sanyukt raajashaahi
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bruhad Britain aur uttari aayaralaind ka yoonaaited kingadam United Kingdom
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| raashtragaan: "gaud sev the kveen"[1] | ||||||
 yoonaaited kingadam (gahre hare rang mein) Europeeya sangh ke sambandh mein dikhaaya gaya (halke hare rang mein) aur anya kshetr Europe ke (gahra sleti)
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rajdhani aur sabse badaa nagar |
London 51°a30′aN 0°a7′aW / 51.5°aN 0.117°aW |
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| raajabhaasha(eain) | angreji vastut:[2] | |||||
| maanyata praapt kshetriya bhaashaayein | aayarish, alstar skauts, skautish gailik , skauts, velsh, kaurnish[3] | |||||
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maanavajaateeya varg (2001 dekhein: UK ke nasleeya samooh[4]) |
92.1% shvet 4.0% dakshin Asiaee log 2.0% kaale 1.2% mishrit 0.4% cheeni 0.4% anya |
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| dharm | ainglikn | |||||
| nivaasi | angrej, britaun | |||||
| sarkaar | sansadeeya lokatantr aur samvaidhaanik raajashaahi | |||||
| - | samraajnyai | mahaaraani Elizabeth dviteeya | ||||
| - | pradhaanamantri | David Cameron | ||||
| vidhaan mandal | sansad | |||||
| - | uchch sadan | house of laurds | ||||
| - | nimn sadan | house of kaumans | ||||
| samvaidhaanik raajatantr | ||||||
| - | sangh ke adhiniyam 1707 | 1 May 1707 | ||||
| - | sangh ke adhiniyam 1800 | 1 January 1801 | ||||
| - | aangl-aayarish sandhi | 12 April 1922 | ||||
| kshetrafal | ||||||
| - | kul | 244820 varg kilometer (79th) 94526 varg meal |
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| - | jal (%) | 1.34 | ||||
| janasankhya | ||||||
| - | 2009 janaganana | 61,612,300[5] (22nd) | ||||
| - | 2001 janaganana | 58,789,194[6] | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) | 2008 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | $2.230 kharab[7] (7vaaain) | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | $36,523$[7] (18vaaain) | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (saanketik) | 2008 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | $2.674 trillion$[7] (chhatha) | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | $43,785$[7] (20vaaain) | ||||
| gini (2012) |
 32.8[8]madhyam · 33vaaain |
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| maanav vikaas soochakaank (2013) |
 0.892[9]bahut uchch · 14vaaain |
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| mudra | paaund starling[10] (GBP) | |||||
| samay mandal | jee॰ ema॰ tee॰ (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+0) | |||||
| - | greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) | BST (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+1) | ||||
| yaataayaat chaalan disha | baaeain[11] | |||||
| doorabhaash koot | 44 | |||||
| Internet teeeladi | .uk[12] | |||||
vruhat Britain aur uttari aayaralaind ka yoonaaited kingadam[13] (saamaanyat: United kingadam, you ke, UK, ya Britain ke roop mein jaana jaata hai).[14] ek viksit desh hai jo mahaadveepeeya Europe ke pashchimottar tat par sthit hai. yeh ek dveepeeya desh hai,[15][16] yeh british dweep samooh mein faila hai jismein great Britain, Ireland ka poorvottar bhaag aur kai chhote dweep shaamil hain.uttari Ireland, UK ka ekamaatr aisa hissa hai jahaan ek sthal seema anya raashtra se lagti hai aur yahaan aayaralaind UK ka padosi desh hai[17][18]. is desh ki seema ke alaava, UK atalaantik mahaasaagar, uttari saagar, english channel aur aayarish saagar se ghira hua hai. sabse bada dweep, great Britain, channel surang dvaara fraans se juda hua hai.
United kingadam ek samvaidhaanik raajashaahi aur ekaatmak raajya hai jismein chaar desh shaamil hain: England, uttari Ireland, Scotland aur vels.[19] yeh ek sansadeeya pranaali dvaara sanchaalit hai jiski rajdhani London mein sarkaar baithati hai, lekin ismein teen nyaagat raashtreeya prashaasan hain, belafaast, kaardif aur edinbarg, kramash: uttari Ireland, vels aur Scotland ki rajdhani.jersey aur gvernase dweep samooh, jinhein saamoohik roop se channel dweep kaha jaata hai aur main dweep (aail of maan), you ke ki raajatv nirbharata hain aur UK ka hissa naheen hain.[20] iske ilaava, UK ke chaudah samudrapaar nirbhar kshetr hain,[21] british saamraajya, jo 1922 mein apne charam pe tha, duniya ke takareeban ek chauthaai kshetrafl ko gherata tha aur itihaas ka sabse bada saamrajya tha. iske poorv upaniveshon ki bhaasha, sanskruti aur kaanooni pranaali mein british prabhaav abhi bhi dekha ja sakta hai.
