sapushpak paudha

kamal

beej paida karanevaale paudhe do prakaar ke hote hain: nagn ya vivrutabeeji tatha band ya sanvrutabeeji. sapushpak, sanvrutabeeji, ya aavrutabeeji (flowering plants ya angiosperms ya Angiospermae ya Magnoliophyta, Magnoliophyta, maignoliofaaita) ek bahut hi bruhat aur sarvayaapi upavarg hai. is upavarg ke paudhon ke sabhi sadasyon mein pushp lagte hain, jinse beej fal ke andar dhaki hui avastha mein bante hain. ye vanaspati jagat ke sabse viksit paudhe hain. manushyon ke liye yeh upavarg atyant upayogi hai. beej ke andar ek ya do dal hote hain. is aadhaar par inhein ekabeejapatri aur dvibeejapatri vargon mein vibhaajit karte hain. sapushpak paudhe mein jad, tana, patti, fool, fal nishchit roop se paae jaate hain.

sanvrutabeeji ke sadasyon ki banaavat kai prakaar ki hoti hai, parantu pratyek mein jad, tana, patti ya patti ke anya roopaantarit ang, pushp, fal aur beej hote hain. sanvrutabeeji paudhon ke angon ki rachana tatha prakaar nimnalikhit hain:

jad

pruthvi ke neeche ka bhaag adhikaanshat: jad hota hai. beej ke jamane ke samay jo bhaag moolaj ya moolaankur (radicle) se niklata hai, use hi jad kehte hain. paudhon mein pratham nikli jad jaldi hi mar jaati hai aur tane ke nichle bhaag se reshedaar jade nikal aati hain. dvibeejapatri mein pratham jad, ya praathamik jad, sada hi rahati hai. yeh badhti chalti hai aur dviteeya, truteeya shreni ki jad, sada hi rahati hai. yeh badhti chalti hai aur dviteeya, truteeya shreni ki jad ki shaakhaaeain ismein se niklati hain. aisi jad ko moosala jad kehte hain. jadon mein moolagop (root cap) tatha mool rom (root hair) hote hain, jin ke dvaara paudhe mitti se lavanon ka avashoshan kar badhte hain. khaadya evam paani praapt karne ke atirikt jad paudhon mein apasthaanik jadein (adventtious roots) bhi hote hain. kuchh paudhon mein jade baahar bhi nikal aati hain. jad ke madhya bhaag mein patali koshika se bani majja rahati hai kinaare mein daaru (xylem) tatha floyam (Phloem) aur baahyaaadidaaruk (exarch) hote hain. daaru ke baahar ki or aadidaaru (protoxylem) aur andar ki or anudaaru (metaxyeiem) hote hain. inki rachana tane se pratikool hoti hai, sanvahan ootak ke chaaron taraf pariranbh (perichycle) aur baahar ant:tvacha (endodremis) rahate hain. valkut (cortex) tatha mooleeya tvacha (epiblema) baahar ki taraf rahate hain.

tana ya stambh

yeh pruthvi ke oopar ke bhaag ka mool bhaag hai, jismein anekaanek shaakhaaeain, tahaniyaaain, pattiyaaain aur pushp nikalte hain. beej ke jamane par praankul (plumule) se nikle bhaag ko tana kehte hain. yeh dharati se oopar ki or badhta hai. isse niklanevaali shaakhaaeain bahirjaat (exogenous) hoti hain, arthaat jadon ki shaakhaaon ki tarah ant:tvacha se naheen niklateen varan baahari ootak se niklati hain. tane par patti, parnakalika tatha pushpakalika lagi hoti hai.

