sanyukt raashtra

sanyukt raashtra

sanyukt raashtra jhanda
mukhyaalaya	mainahaitan taapoo, New York shahar, New York, sanyukt raajya
sadasya varg	192 sadasya desh
adhikaari bhaashaaen	arabi, cheeni, angreji, fraanseesi, roosi, speni
adhyaksh	mahaasachiv baan keemoon
jaalasthal	http://www.un.org

sanyukt raashtra (angreji: United Nations) ek antararaashtreeya sangathan hai, jiske uddeshya mein ullekh hai ki yeh antararaashtreeya kaanoon ko suvidhaajanak banaane ke sahayog, antarraashtreeya suraksha, aarthik vikaas, saamaajik pragati, maanav adhikaar aur vishv shaanti ke liye kaaryarat hai. sanyukt raashtra ki sthaapana 24 October 1945 ko sanyukt raashtra adhikaarapatr par 50 deshon ke hastaakshar hone ke saath hui.

dviteeya vishvayuddh ke vijeta deshon ne milkar sanyukt raashtra ko antarraashtreeya sangharsh mein hastakshep karne ke uddeshya se sthaapit kiya tha. ve chaahate the ki bhavishya me fir kabhi dviteeya vishvayuddh ki tarah ke yuddh na ubhar aae. sanyukt raashtra ki sanrachana mein suraksha parishad vaale sabse shaktishaali desh (sanyukt raajya America, fraans, roos aur sanyukt raajashaahi) dviteeya vishvayuddh mein bahut aham desh the.

vartamaan mein sanyukt raashtra me 193 desh hai, vishv ke lagbhag saare antarraashtreeya maanyata praapt desh. is sanstha ki sanrachan mein aam sabha, suraksha parishad, aarthik va saamaajik parishad, sachivaalaya aur antarraashtreeya nyaayaalaya sammilit hai.

sain frainsisko ki sanyukt raashtra sammelan

pratham vishvayuddh ke baad 1929 mein raashtra sangh ka gathan kiya gaya tha. raashtra sangh kaafi had tak prabhaavaheen tha aur sanyukt raashtra ka usaki jagah hone ka yeh bahut bada faayda hai ki sanyukt raashtra apne sadasya deshon ki senaaon ko shaanti sambhaalne ke liye tainaat kar sakta hai.

sanyukt raashtra ke baare mein vichaar pehli baar dviteeya vishvayuddh ke samaapt hone ke pehle ubhare the. dviteeya bhishv yuddh me vijayi hone vaale deshon ne milkar koshish ki ki ve is sanstha ki sanrachan, sadasyata, aadi ke baare mein kuchh nirnaya kar paae.

24 April 1945 ko, dviteeya vishvayuddh ke samaapt hone ke baad, America ke sain frainsisko mein antaraashtreeya sansthaaon ki sanyukt raashtra sammelan hui aur yahaan saare 40 upasthit deshon ne sanyukt raashtriya sanvidha par hastaakshar kiya. Poland is sammelan mein upasthit to naheen thi, par uske hastaakshar ke liye khaas jagah rakhi gayi thi aur baad mein Poland ne bhi hastaakshar kar diya. suraksha parishad ke paanch sthaayi deshon ke hastaakshar ke baad sanyukt raashtra ki astitv hui.

sanyukt raashtra ke sadasya deshon ka vishv naksha

2006 tak sanyukt raashtra mein 192 sadasya desh hai. vishv ke lagbhag saari maanyata praapt desh ^[1]sadasya hai. kuchh vishesh upavaad taivaan (jiski sthiti cheen ko 1971 mein de di gayi thi), vaitikn, filisteen (jisko darshak ki sthiti ka sadasya maana ja ^[2] sakta hai), tatha aur kuchh desh. sabse nae sadasya desh hai maaainteneegro, jisko 28 June, 2006 ko sadasya banaaya gaya.