prateekatmak sakal ghareloo utpaad dvaara duniya ki chhathi badi arthavyavastha aur kraya shakti samaanata ke hisaab se saatavaaain bada desh hone ke saath hi, UK ek viksit desh hai.[7] yeh duniya ka pehla audyogik desh tha[22] aura19 veen aur 20 veen shataabdiyon ke dauraan vishv ki agrani shakti tha,[23] lekin do vishv yuddhon ki aarthik laagat aur 20 veen sadi ke uttaraardh mein saamraajya ke patan ne vaishvik maamalon mein usaki agrani bhoomika ko kam kar diya fir bhi UK apne sudrudh aarthik, saanskrutik, sainya, vaigyaanik aur raajaneetik prabhaav ke kaaran ek pramukh shakti bana hua hai. yeh ek parmaanu shakti hai aur duniya mein chauthi sarvaadhik raksha kharcha karne wala desh hai. yeh Europeeya sangh ka sadasya hai, sanyukt raashtra suraksha parishad mein ek sthaayi seat dhaaran karta hai aur raashtra ke raashtramandal, jee8, OECD, naato aur vishv vyaapaar sangathan ka sadasya hai.
anukram
itihaas
1 May 1707 mein, England ke saamraajya (jismein vels shaamil tha) aur Scotland ke saamraajya ki raajaneetik sangh ke dvaara vruhattar Britain ka yoonaaited kingadam[24][25] ki sthaapana ki gayi. is sandhi ko sahamati 22 July 1706 ko mili |[26] aur fir England ke sansad aur Scotland ke sansad donon ne ek sangh ke adhiniyam 1707 ke dvaara iski pushti ki.lagbhag ek sadi baad, Ireland ka saamraajya, jo 1691 tak angreji niyantran mein aa gaya tha, vah United kingadam banaane ke liye sangh ke adhiniyam 1800 ke dvaara great Britain saamraajya ke saath vilay hua.[27] haalaanki England aur Scotland 1707 se pehle alag ho chuke the, ve 1603 mein raajatv ke sangh se hi vyaktigat roop se sangh mein the, jab skauts ke raaja James VI ko England aur Ireland raajya ka sinhaasan viraasat mein mila aur ve apna darbaar idinbarg se London le gaye.[28][29]
apni pehli sadi mein, United kingadam ne sansadeeya pranaali ke pashchimi vichaaron ko viksit karne mein ek mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaai saath hi saahitya, kala aur vigyaan mein mahatvapoorn yogadaan diya.[30] UK ke netrutv mein audyogik kraanti ne desh ko badal diya aur badhti hui british saamraajya ko uttejit kiya. is samay ke dauraan, anya mahaan shaktiyon ki tarah, UK aupaniveshik shoshan mein shaamil shaamil tha, ismein atalaantik das vyaapaar bhi shaamil hai, haalaanki 1807 mein das vyaapaar adhiniyam ke paarit hone ke saath, UK ne gulaamon ke vyaapaar ka mukaabala karne mein ek agrani bhoomika nibhaai.[31][32]
napoliyn yuddhon mein nepoliyn ki haar ke baad, UK 19 veen sadi mein nausena mein pramukh shakti ke roop mein ubhara aur 20 veen shataabdi ke madhya tak ek prakhyaat shakti bana raha.1921 tak british saamraajya apne adhiktam aakaar mein vistaarit hua, pratham vishv yuddh ke baad jarman aur turk kaaloniyon par raashton ka sanghatan shaasanaadesh haasil kiya. ek saal baad, duniya ke pehle bade paimaane par antararaashtreeya prasaaran network, BBC, banaaya gaya tha.
1918 mein sin fein ki ek chunaav mein jeet hui, jiske baad Ireland mein svatantrata ki ladaai ne 1921 mein is dweep ke vibhaajan ka netrutv kiya[33] iske baad 1922 mein aayarish svatantr raajya ki svatantrata hui jab uttari Ireland ne UK ka hissa banane ka chayan kiya.[34] iske parinaamasvaroop, 1927 mein, UK ka aupachaarik naam uske vartamaan naam mein badal gaya tha, great Britain aur uttari Ireland ka United kingadam.