sanvrutabeejon mein tane kai prakaar paae jaate hain. inhein saadhaaranataya majaboot (strong) tatha durbal tanon mein vibhaajit kiya jaata hai. majaboot tane kaafi ooainche badhte jaate hain. jaise taad ko kodeks tana, ya gaaainthadaar baaains ka kalm (culm) tana ityaadi. durbal tane bhi kai prakaar ke hote hain, jaise treling ya anugaami (trailing), kroping ityaadi. shaakha ke tane se nikalne ki riti ko "shaakha vinyaas" kehte hain. agar ek sthaan se mukhya shaakha do bhaagon mein vibhaajit ho jaae, to ise dvibhaaji (dichotomous) vinyaas kehte hain anyatha agar mukhya tane ke kinaare se tahaniyaaain niklati rahe, to inhein paarshv (lateral) vinyaas kehte hain. dvibhaaji vibhaajan ke bhi kai roop hote hain, jaise yathaarth (true) dvivibhaajan, ya kundalani (helicoid), ya vrushchiki (scorpioid). paarshv shaakhaaeain ya to anishchit roop se badhti chalti hai, jise aseemaakshi (recemose) shaakha vinyaas kehte hain, ya vah jismein shaakhaaon ki vruddhi ruk jaati hai aur jise sameemaakshi (Cymose) vinyaas kehte hain.

tane ka kaarya jad dvaara avashoshit jal tatha lavanon ko oopar ki or pahuainchaana hai, jo patti mein pahuainchakar soorya ke prakaash mein sanshleshan ke kaam mein aate hain. bane bhojan ko tane dvaara hi podhe ke har ek bhaag tak pahuainchaaya jaata hai. iske atirikt tane paudhon ko khanbhe ke roop mein seedha khada rakhate hain. ye pattiyon ko janm dekar bhojan banaane tatha pushp ko janm dekar janan kaarya sampann karne mein sahaayak hote hain. bahut se tane bhojan ka sangrah bhi karte hain. kuchh tane patale hone ke kaaran swayam seedhe naheen ug paate aur anya kisi majaboot aadhaar ya anya vruksh se liptakar oopar badhte chalte hain. kuchh mein tane kaaainton mein parivrtit ho jaate hain. bahut se paudhon mein tane mitti ke neeche ugate hain aur kai tane roopavishesh dhaaran kar alag alag kaarya karte hain, jaise adarak ka parivrtit tana, jo khaaya jaata hai. ise prakand (Rhizome) kehte hain. aaloo bhi aisa hi tana hai jise kand (Tuber) kehte hain. in tanon par bhi kalika rahati hai, jo paadap prasaaran ke kaarya aati hai. pyaaj ka khaanevaala bhaag mitti ke neeche rahanevaala tana hi hai, jise shalk kand (Bulb) kehte hain. ismein shalkapatr tatha agrasth kalika dabi padi rahati hai. lahasun, kena, banapyaaji tatha anya kai ek ekabeejapatri sanvrutabeeji mein aise tane milte hain. sooran tatha bande ka bhi khaanevaala bhaag bhoomigat rahata hai aur yeh bhi shaakha ka hi roop hai, jise ghan kand (Corm) kehte hain. tane ka aisa bhi roopaantar kai paudhon mein paaya jaata hai, jiska kuchh bhaag bhoomi ke neeche aur kuchh bhaag bhoomi ke oopar rahate hue vishesh kaarya karta hai, jaise doob ghaas mein tane urpaar bhoostaari (runner) ke roop pruthvi par pade rahate hain aur unki parvasandhi (node) se jad mitti mein ghus jaati hai. isi se milte julate bhoostaari (stolon) prakaar ke tane hote hain, jaise jhoomakalata, ya chameli ityaadi. bhoostaari (offset) tane jalakunbhi mein, tatha ant: bhoostaari (sucker) tane pudeena mein hote hain.

kuchh havaai tane ya stambh bhi kai vishesh roopon mein parivrtit ho jaate hain, jaise naagafani mein chapate, raskas (Ruscus) mein patti ke roop mein tatha kuchh paudhon mein anya roop dhaaran karte hain.