sanyukt raashtra mukhyaalaya

sanyukt raashtra ka mukhyaalaya America ke New York shahar mein pachaasi lakh dollar ke liye khareedi bhoosanpatti par sthaapit hai. is imaarat ki sthaapana ka prabandh ek antarraashtreeya shilpakaaron ke samooh dvaara hua. is mukhyaalaya ke alaava aur aham sansthaaen janeeva, kopanahegan aadi mein bhi hai.
yeh sansthaaen sanyukt raashtra ke svatantr adhikaar kshetr to naheen hain, parantu unako kaafi svatantrataaen di jaati hai.

sanyukt raashtra ne 6 bhaashaaon ko "raaj bhaasha" sveekrut kiya hai (arabi, cheeni, angreji, fraanseesi, roosi aur speni), parantu in mein se keval do bhaashaaon ko sanchaalan bhaasha maana jaata hai (angreji aur fraanseesi).

sthaapana ke samay, keval chaar raaj bhaashaaen sveekrut ki gayi thi (cheeni, angreji, fraanseesi, roosi) aur 1973 mein arabi aur speni ko bhi sanmilit kiya gaya. in bhaashaaon ke baare mein kaafi vivaad uthata hai. kuchh logon ka maanana hai ki raaj bhaashaaon ko 6 se ek (angreji) tak ghataana chaahiye, parantu inke virodh hai ve jo maanate hai ki raaj bhaashaaon ko badhaana chaahiye. in logon mein se kai ka maanana hai ki hindi ko sanmilit karna aavashyak hai.

sanyukt raashtra ameriki angreji ki jagah british angreji ka prayog karta hai. 1971 tak, jab tak sanyukt raashtra taivaan ke sarkaar ko cheen ka adhikaari sarkaar maana jaata tha, cheeni bhaasha ke paramparaagat akshar ka prayog chalta tha. jab taivaan ki jagah aaj ke cheeni sarkaar ko sveekrut kiya gaya, sanyukt raashtra ne saraleekrut akshar ke prayog ka praarambh kiya.

sanyukt raashtra ke vyakt uddeshya hain yuddh rokana, maanav adhikaaron ki raksha karna, antarraashtreeya kaanoon ko nibhaane ki prakriya jutaana, saamaajik aur aarthik vikaas ^[3] ubhaarana, jeevan star sudhaarana aur bimaariyon se ladna. sadasya raashtra ko antarraashtreeya chintaaen aur raashtreeya maamalon ko samhaalane ka mauka milta hai. in uddeshya ko nibhaane ke liye 1948 mein maanav adhikaaron ki saarvabhaum ghoshana pramaanit ki gayi.

maanav adhikaar

dviteeya vishvayuddh ke jaatisanhaar ke baad, sanyukt raashtra ne maanav adhikaaron ko bahut aavashyak samjha tha. aisi ghatnaaon ko bhavishya mein rokana aham samajhakar, 1948 mein saamaanya sabha ne maanav adhikaaron ki saarvabhaum ghoshana ko sveekrut kiya. yeh abandhanakaari ghoshana poore vishv ke liye ek samaan darja sthaapit karti hai, jo ki sanyukt raashtra samarthan karne ki koshish karegi.

15 March 2006 ko, samaanya sabha ne sanyukt raashtra maanav adhikaaron ke aayog ko tyaagakar sanyukt raashtra maanav adhikaar parishad ki sthaapana ki.

aaj maanav adhikaaron ke sambandh mein saat sangh nikaaya sthaapit hai. yeh saat nikaaya hain:

1. maanav adhikaar sansad
2. aarthik saamaajik aur saanskrutik adhikaaron ka sansad
3. jaateeya bhedabaav nishkaasan sansad
4. naari viruddh bhedabhaav nishkaasan sansad
5. yaatana viruddh sansad
6. bachchon ke adhikaaron ka sansad
7. pravaasi karmachaari sansad

sanyukt raashtra mahila (yooen voomen)

vishv mein mahilaaon ke samaanata ke mudde ko protsaahit karne ke uddeshya se vishv nikaaya ke bheetar ekal agency ke roop mein sanyukt raashtra mahila ke gathan ko 4 July 2010 ko sveekruti pradaan kar di gayi. vaastavik taur par 01 January 2011 ko iski sthaapana ki gayi. mukhyaalaya America ke New York shahar mein banaaya gaya hai. yooen voomen ki vartamaan pramukh chili ki poorv pradhaanamantri sushri Michelle baishalait hain. sanstha ka pramukh kaarya mahilaaon ke prati sabhi tarah ke bhedabhaav ko door karne tatha unke sashaktikran ki disha mein prayaas karna hoga. ullekhaneeya hai ki 1953 mein 8vein sanyukt raashtra mahaasabha ki pratham mahila adhyaksh hone ka gaurav Bhaarat ki vijyalakshmi pandit ko praapt hai. sanyukt raashtra ke 4 sangathanon ka vilay karke nai ikaai ko sanyukt raashtra mahila naam diya gaya hai. ye sangathan nimnavat hain:

• sanyukt raashtra mahila vikaas kosh 1976
• mahila sanvardhan prabhaag 1946
• lingaadhaarit mudde par vishesh salaahakaar kaaryaalaya 1997
• mahila sanvardhan hetu sanyukt raashtra antararaashtreeya shodh aur prashikshan sansthaan 1976

shaantirksha

sanyukt raashtra ke shaantirkshak vahaan bheje jaate hain jahaan hinsa kuchh der pehle se band hai taaki vah shaanti sangh ki sharton ko lagoo rakhein aur hinsa ko rokakar rakhein. yeh dal sadasya raashtra dvaara pradaan hote hain aur shaantirksha karyon mein bhaag lena vaikalpik hota hai. vishv mein keval do raashtra hain jinne har shaantirksha kaarya mein bhaag liya hai: Canada aur Portugal. sanyukt raashtra svatantr sena naheen rakhati hai. shaantirksha ka har kaarya suraksha parishad dvaara anumodit hota hai.

sanyukt raashtra ke sansthaapakon ko oonchi ummeed thi ki vah yuddh ko hamesha ke liye rok paaenge, par sheet yuddh (1945 - 1991) ke samay vishv ka virodhi bhaagon mein vibhaajit hone ke kaaran, shaantirksha sangh ko banaae rakhana bahut kathin tha.

sanyukt raashtra sangh ki vishisht sansthaaen

san.	laghunaam	dhvaj	sanstha	mukhyaalaya	adhyaksh	sthaapana
1	efaeo		khaadya evam krushi sangathan	rom, Italy	jaikas diyof	1945
2	aaieie		antarraashtreeya parmaanu oorja abhikran	viyna, ostriya	yukeeya amaano	1957
3	aaiseeeo		antarraashtreeya naagar vimaanan sangathan	mauntriyl, Canada	remand benjaamin	1947
4	aaiefaedi		antarraashtreeya krushi vikaas kosh	rom, Italy	kanaayo ef nvaanje	1977
5	aaielo		antarraashtreeya shram sangh	jeneva, Switzerland	juaan somaaviya	1946
6	aaiemao		antarraashtreeya saagareeya sangathan	London, Britain	E. mitropaulus	1948
7	aaiemaef	antarraashtreeya mauneetari fund	antarraashtreeya mauneetari fund	Washington, san.ra	domineek straus kaahn	1945
8	aaiteeyoo		antarraashtreeya doorasanchaar sangh	jeneva, Switzerland	hamaadooon taure	1947
9	yoonesko		sanyukt raashtra shaikshik, vaigyaanik evam saanskrutik sangathan	pairis, France	aayareena bokova	1946
10	yooenaaaideeo		sanyukt raashtra audyogik vikaas sangathan	viyna, ostriya	kaandeh yumakela	1967
11	yoopeeyoo		vaishvik daak sangh	barn, Switzerland	eduaardo daayan	1947
12	dablyu bi		vishv bank	Washington, san.ra	Robert bi jolik	1945
13	dablyu efapi	vishv khaadya kaaryakram	vishv khaadya kaaryakram	rom, Italy	joset sheeraan	1963
14	dablyu H O		vishv svaasthya sangathan	jeneva, Switzerland	maargaret chain	1948
15	dablyuaaipeeo		world intalekchual proparti organaaijeshan	jeneva, Switzerland	Francis guri	1974
16	dablyuemao		vishv mausam sangathan	jeneva, Switzerland	elekjendar bedritski	1950
17	dablyuteeo		vishv paryatan sangathan	madreed, Spain	taalib rifaai	1974