United kingadam dviteeya vishv yuddh ke sahayogiyon mein se ek thi. yuddh ke pehle varsh mein apne Europeeya sahayogiyon ki haar ke baad, United kingadam ne Germany ke khilaaf havaai abhiyaan ke yuddh jaari rakha jise Britain ki ladaai kaha jaata hai. is jeet ke baad, ladaai ke baad ki duniya ki yojana mein madad karne waali shaktiyon mein se ek UK tha. dviteeya vishv yuddh ne United kingadam ko aarthik roop se kshatigrast kar diya tha. haalaanki, maarshal sahaayata aur sanyukt raajya America aur Canada donon se liye mahange rin ne Britain ki pun: praapti mein madad curry.
turant yuddhottar varshon ne kalyaan raajya ki sthaapana dekhi, jismein duniya ke pehle aur sabse vyaapak saarvajanik svaasthya sevaaeain shaamil thi, jabki arthavyavastha mein sudhaar ki maang ne ek bahu jaateeya Britain banaane ke liye raashtramandal bhar se logon ko agraaneet kiya. haalaaainki 1956 ke svej sankat dvaara Britain ki raajaneetik bhoomika ka naya yuddhottar seema pushti hua, angreji bhaasha ke antararaashtreeya fail ka matlab hai saahitya aur sanskruti ka prabhaav jaari rahana, jabki 1960 se iski lokapriya sanskruti ka videsh mein bhi prabhaav paaya gaya tha.
1970 mein vaishvik aarthik mandi aur audyogik vivaad ki avadhi ke baad, 1980 ke dashak ne paryaapt uttari saagar ki tel aamdani aur aarthik vikaas ka aagaman dekha.maargaret thaichar ke pradhaan mantripd ne yuddhottar raajaneetik aur aarthik sahamati se ek mahatvapoorn disha parivartan ko chihnit kiya; ek raasta jo 1997 ke baad se toni bleyar aur gaurdan brown ke nai shram sarkaaron ke tahat jaari raha.
1992 mein maastrich sandhi par hastaakshar se Europeeya sangh ki shuruaat ke 12 sansthaapak deshon mein se ek United kingadam tha. iske poorv, 1973 se yeh Europeeya sangh ke Europeeya aarthik samudaaya (EEC) ka ek agradoot sadasya raha hai. vartamaan majadoor sarkaar ka sangathan ke saath ekeekaran ki disha mein drushtikon mishrit hai,[35] sarkaari vipaksh ke saath, roodhivaadi party, jo kuchh shaktiyon aur sakshamataaon ka paksh leti hai use Europeeya sangh ko hastaantarit kiya gaya.[36] 20 veen sadi ke ant ne poorv-vidhaayi sandarbh ke baad uttari Ireland, Scotland aur vels ke liye nyaagat raashtreeya prashaasan ki sthaapana ke saath UK ke shaasan mein kai parivartan dekhe.[37]
sarkaar aur raajaneeti
United kingadam ek samvaidhaanik raajashaahi hai. mahaaraani Elizabeth II UK tatha pandrah anya raashtramandal deshon ki raajya pramukh hai UK ka in pandrah deshon ke saath ek niji sangh hai. iske ilaava aail of main, jersey aur gvernase UK ki raajatv nirbharata hai aur mahaaraani ka in kshetron par saarvabhaumatv hai, jo United kingadam ka hissa naheen hain lekin UK sarkaar inke videshi maamalon aur raksha shaasan karti hai aur UK sansad ko unki or se vyavastha karne ka adhikaar rakhati hai.
choonki United kingadam vartamaan duniya ke teen deshon mein se ek hai jinmein suvyavasthit samvidhaan naheen hai,[38] United kingadam ka samvidhaan mein jyaadaatar likhit srot hain, jismein sanvidhiyaaain, nyaayaadheesh dvaara banaae gaye kaanooni maamale aur antararaashtreeya sandhiyaaain shaamil hain. choonki saadhaaran vidhiyon aur "samvaidhaanik vyavastha" ke beech koi takaneeki antar naheen hai, UK sansad keval sansad ke adhiniymon ko paarit karke "samvaidhaanik sudhaar" kar sakte hain aur unke paas lagbhag samvidhaan ki kisi bhi likhit ya alikhit tatv ko is prakaar badalne ya samaapt karne ki shakti hai. fir bhi, koi bhi sansad kaanoon paarit naheen kar sakti jo aagaami sarkaar naheen badal sakti hai.[39]
UK ka ek sansadeeya sarkaar vestaminstar pranaali par aadhaarit hai jiski duniya bhar ne nakal curry hai - british saamraajya ki ek viraasat.vestaminstar ke mahal mein milne waali United kingadam ki sansad ke do sadan hain: ek house of laurds aur ek niyukt house of kaumans aur kisi bhi vidheyak ko kaanoon banaane ke liye shaahi sveekruti ki aavashyakta hoti hai. yeh United kingadam ka antim vidhaayi adhikaar hai kyonki Scotland mein nyaagat sansad aur uttari Ireland aur vels ki nyaagat sabha pradhaan nikaaya naheen hain aur yeh sandarbit hai ki sthaapit hone ke baavajood saarvajanik sveekruti ke baad UK ki sansad dvaara samaapt kiya ja sakta hai.
