard raaolf (Leonard Rauwolf) ke sammaan mein diya tha.
angrej ramfiys (Rumphius) ne sarpagandha ke vishay mein likha hai ki Bhaarat tatha jaava (indoneshiya) mein is paudhe ka upayog sabhi prakaar ke vishon ko nishkriya karne ke liye kiya jaata tha. ise aantarik rup mein ark tatha baahya rup mein jadon tatha pattiyon se taiyaar plaastar ke roop mein edi tatha pauv mein lagaaya jaata tha. sarpadansh ke upachaar ki yeh bahumoolya aushadhi thi tatha kobara jaise vishaile sarp ke vish ko bhi prabhaavaheen kar deti thi. sarpagandha ka aantarik upayog jvar, haija (cholera) tatha atisaar (dysentery) ke upachaar hetu kiya jaata tha. pattiyon ke ras ka upayog motiyaabind (cataract) ke upachaar mein bhi hota tha.
angrej ramfiys ke anusaar sarpagandha vahi paudha hai jiska sevan kar nevala vishaile sarp dvaara kaate jaane par bhi apne praanon ki raksha kar leta hai. esiyaatik society of Bengal ke sansthaapak sar William jons (Sir William Jones) ne bhi sarpagandha ke vishay mein kuchh aise hi varnan kiye hain. bhaarateeya vanaspatishaastr ke pita Williams raaksabargh (William Roxburgh) ke anusaar 'telinga fijishiyn' (vaidya) sarpagandha ka upayog jvaranaashak, vishnaashak tatha bachche ke janm ke dauraan visham paristhitiyon mein kiya karte the.
sarpagandha ki visheshataaen
sarpagandha ek chhota chamakeela, sadaabahaar, bahuvarsheeya jhaadeenuma paudha hai jiski jade mruda mein gaharaai tak jaati hai. jade tedhi-medhi tatha kareeb 18-20 inch lambi hoti hai. jad ki chhaal dhoosarit peele rang ki hoti hai. paudhe ki chhaal ka rang peela hota hai. pattiyaan guchhedaar, 3-7 inch lambi, lens ki aakaar ki tatha danthalayukt hoti hain. pattiyaan oopar ki or gaadhe hare rang ki tatha neeche halke rang ki hoti hai. pushp aamtaur se sheet ritu ke November-December maah mein prakat hote hain. fal drayoop prakaar ke tatha chhote maansal ek ya do-do mein jude hue hote hain. hare fal pakane par baingani kaale rang ke ho jaate hain.
vitran kshetr evam paaristhitiki
sarpagandha ushnakatibandheeya himaalaya (Tropical Himalaya) tatha himaalaya ke nichle pradeshon mein sarahind se poorv mein sikkim tak vitrit hai. yeh vanaspati asam raajya mein bhi paayi jaata hai. praayadveepeeya Bhaarat mein sarpagandha pashchimi tat ke kinaare paaya jaata hai. yeh andamaan tatha nikobaar dweep samooh mein bhi paaya jaata hai.
sarpagandha Asia mahaadveep mein Bhaarat ke atirikt Sri Lanka, myanamaar, Malaysia, indoneshiya, cheen tatha Japan mein bhi vitrit hai. Asia mahaadveep ke atirikt sarpagandha dakshin America tatha afrika mahaadveepon mein bhi paaya jaata hai.
sarpagandha aamtaur se jeevaansh sampann amleeya balui domat (sandy loam) tatha cheeka domat (clayey loam) mruda jiska pee0echa0 maan 6.5 se 8.5 ke beech ho, mein safalataapoorvak ugata hai. yeh aamtaur se ushnakatibandheeya (Tropical) tatha upaushn- katibandheeya (Sub-tropical) jalavaayu mein paaya jaata hai jismein June se August ke beech monsoon maheenon mein bhaari varsha hoti hai. is vanaspati ki vruddhi ke liye 10 se 38 degree celcius ke beech ka taapamaan aadarsh hota hai. sarpagandha aamtaur se nam tatha chhaayaadaar sthaan pasand karta hai lekin jal-jamaav ke prati samvedansheel hota hai. bahuvarsheeyasarpagandha ki pattiyaan uttar Bhaarat mein sheet ritu (shushk mausam) mein jhad jaati hai.
sarpagandha ke aushadheeya gun
sarpagandha ke aushadheeya gun mukhyat: paudhe ki jadon (roots) mein paaye jaate hain. sarpagandha ki jad mein 55 se bhi jyaada kshaar paaye jaate hain. lagbhag 80 pratishat kshaar jadon ki chhaal mein kendrit hote hain. paudhe ki jadon mein sampoorn kshaar ki maatra 0.8 - 1.3 pratishat tak rahati hai. sarpagandha ke kshaaron ko do samoohon mein baaainta gaya hai- (i) ejameleen samooh tatha (ii) sarpenteen samooh.