aantarik rachana mein bhi stambh ke aakaar kaafi had tak ek prakaar ke hote hain, jismein ekabeejapatri tatha dvibeejapatri keval aantarik rachana dvaara hi pahachaane ja sakte hain. stambh mein bhi bahirtvacha (epidermis), valkut (cortex) tatha sanvahan (vascular) silindar hote hain. ekabeejapatri mein sanvahan pul (bundle) band arthaat gaun vruddhi na karanevaale egha (Cambium) se rahit hota hai tatha dvibeejapatri mein gaun vruddhi hoti hai, jo ek prakaar ki saamaanya reeti dvaara hi hoti hai. kuchh paudhon mein paristhiti ke kaaran, ya anya kaaranon se vishesh prakaar se bhi, gaun vruddhi hoti hai.

pattiyaaain

maignoliya liliflora ka pushp

sanvrutabeeji ke paudhon mein pattiyaaain bhi anya paudhon ki tarah vishesh kaarya ke liye hoti hain. inka pramukh kaarya bhojan banaana hai. inke bhaag is prakaar hai : tahani se nikalkar parnavrut (petiole) hota hai, jiske nikalne ke sthaan par anuparn (stupule) bhi ho sakte hain. pattiyon ka mukhya bhaag chapata, faila hua parnafalak (lamina) hai. inmein shira kai prakaar se vinyaasit rahati hai. pattiyon ke aakaar kai prakaar ke milte hain. pattiyon me chhote chhote chhidr, ya randhr (stomata), hote hain. anuparn bhi alag alag paudhon mein kai prakaar ke hote hain, jaise gulaab, banapaalak, smaaileks, ikjaara ityaadi mein. naadeevinyaas jaal ke roop mein jaalika roopi (reticulate) tatha samaantar (parallel) prakaar ka hota hai. pehla vinyaas mukhyat: dvibeejeepatri mein aur doosra vinyaas ekabeejapatri mein milta hai. in donon ke kai roop ho sakte hain, jaise jaalikaaroop vinyaas aam, peepal tatha nenooaa ki patti mein aur samaantararoop vinyaas kela, taad, ya kena ki patti mein. shiraaon dvaara pattiyon ka roop aakaar bana rahata hai, jo inhein chapati avastha mein faile rakhane mein madad deta hai aur shiraaon dvaara bhojan, jal aadi patti ke har bhaag mein pahuainchate rahate hain. pattiyaaain do prakaar ki hoti hain. saadhaaran tatha sanyukt, bahut se sanvrutabeejiyon mein pattiyaaain vibhinn prakaar se roopaantarit ho jaati hain, jaise matar mein oopar ki pattiyaaain latar ki tarah prataan (tendril) ka roop dhaaran karti hain, ya baaraberi (barberry) mein kaaainte ke roop mein, vignoniyaaain mein ankush (hook) ki tarah aur naagafani, dhatoora, bharabhanda, bhatakataiya mein kaaainte ke roop mein badal jaati hain. ghataparni (nephenthes) mein pattiyaaain suraahi ki tarah ho jaati hain, jismein chhote keede fainsakar rah jaate hain aur jinhein yeh paudha hajam kar jaata hai. pattiyon ke andar ki banaavat is prakaar ki hoti hain ki inke andar parnaharit, prakaash ki oorja ko lekar, jal tatha kaarban daaioksaaid ko milaakar, akaarbanik fausfet ki shaktishaali banaata hai tatha sharkara aur anya khaadya padaarth ka nirmaan karta hai.