pradhaanamantri ka pad, jo UK ki sarkaar ke shaasak hain, sansad sadasya hain jo lok sadan ki bahumat ka vishvaas praapt kar sakte hain, aamtaur par sadan ke sabse badi raajaneetik party ke maujooda neta mahaaraani saahiba ki sarkaar banaane ke liye raaja dvaara pradhaanamantri aur mantrimandal ko aupachaarik roop se niyukt kiya jaata hai, haalaaainki pradhaanamantri hi mantrimandal chunate hain aur parampara ke hisaab se HM mahaaraani pradhaanamantri ke chunaav ka sammaan karti hain. paramparaagat roop se mantrimandal ko donon vidhaayi sadanon mein pradhaanamantri ki party ke sadasyon se liya jaata hai aur adhikaanshat: lok sadan se, jiske prati ve jimmedaar hain. pradhaanamantri aur mantrimandal dvaara kaaryapaalika shaktiyon ka prayog hota hai, jo maananeeya mahaaraani saahiba ka sabse sammaaneeya gupt parishad mein shapath lete hain aur raajatv ke mantri ban jaate hain. lebar party ke neta, Rt maananeeya gaurdan brown MP, pradhaanamantri, kosh ke pehle yahova aur 27 June 2007 ke baad se asainik seva ke mantri rah chuke hain.[40]
lok sadan ke chunaav ke liye, UK ko vartamaan mein 646 nirvaachan kshetron mein vibhaajit kiya gaya hai, England mein 529, uttari Ireland mein 18, Scotland mein 59 aur vels mein 40,[41] yadyapi yeh sankhya agale aam chunaav mein 650 tak badhegi.pratyek nirvaachan kshetr saral bahusankhya dvaara ek sansad sadasya chunata hai. pradhaanamantri ki salaah par samraat dvaara aam chunaav aayojit hota hai. haalaanki sansad ki koi nyoonatam avadhi naheen hoti hai, sansad adhiniyam (1911) ke anusaar pichhle aam chunaav ke paaainch saal ke bheetar ek nae chunaav ko aayojit karne ki aavashyakta hai.
lebar party, kanjrvetiv party aur udaar prajaatantravaadi UK ke teen pramukh raajaneetik dal hain, jo 2005 ke aam chunaav mein unke beech lok sadan mein upalabdh 646 seaton mein se 616 jeete. adhikaansh shesh sthaan un dal dvaara jeete gaye jo UK ke keval ek hisse mein chunaav lade jaise ki skautish raashtreeya dal (keval Scotland), pled sayamaru (keval vels) aur prajaataantrik sangheeya dal, saamaajik prajaataantrik aur majadoor dal, ulstar sangheeya party aur sin fein (keval uttari Ireland, haalaanki sin fein Ireland mein bhi chunaav ladte hain).dal ki neeti ke anusaar, kisi bhi nirvaachit saansad ke sin fein sadasya ne sadan mein apne ghatak ki or se baat karne ke liye lok sadan mein bhaag naheen liya kyonki sansad ke sadasyon dvaara samraat ke prati nishtha ki shapath lena aavashyak hai.[42]
Europeeya sansad mein chunaavon ke liye, UK ke paas vartamaan mein 78 MEP hain, jo 12 bahu sadasyeeya nirvaachan kshetron se chune gaye hain,[43] haalaaainki 2009 ke chunaav mein yeh kul 72 tak gir jaaega.samprabhuta par savaal yooropiyn sangh mein UK ki sadasyata ke kaaran aage laaya gaya hai.[44]
nyaagat raashtreeya prashaasan
uttari Ireland, Scotland aur vels pratyek ki apni sarkaar ya kaaryakaari hai, pehle mantri aur ek nyaagat sabha vidhaayika ke netrutv mein.England, United kingadam ka sabse bada shahar hai, ka kaaryapaalika ya vidhaayika nyaagat naheen hai aur sabhi muddon par seedhe UK sarkaar aur sansad dvaara prashaasit aur vyavasthit.is sthiti ne pashchim lothiyn savaal ko badhaava diya hai jo is tathya se matlab rakhata hai ki uttari Ireland, Scotland aur vels ke MP matadaan se sakte hain, kabhi kabhi nirnaayak roop se,[45] England ko prabhaavit karne vaale maamalon mein jo ki nyaagat vidhaayikaaon dvaara unke nirvaachan kshetron ke liye sambhaala jaata hai.[46]
skautish sarkaar aur sansad ko kisi bhi maamale mein vyaapak adhikaar hain jo ki vishesh roop se UK ki sansad ke liye 'aarakshit' naheen hai, ismein shiksha, svaasthya dekhbhaal, skauts kaanoon aur sthaaneeya sarkaar shaamil hain.[47] 2007 ke chunaavon mein apni jeet ke baad, samarthak svatantrata SNP ne alpamat sarkaar ka gathan kiya jiske neta the, Alex sailmond, jo skautlaind ke pehle mantri bane.[48]
velsh vidhaanasabha sarkaar aur national assembly vels ko Scotland ke nyaagat se adhik seemit adhikaar hain,[49] halaaainki vels sarkaar adhiniyam 2006 ke paarit ke baad, vidhaanasabha vidhaan yogyata aadesh dvaara ab kuchh kshetron mein vyavastha kar sakti hai jo ek maamale ke aadhaar pradaan kiya ja sakta hai.[50] vartamaan velsh vidhaanasabha sarkaar ka 2007 ke chunaav ke kai hafton ke baad gathan kiya gaya tha, alpasankhyak prashaasan ke ek sankshipt avadhi ke baad, jab pled sayamaru ek gathabandhan sarkaar mein lebar party mein shaamil hue, pehle mantri rodri maurgan ke netrutv ke tahat.