sanyukt raashtra sangh ke apne kai kaaryakramon aur agencyon ke alaava 14 svatantr sansthaaon se iski vyavastha gathit hoti hai. svatantr sansthaaon mein vishv bank, antarraashtreeya mudra kosh aur vishv svaasthya sangathan shaamil hain. inka sanyukt raashtra sangh ke saath sahayog samjhauta hai. sanyukt raashtra sangh ki apni kuchh pramukh sansthaaen aur kaaryakram hain.^[4] ye is prakaar hain:

• antarraashtreeya parmaanu urja agency – viyena mein sthit yeh agency parmaanu nigraani ka kaam karti hai.
• antarraashtreeya aparaadh aayog – Hague mein sthit yeh aayog poorv yoogoslaaviya mein yudd aparaadh ke sadingdh logon par mukdama chalaane ke liye banaaya gaya hai.
• sanyukt raashtra baal kosh (yoonisef) – yeh bachchon ke svaasthaya, shiksha aur suraksha ki dekharekh karta hai.
• sanyukt raashtra vikaas kaaryakram (yooenadeepi) – yeh greebi kam karne, aadhaarbhoot dhaaainche ke vikaas aur prajaataantrik prashaasan ko protsaahit karne ka kaam karta hai.
• sanyukt raashtra vyaapaar aur vikaas sammelan-yeh sanstha vyaapaar, nivesh aur viks ke muddon se sambandhit uddeshya ko lekar chalti hai.
• sanyukt raashtra aarthik evam saamaajik parishad (ikosauk)- yeh sanstha saamaanya sabha ko antarraashtreeya aarthik evam saamaajik sahayog evam vikaas kaaryakramon mein sahaayata evam saamaajik samasyaaon ke maadhyam se antarraashtreeya shaanti ko prabhaavi banaane mein prayaasaratahai.
• sanyukt raashtra shiksha, vigyaan aur saanskrutik parishad – peris mein sthit is sanstha ka uddeshya shiksha, vigyaan sanskruti aur sanchaar ke maadhyam se shaanti aur vikaas ka prasaar karna hai.
• sanyukt raashtra paryaavaran kaaryakram (yooenaipi) – nairobi mein sthit is sanstha ka kaam paryaavaran ki raksha ko badhaava dena hai.
• sanyukt raashtra raajadoot – iska kaam sharanaarthiyon ke adhikaaron aur unke kalyaan ki dekharekh karna hai. yeh jeeniva mein sthit hai.
• vishv khaadya kaaryakram – bhookh ke virudd ladaai ke liye banaai gayi yeh pramukh sanstha hai. iska mukhyaalaya rom mein hai.
• antararaashtreeya shram sangh- antararaashtreeya aadhaaron par majadooron tatha shramikon ke hiton ki raksha ke liye niyam vanaata hai.

• sanyukt raashtrasangh (Google pustak ; lekhak - raadheshyaam chaurasiya)
• sanyukt raashtra sangh : safalta ke 66 saal (dainik jaagaran)
• sanyukt raashtra ke 60 saal: kuchh upalabdhiyaaain, kai viflataaeain (BBC par)
• sanyukt raashtra sangh ki naakaami pashchim sahaara tanaav badha deti hai