pushp

sanvrutabeeji ke pushp naana prakaar ke hote hain aur inheen ki banaavat tatha anya gunon ke kaaran sanvrutabeeji ka vargeekaran kiya gaya hai. paraagan ke dvaara paudhon ka nishechan hota hai. nishechan ke pashchaat bhroon dheere dheere vibhaajit hokar badhta chalta hai. iski bhi kai reetiyaaain hain jinka bhaarateeya vanaspati vigyaani maheshvari ne kaufi vistaar se adhyayan kiya hai. bhroon badhte badhte ek ya do dalavaale beej banaata hai, parantu uske chaaron taraf ka bhaag arthaat andaashaya, tatha streekesar (pistil) ka poora bhaag badhkar fal ko banaata hai. beejon ko ye dhainke rahate hain. isi kaaran in beejon ko aavrutabeeji ya sanvrutabeeji kehte hain. fal bhi kai prakaar ke hote hain, jinmein manushya ke upayog mein kuchh aate hain. seb mein pushpaasan (thalamus) ka bhaag, amarood mein pushpaasan tatha falaavaran, bail mein beejaandaasan (placents) ka bhaag, naariyl mein bhroonaposh (endosperm) ka bhaag khaaya jaata hai.

sanvrutabeejiyon ka vargeekaran kai vanaspati-vargeekaran-vaigyaaniko (taxonomists) dvaara samay samay par hua hai. isa se lagbhag 300 varsh poorv thiyofrastas ne kuchh lakshanon ke aadhaar par vanaspatiyon ka vargeekaran kiya tha. Bhaarat mein beintham aur hookar tatha aingalar preintal ne vargeekaran kiya hai. sabhi ne sanvrutabeejiyon ko ekabeejapatri aur dvibeejapatriyon mein vibhaajit kiya hai.

• ekabeejapatri ko petaaloideai (petaloideae), spaadeekeeflorai (spadiciflorae) tatha gloomeeflorai (glumiflorae) mein vibhaajit kiya hai.
• dvibeejapatri ko teen vargon, poleepetaalai (polypetalae), gaamopetaalai (gamopetalae) tatha monokhlaamiudeai (monochlamydeae) ityaadi me vibhaajit kiya hai.

petaalayadi ke antargat aisa ekabeeji kul rakha jaata hai jiske paudhon ke pushp mein dalachakr hon, jaise kena, kamelaaina, pyaaj ityaadi. spaidisiflori mein spaadeeks (spadix) prakaar ka pushpakram paaya jaata hai, jais kela mein. glumiflori mein mukhya kul graameeneai (gramineae) aur saaipresi hai. graimini to sansaar ka sarvamaanya tatha upayogi kul hai. iske sadasya mukhyat: manushya tatha paalatoo pashu, gaaya, bhains ityaadi ke aahaar ke roop mein kaam aate hain. jau, gehooain, makka, baajara, jvaar, dhaan, doob, deekhaanthyum (dichanthium), mooainj, patalo, khas isi kul ke sadasya hain. ekabeejapatri ke anya udaaharan, taad, khajoor, ikh, baaains, pyaaj, lahasun ityaadi hai.

dvibeejapatri paudhon ki to kai hajaar jaatiyaaain pai jaati hain. inke antargat kai kul hain aur pratyek kul mein anek ped paudhe hain.

sanvrutajeevi paudhe anek roopon mein manushya ke kaam aate hain. kuchh sanvrutaveeji paudhe to khaanevaale anaaj hain, kuchh dalahan, kuchh fal aur kuchh shaak sabji. kuchh paudhe hamein cheeni pradaan karte hain to kuchh se hamein peya, kaufi, chai, fal neeboo praapt hote hain. kuchh se madira banaane ke liye angoor, santara, mahuaa, maalt aadi milte hain. vastr ke liye kapaas, joot, aushadhiyon ke liye sarpagandha, sinkona, yookeliptas, bhrungaraaj, tulasi, gulabanafsa, aaainvala ityaadi hain. imaarati lakdi teek, saal evam sheesham se, rang neel, tesoo ityaadi se aur rabar heeviya, aartokaarpas ityaadi vrukshon se praapt hote hain. vanaspati jagat ka sanvrutabeeji bada vyaapak aur upayogi upavarg hai. pruthvi ke har bhaag mein yeh bahutaayat se ugata hai.