uttari Ireland kaaryakaari aur sabha ke paas Scotland mein nyaagat jitni shaktiyaaain hai. uttari Ireland kaaryakaari vartamaan mein pehle mantri Peter raubinsan (prajaataantrik sangheeya party) aur pehle up mantri maarteen maikagunines (sin fein) ke netrutv mein hai.[51]
sthaaneeya sarkaar
United kingadam ke pratyek deshon mein sthaaneeya sarkaar ki vyavastha alag se hai jo United kingadam mool jitni puraani hai. 19 veen shataabdi tak un vyavasthaaon mein kuchh badlaav tha lekin uske baad bhoomika aur kaarya mein ek nirantar vikaas hua.[52] England, uttari Ireland, Scotland aur vels mein ek samaan roop mein parivartan naheen aaya aur sthaaneeya sarkaar se Scotland, vels aur uttari Ireland ko satta ke hastaantaran ka matlab he ki bhavishya parivartan ke samaan hone ki sambhaavana naheen hai.
England mein sthaaneeya sarkaar ka sangathan jatil hai, jab krutyon mein vitran sthaaneeya vyavastha ke hisaab se badalti hai. England mein sthaaneeya sarkaar ki vyavastha ka UK sansad aur United kingadam ki sarkaar dvaara faisala kiya jaata hai, kyonki England ke ek nyaagat sansad naheen hai. England ki oopari-stareeya upavibhaag mein nau sarkaari kaaryaalaya kshetr ya Europeeya sangh sarkaar kaaryaalaya kshetr hain.[53] ek kshetr, greater London, 2000 ke baad ek janamat sangrah mein is prastaav ke liye lokapriya samarthan ke baad ek seedhe nirvaachit vidhaanasabha aur mahaapaur.[54] yeh iraada tha ki anya kshetron mein bhi apne swayam ke nirvaachit kshetreeya sabha diya jaaega lekin poorvottar kshetr mein 2004 mein ek janamat sangrah se prastaavit sabha ki asveekruti ne raaste mein hi is vichaar ko roka diya.[55][56] kshetr star ke neeche, London mein 32 landan nagar shaamil hain aur England ke baaki mein ya to County parishad aur jila parishad ya ekaatmak adhikaari hain. sabhaasadon ko pehle vigat yeh pad ke dvaara ek sadasya aashrit mein ya bahu sadasyeeya bahusankhya pranaali dvaara bahu sadasyeeya aashrit mein niyukt kiya jaata hai.[57]
1973 se uttari Ireland mein sthaaneeya sarkaar, 26 jila parishdon mein aayojit ki gayi hai, pratyek ekal sankramaneeya mat dvaara sevaaon tak seemit shaktiyon ke saath nirvaachit hain jaise ki kooda ikattha karna, kutton ko niyantrit karna aur park ki dekhabaal karna aur kabristaan.[58] halaaainki, 13 March 2008 ko, karyapalikon ne maujooda vyavastha[59] ko badalne ke liye 11 nai parishdon ko banaane ke prastaavon ko sahamati di aur iske liye agale star ke chunaav 2011 tak sthagit kar diya jaaega.[60]
Scotland mein sthaaneeya sarkaar ko 32 parishad kshetr ke aadhaar par donon aakaar aur janasankhya mein vyaapak parivartan ke saath banta hua hai. glaasgo, edinbarg, ebardeen aur dundi shahar alag parishad kshetr hain jaisa ki haailaind parishd mein hai jisme Scotland ka ek tihaai kshetr hai lekin sirf 200000 log rahate hain. sthaaneeya adhikaariyon mein niveshit shakti nirvaachit paarshadon dvaara prashaasit hoti hai, jinmein se vartamaan mein 1222[61] hain jo aanshit vetan paate hain. chunaav ko bahu sadasyeeya ward mein ekal sankramaneeya mat dvaara aayojit kiya jaata hai jo teen ya chaar paarshad chunate hain. pratyek parishd ek provost ya sanyojak ko chunata hai jo parishad ke baithakon ki adhyakshata kare aur kshetr ke ek kalpit sardaar ke roop mein kaarya kare.sabhaasad aacharan ke sanhita ke adheen hain jo Scotland ke maanak aayog dvaara laagoo hai.[62] Scotland ke sthaaneeya adhikaariyon ki pratinidhi sangh Scotland ke sthaaneeya adhikaariyon ka samjhauta (COSLA) hai.[63]