ejameleen samooh ke antargat ejameleen (Ajmaline), ejamelelineen (Ajmalinine) tatha ejameleeseen (Ajmalicine) aate hain. jabki sarpenteen samooh ke antargat sarpenteen (Serpentine) tatha sarpenteeneen (Serpentinine) aate hain. anya mein resarpeen (Reserpine), reseenaameen (Rescinnamine) yoheemabeen (Yohimbine), sarpaajeen (Sarpagine) tatha rookaafreeseen (Raucaffricine) jaise kshaar aate hain jismein sabse mahatvapoorn resarpeen hota hai. at: ab sarpagandha ke kshaaron ko teen shreniyon mein baanta ja sakta hai-
(i) gahre-peet varn ke chaturthak enahaaidroniym samaakshaar (deep-yellow coloured quaternary anhydronium bases), (ii) madhya prabal indoleen kshaar (the intermediate strong indoline alkaloids) tatha (iii) kamjor samaakshaareeya indol kshaar (weak basic indole alkaloids). ant ki do shreniyaan varnaheen hoti hain.
sarpagandha ke paudhein ki jadon mein upasthit ajameleen, sarpenteen tatha sarpenteeneen kshaar kendreeya vaat naadi sansthaan ko uttejit karte hain. ismein sarpenteen adhik prabhaavashaali hota hai. ukt teen kshaaron sahit anya sabhi kshaar tatha madyasaareeya satv (alcoholic extracts) mein shaamak tatha nidraakar (hypnotic) gun hote hain. kuchh kshaar hrudaya, raktavaahini tatha raktavaahini niyantrak kendra ke liye avasaadak (depressant) hote hain.
resarpeen kshaar auron ki apeksha adhik kaaryakaari hota hai. yeh naadi kandon mein avarodh (ganglionic blockade) utpann naheen karta varan aisa aabhaas hota hai ki raktachaap (hyperpiesis) ko kam karne ka iska prabhaav kuchh ansh mein svatantr naadi sansthaan ke kendreeya nirodh (Central inhibition of sympathetic nervous system) ke kaaran hota hai.
sarpagandha ki jadon mein kshaaron ke atirikt oliyoresin, steraal (sarposteraal), asantrupt elakohals, olik esid, fyoomerik esid, glookoj, sukaroj, aakseemeethaailaenthraakyoonon (oxymethylantheraquinone) evam khanij lavan bhi paaye jaate hain. in sab mein oliyoresin kaaryiki rup se sakriya hota hai tatha aushadhi ke shaamak (sedative) kaarravaai ke liye uttaradaayi hota hai.
sarpagandha ke aushadheeya upayog
sarpagandha ki jade tikt paushtik, jvarahar, nidraakar, shaamak, garbhaashaya uttejak tatha vishhar hoti hain. Bhaarat mein praacheen kaal mein sarpagandha ki jadon ka upayog prabhaavi vishnaashak ke roop mein sarpadansh tatha keetadansh ke upachaar mein hota tha. Malaysia tatha indoneshiya ke ushn-katibandheeya ghane vanon mein nivaas karne waali janajaatiyaan aaj bhi sarpagandha ka upayog keetadansh, sarpadansh tatha bichhoodansh ke upachaar mein karti hain. paaramparik chikitsa paddhati mein sarpagandha ki jadon ka upayog uchch-raktachaap, jvar, vaataatisaar, atisaar, anidra, udarashool, haija aadi ke upachaar mein hota hai. iska upayog vaataatisaar evam haija mein ishvar mool ke saath, udarashool mein jangali arand ke saath, atisaar mein kutaj ke saath tatha jvar mein mirich tatha chiraayata ke saath kiya jaata hai.
jad ka ras athva ark uchch-raktachaap ki bahumoolya aushadhi hai. jadon ke ark ka upayog fode-funsiyon (pimples & boils) ke upachaar mein bhi hota hai. jadon ka ark prasav peeda ke dauraan bachche ke janm ko sulabh banaane hetu (bachchedaani ke sankuchan ko badhaane ke liye) diya jaata hai. jadon ke ark ka prayog histeereeya (hysteria) tatha mirgi (epilepsy) ke upachaar mein bhi hota hai. iske atirikt, ghabaraahat tatha paagalapan (insanity) ke upachaar mein bhi sarpagandha ki jadon ka prayog kiya jaata hai.
sarpagandha ki pattiyon ka ras netr jyoti badhaane hetu prayog kiya jaata hai. sarpagandha ka prayog tvacha bimaariyaan jaise soresis (psoriasis) tatha khujali (itching) ke upachaar mein bhi kiya jaata hai. paramparaagat rup se auratein sarpagandha ka prayog rote hue bachchon ko sulaane hetu bhi karti hain. aadhunik chikitsa paddhati (elopaith) mein jadon se nirmit aushadhiyon ka upayog uchch-raktachaap ko kam karne tatha svaapak ke rup mein anidra ke upachaar mein kiya jaata hai.
iske atirikt atichinta rog (hypochondria) tatha anya prakaar ke maanasik vikaaron ke upachaar mein bhi kiya jaata hai. sarpagandha se nirmit aushadhiyon ka prayog elopaith mein tantrikaamanorog neuropsychiatrics) vruddhaavastha se sanbaddharog (bishaili kanthamaala, enjaaina pektoris tatha teevr athva aniyamit hrudaya kaarravaai), maasikdharm molinimiya (menstrual molinimia) evam rajanovrutti sindrom (menopausal syndrome) ke upachaar mein kiya jaata hai.