vels ki sthaaneeya sarkaar mein 22 ekaatmak adhikaariyon ke shaamil hain jismein kaaradiff, svaanasi aur nyooport shaamil hain, jo apne aap mein alag ekaatmak adhikaari hain,[64] pehle vigat yeh pad dvaara[65] har chaar saal mein chunaav aayojit hota hai, haal ke chunaav May, 2008 mein hue the.velsh sthaaneeya sarkaar association vels ke sthaaneeya adhikaariyon ke hit ka pratinidhitv karta hai.[66]
videshi sambandh aur sashastr senaaeain
United kingadam sanyukt raashtra suraksha parishad ka ek sthaayi sadasya hai, G8, NATO, OECD, WTO, raashton ke raashtramandal aur Europeeya sangh ka ek sadasya raajya hai.UK ka sabse ullekhaneeya gathabandhan hai sanyukt raajya America ke saath iska "vishesh sambandh".US aur Europe ke alaava, Britain ke nikat sahayogiyon mein raashton ke raashtramandal aur Japan jaise anya shaamil hain. Britain ki vaishvik upasthiti aur prabhaav iske vyaapaarik sambandhon aur sashastr senaaon ke maadhyam se aur badhata hai, jo lagbhag assi sainya sthaapanaaon ko banaae rakhate hain aur vishv bhar mein anya ki tainaati.[67]
yeh sena, nausena aur vaayu sena ko saamoohik roop se Britain ki sashastr senaaon ke roop mein jaana jaata hai. in 3 senaaon ko raksha mantraalaya ke dvaara prabandhit kiya jaata hai aur raksha parishad ke raksha staaf ke mukhyamantri ki adhyakshata dvaara niyantrit kiya jaata hai.
United kingadam duniya mein takaneeki roop se sabse jyaada unnat aur sarvashreshth prashikshit sashastr senaaon ko tainaat karta hai. raksha mantraalaya sahit vibhinn sroton ke anusaar, janashakti ke hisaab se keval 27 sabse bade sainya hone ke baavajood, UK ka sainya kharch duniya mein teesara sarvaadhik hai. vartamaan mein kul raksha kharch, raashtreeya kul GDP ka 2.5% hai.[68] raayal navy, fraanseesi nausena aur sanyukt raajya America nausena sahit, ek neela-paani nausena hai, vartamaan mein kuchh mein se ek hai.[69] raksha mantraalaya ne 3 July 2008 mein vimaan vaahak aakaar ke do nae bahut bade vaahak banaane ke liye 320 karod ke anubandh par hastaakshar kiya.[70]
United kingadam, parmaanu hathiyaar rakhane ke liye paaainch maanyata praapt deshon mein se ek hain, jo mohra varg panadubbi aadhaarit trideint dviteeya bailistik misaail pranaali ka upayog karte hain.
british sashastr senaaon ko United kingadam aur uske videshi kshetron ki raksha karne ka aadesh hai, United kingadam ki vaishvik suraksha hiton ko badhaava diya aur antararaashtreeya shaanti prayaason ka samarthan kiya. ve NATO mein sakriya aur niyamit roop se, mitr deshon ki raipid riyekshan vaahini sahit, saath hi paanch vidyut raksha vyavastha, RIMPAC aur anya vishvavyaapi gathabandhan operation mein bhaag lete hain. videshon mein sipaahiyon ki chaukiyaaain aur suvidhaaeain udagam dweep, beleej, brunei, Canada, Diego gaarsiya, faukalaind dweep, Germany, gibraaltar, kenya, saaipras aur Qatar par banaaya rakha hai.[71]
2005 mein british sena ki 102440, vaayu sena ki 49210 aur nausena ki 36320 taakat ki ek report thi.[72]
United kingadam vishesh sena, furteele, gatisheel, sainya pratikriyaaon ko aatankvaad ke viruddh, bhoomi, samudri aur dvidha gativaala parichaalanon ke liye prashikshit sainikon ko pradaan karta hai, aksar jahaaain gopaneeyata ya gupt rananeeti ki aavashyakta hoti hai.
niyamit sena ka samarthan karne ke liye aarakshit sena hain. iname praadeshik sena, royal nausena sanrakshit, royal marine sanrakshit aur royal sahaayak vaayu sena shaamil hain. yeh kul sakriya aur aarakshit kartavya sainya karmiyon ko lagbhag 429500 banaata hai, jo assi deshon par tainaat hain.
United kingadam ki sainya kshamataaon ke baavajud, haal hi ki vyaavahaarik raksha neeti ki ek ghoshit dhaarana hai ki "sabse maang karne vaale parichaalan" ek gathabandhan ke hisse ke roop mein kiya jaaega.[73] siyra Leon mein hastakshep alag karne ke baad, bosniya, kosovo, Afghanistan aur Iraq mein operation sabhi misaal ke roop mein liya ja sakta hai. vaastav mein aakhri yudgh jo british sena dvaara akele lada gaya tha vo 1982 ka faukalaind yuddh tha, jismein ve vijayi rahe the.
kaanoon aur aaparaadhik nyaaya
pehle svatantr deshon ke raajaneetik sangh dvaara nirmit hone ke kaaran, United kingadam mein ek kaanooni vyavastha naheen hai sangh ki sandhi ke anuchhed 19 jo Scotland ki alag kaanooni pranaali ki jaari rakhane ka vishvaas dilaata hai.[74] aaj UK ki kaanoon ke paas teen alag pranaaliyaaain hai: angreji kaanoon, uttari Ireland kaanoon aur skauts kaanoon.haal ki samvaidhaanik badlaav United kingadam ka ek naya Supreme court October 2009 mein astitv mein dekhega jo ki yahova sabha ke punarvichaar sambandhi samiti ke nivedan kaaryon ko lega.[75] niji parishad ki nyaayik samiti mein, yahova sabha ke punarvichaar sambandhi samiti ke ek hi sadasya shaamil hain, kai svatantr raashtramandal, UK videshi kshetron aur british raajatv nirbharata deshon ke liye nivedan ki sarvochch adaalat hai.
England, vels aur uttari Ireland
England aur vels mein laagoo hone vaale, donon angreji kaanoon aur uttari Ireland kaanoon, aam kaanoon siddhaanton par aadhaarit hain. aam kaanoon ka saar hai ki kaanoon adaalat mein baithe nyaayaadheeshon, unki aam bhaavana aavedan aur tathyon se parampara ke gyaan (taak desisis) dvaara nirmit hote hain.England aur vels ke nyaayaalaya, England aur vels ke mahakama ke uchchatam nyaayaalaya ke netrutv mein hain, nivedan ka nyaayaalaya, nyaaya ka uchch nyaayaalaya (naagrik maamalon ke liye) aur raajatv nyaayaalaya (aaparaadhik maamale ke liye) iske nirvaachakagan hain.yahova sabha ke punarvichaar sambandhi samiti (aamtaur par bas "yahova sabha" ke naam se jaana jaata hai) England, vels aur uttari Ireland mein donon aaparaadhik aur naagrik maamalon ke liye vartamaan mein desh ka sarvochch nyaayaalaya hai aur usaka har faisala padaanukram ke har doosare adaalat mein baadhyakaari hai.
England aur vels mein aparaadh mein 1981 aur 1995 avadhi ke beech vruddhi hui, yadyapi us choti ke baad se, 1995 se 2007/8 tak aparaadh mein 48% ki samagr giraavat hui.[76] aparaadh ke dar mein giraavat ke baavajood, isi avadhi mein England aur vels ki jail aabaadi lagbhag doguni ho gayi hai, lagbhag 80,000 tak, 147 prati 100000 mein pashchimi Europe mein England aur vels ko kaid ki uchchatam dar dekar.[77] mahaaraani saahiba ki jail seva, jo nyaaya mantraalaya ko report karti hai, England aur vels ke bheetar jailon ka adhikaansh prabandhan karti hai.