sarpagandha ki ghatati janasankhya ke kaaran
sarpagandha ki ghatati janasankhya ke bahut se kaaran hai jinmein atishoshan, kamjor punarjanan kshamata, badhti janasankhya ke kaaran krushi kshetrafal mein vistaar, vanavinaash, keetanaashakon tatha khar-patavaaranaashakon ka andhaadhundh prayog tatha shahareekaran pramukh hain. aushadheeya tatha vaanijyik upayog hetu atishoshan sarpagandha ki ghatati janasankhya ka pramukh kaaran hai. choonki sarpagandha ke aushadheeya gun jadon mein maujood hote hain isliye jadon ki praapti hetu sampoorn paudhe ko nasht karna padta hai kyonki paudhe ko bagair nasht kiye jadon ki praapti naheen ki ja sakti hai. yahi kamjori sarpagandha ki nirntar girti janasankhya ka ek pramukh kaaran hai.
badhti maanav janasankhya ke kaaran krushi kshetrafal mein vistaar ke falasvarup sarpagandha ke praakrutik aavaas nasht ho kar krushi yogya bhoomi mein parivrtit ho gaye hain. isi prakaar shahareekaran ke parinaamasvarup bhi sarpagandha ke praakrutik aavaas ko kshati pahuainchi hai jiske kaaran is aushadheeya mahatva ke paudhe ki janasankhya mein giraavat aayi hai. aadhunik krushi mein khar-patavaaranaashakon ke andhaadhundh prayog ke kaaran vaanchhit khar-patavaaron ke saath-saath sarpagandha ke bhi paudhe nasht ho jaate hain.
isi prakaar keetanaashakon ke andhaadhundh prayog ke kaaran paraagan ko badhaava dene vaale upayogi keet bhi nasht ho jaate hain jisse paraagan ki prakriya prabhaavit hoti hai parinaamasvarup is keet paraagit paudhe ki prajanan kshamata par vipreet prabhaav padta hai. paaramparik roop se up-himaalaya kshetr ke van sarpagandha vanaspati ke bhandaar rahe hain lekin in kshetron mein vruhad paimaane par vanon ki kataai ke kaaran van kshetrafal mein abhootapoorv kami aayi hai jisse sarpagandha bhi prabhaavit hua hai.
sarpagandha ka sanrakshan
choonki sarpagandha ek mahatvapoorn aushadheeya vanaspati hai at: iska sanrakshan aaj samay ki sabse badi aavashyakta hai. yathaasthal sanrakshan (In situ conservation) tatha bahi: sthal sanrakshan (Ex situ conservation) vidhiyon ko apnaakar desh mein sankatagrast sarpagandha ko sanrakshan pradaan kiya ja sakta hain. yathaasthal sanrakshan mein sarpagandha ke praakrutik aavaas ka sanrakshan ati aavashyak hai jisse iske praakrutik aavaas ko sikudne se roka ja sake.
sarpagandha ke praakrutik aavaason ko jeen abhyaaranya (Gene Sanctuary) mein parivrtit karne ki aavashyakta hai. praakrutik aavaas ka sanrakshan tatha uddhaar sarpagandha ko svat: hi sanrakshan pradaan karega. bahi: sthal sanrakshan ke antargat sarpagandha ko uske praakrutik aavaas ke baahar surakshit sthaan par maanav suraksha mein vruhad paimaane par ugaane ki aavashyakta hai jisse paudhe ko vistaar tatha sanrakshan mil sake. bahi:sthal sanrakshan ke tahat sarpagandha ka sanrakshan jeen bank (gene bank) mein jananadravya (germplasm) ke rup mein bhi aavashyak hai.
is bahumoolya vanaspati ko vistaarit karne ke liye jaiv-praudyogiki ke antargat ootak sanvarddhan (tissue culture) jaisi aadhunik takaneek ka upayog sarpagandha ke sanrakshan hetu samay ki aavashyakta hai. Bhaarat jaise krushi pradhaan desh mein sarpagandha ki kheti hetu kisaanon ko prerit tatha protsaahit karne ki bhi aavashyakta hai. sarpagandha ki kheti se na sirf iske sanrakshan mein sahaayata milegi apitu kisaan isse aarthik laabh bhi kama sakeinge.
sandarbh
- ↑ "Module 11: Ayurvedic". http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/syllabus/module11.htm. abhigman tithi: 2008-02-11.
- ↑ "pils faur meintal ilanes=" (angreji mein) (echateeemael). time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,857672,00.html. abhigman tithi: 2009.
- ↑ "aushadheeya paudhe >> >> sarpagandha" (jeesapi). deal. http://opaals.iitk.ac.in/deal/embed.jsp?url=crops-type.jsp&url2=116&url3=&url4=%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87&url5=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE&url6=HI. abhigman tithi: 2009.
- ↑ Bhaarat mein sankatagrast bahumoolya aushadheeya vanaspati sarpagandha
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