Scotland
skauts kaanoon, ek sankar pranaali donon aam-kaanoon aur naagrik kaanoon ke siddhaanton par aadhaarit, skautlaind mein laagoo hai. mukhya nyaayaalaya satr nyaayaalaya ke hain, naagrik maamalon ke liye,[78] aur nyaayajnya ka uchch nyaayaalaya, aaparaadhik maamalon ke liye hai.[79] yahova sabha ki punarvichaar sambandhi samiti (aamtaur par "yahova sabha" kaha jaata hai) skauts kaanoon ke antargat vartamaan mein nivedan ke sarvochch nyaayaalaya mein naagrik maamalon ka kaarya karta hai lekin jab satr court nivedan ko chhutti deta hai ya praarambhik nirnaya bahumat nirnaya se kiya gaya ho.sherif nyaayaalaya naagrik aur aaparaadhik maamale jismein aaparaadhik maamale niptaana, panchaayat ke saath aaparaadhik pareekshanon ya ek pradhaan aur koi panchaayat naheen, (jise sherif saaraansh nyaayaalaya kaha jaata hai) shaamil hai.sherif nyaayaalaya ek sthaaneeya adaalat seva pradaan karta hai jismein chhah sherifdam bhar mein aayojit 49 sherif adaalat hain.[80] skauts kaanooni ek aparaadhik pareekshan pranaali ke liye teen sambhaavit faisale karne mein adviteeya hai: "doshi", "doshi naheen" aur "siddh naheen ".donon "doshi naheen" aur "siddh naheen" mukadame ki sambhaavana ke bina ek abhimukti mein parinaam.[81]
nyaaya ke mantrimandal sachiv skautish sarkaar ke sadasya hain jo police, adaalaton aur aaparaadhik nyaaya ke liye jimmedaar hain aur skautish jail seva, jo Scotland mein jailon ka prabandhan karti hai.[82] haalaanki 2007/8 mein darj aparaadh ka star 25 saal mein sabse kam tak gira,[83] jail janasankhya, lagbhag 8000,[84] record star ko maar raha hai aur design kshamata se kaafi oopar hai.[85]
bhoogol
United kingadam ka kul kshetrafal lagbhag 245000km2 hai jismein great Britain ke dweep, Ireland (uttari Ireland) dweep ke poorvottar ka ek chhata hissa aur chhote dweep shaamil hain.[86] uttar atalaantik mahaasaagar aur uttar saagar ke beech padta hai, France ke uttar pashchimi tat ke 35 km ke bheetar, jahaaain se yeh english channel ke dvaara alag hota hai.[86] great Britain akshaansh 49° aur 59° uttar ke beech (shetalaind dweep 61° uttar tak pahuainchata hai) aur deshaantar 8° poorv se 2° pashchim mein padta hai. landan ke paas, royal greenavich vedhashaala, pramukh paraakaashtha ka paribhaashit nishaan hai. jab seedhe uttar -dakshin maapa gaya, great Britain lanbaai mein 1100 km lamba hai aur vyaapakatam par 500 km kam ek ansh hai, do ank ke beech sabse sabse adhik doori 1350 km hai bhoomi ki samaapti aur kaurnavaul (peinjains ke najdeek) aur kaithanes mein John O' groats (thurso ke najdeek) ke beech.uttari Ireland, Ireland ke saath 360 km seema bhoomi baaaintata hai.[86]
United kingadam mein ek sheetoshn jalavaayu hai, jahaaain saal bhar bharpoor maatra mein varsha hoti hai.[86] mausam ke saath taapamaan badalta hai lekin kabhi kabhi -10 C neeche girta hai ya 35 C oopar uthata hai. maujooda hava dakshin poorv se hai, jo atalaantik mahaasaagar se lagaataar narm aur geela mausam lekar aati hai. poorvi bhaag ko hava se sabse jyaada sharan mili hai aur isliye sabse adhik sookha hai. gulf nadi se garam hui atalaantik dhaaraaeain, halki sardiyaaain laati hain, khaaskar pashchim mein, jahaaain vishesh roop se uchch bhoomi mein, sardiyaaain geeli hain. Europeeya mahaadveep ke sabse kareeb hote hue, England ke dakshini poorv mein greeshmakaal sabse garm hain aur uttar mein sabse thandau॰aabarfabaari sardiyon aur shuruvaati vasant mein ho sakti hai, yadyapi uchch bhoomi se door yeh kabhi kabhi hi mahaan gaharaai mein basati hai.
England UK ke kul kshetrafal ka sirf aadha hai, 130410 km2 aachhaadan karte hue.adhikaansh desh mein taraai kshetr hain, tees-ex ki rekha ke uttar pashchim mein pahaadi ilaake ke saath jheel jila ke kambriyn pahaadiyon, penines aur choona patthar pahaadi ke peek jila, eksmoor aur daartmoor sahit.thems, sevarn aur hanbar, mukhya nadiyaaain aur jvaaranadamukh hain. England ka sabse oonche parvat skaafel paaik hai, jo jheel jila 978 m mein haiinglaind mein kai nagar aur shahar hain, jismein Europeeya sangh ke sarvochch 50 bade shahari kshetr ke chhah shaamil hain. skautlaind UK ke kul kshetrafal ka ek tihaai hissa hai, 78772 km2 aachhaadan karte hue,[87] jismein aath hajaar dweep,[88] mukhya roop se pashchim aur uttar mukhya bhoomi, khaaskar hebreeds, orkaneya dweep aur shetalaind dweep samooh shaamil hain. Scotland ki sthalaakruti ke paarvatya desh seema truti – dvaara vishisht hai, ek bhoovaijnyaaanik patthar asthibhang – jo helanasbargh se stonahaivan tak Scotland ke mukhya bhoomi ko paar karta hai. yeh chookarekha do vishisht vibhinn kshetron ho alag karta hai; arthaat uttar aur pashchim mein paarvatya aur dakshin aur poorv mein taraai.jitna adhik visham paarvatya kshetr mein Scotland ke pahaadi ilaake ki bahumat shaamil hai, ben nevis sahit, jo 1343 m par british dveepon mein uchchatam sthaan mein hai.[89] taraai kshetr, khaaskar klaaid ki sankeern saagar shaakha aur aage k