sanskrut saahitya

Bihar ya Nepal se praapt deveemaahaatmya ki yeh paandulipi sanskrut ki sabse praacheen surakshit bachi paandulipi hai. (11veen shataabdi ki)

rigvedakaal se lekar aaj tak sanskrut bhaasha ke maadhyam se sabhi prakaar ke vaaङamaya ka nirmaan hota aa raha hai. himaalaya se lekar kanyaakumaari ke chhor tak kisi na kisi roop mein sanskrut ka adhyayan adhyaapan ab tak hota chal raha hai. bhaarateeya sanskruti aur vichaaradhaara ka maadhyam hokar bhi yeh bhaasha anek drushtiyon se dharmanirpeksh (secular) rahi hai. is bhaasha mein dhaarmik, saahityik, aadhyaatmik, daarshanik, vaigyaanik aur maanaviki (hyoomainiti) aadi praaya: samast prakaar ke vaaङamaya ki rachana hui.

sanskrut bhaasha ka saahitya anek amoolya grantharatnon ka saagar hai, itna samruddh saahitya kisi bhi doosari praacheen bhaasha ka naheen hai aur na hi kisi anya bhaasha ki parampara avichhinn pravaah ke roop mein itne deergh kaal tak rahane pai hai. ati praacheen hone par bhi is bhaasha ki srujan-shakti kunthit naheen hui, iska dhaatupaath nitya naye shabdon ko gadhne mein samarth raha hai.

vishvabhar ki samast praacheen bhaashaaon mein sanskrut ka sarvapratham aur uchch sthaan hai. vishv-saahitya ki pehli pustak rigved isi bhaasha ka dedeepyamaan ratn hai. bhaarateeya sanskruti ka rahasya isi bhaasha mein nihit hai. sanskrut ka adhyayan kiye bina bhaarateeya sanskruti ka poorn gyaan kabhi sambhav naheen hai.

anek praacheen evam arvaacheen bhaashaaon ki yeh janani hai. aaj bhi Bhaarat ki samast bhaashaaeain isi vaatsalyamayi janani ke stanyaamrut se pushti pa rahi hain. paashchaatya vidvaan iske atishya samruddh aur vipul saahitya ko dekhkar aashcharya-chakit rah gaye hain. un logon ne vaigyaanik dhang se iska adhyayan kiya aur gambheer gaveshanaaeain ki hain - evam saath mein vishv ki doosari praacheen bhaashaaon ka manthan karke ve yadi 'bhaasha-vigyaan' aise apoorv shaastr ka avishkaar kar sake to iska shreya sanskrut bhaasha ke gambheer adhyayan ko hai. samast bhaarateeya bhaashaaon ko jodne waali kadi yadi koi bhaasha hai to vah sanskrut hi hai.

vishv ki samast praacheen bhaashaaon aur unke saahitya (vaaङamaya) mein sanskrut ka apna vishisht mahattv hai. yeh mahatva anek kaaranon aur drushtiyon se hai. Bhaarat ke saanskrutik, aitihaasik, dhaarmik, adhyaatmik, darshanik, saamaajik aur raajaneetik jeevan evam vikaas ke sopaanon ki sampoorn vyaakhya sanskrut vaaङamaya ke maadhyam se aaj upalabdh hai. sahasraabdiyon se is bhaasha aur iske vaaङamaya ko Bhaarat mein sarvaadhik pratishtha praapt rahi hai. Bhaarat ki yeh saanskrutik bhaasha rahi hai. sahasraabdiyon tak samagr Bhaarat ko saanskrutik aur bhaavaatmak ekta mein aabaddh rakhane ko is bhaasha ne mahatvapoorn kaarya kiya hai. isi kaaran bhaarateeya maneesha ne is bhaasha ko amarabhaasha ya devavaani ke naam se sammaanit kiya hai.

rigvedasanhita ke katipya mandalon ki bhaasha sanskrutavaani ka sarvapraacheen upalabdh svaroop hai. rigvedasanhita is bhaasha ka puraatanatam granth hai. yahaaain yeh bhi smaran rakhana chaahiye ki rigvedasanhita keval sanskrutabhaasha ka praacheenatam granth naheen hai - apitu vah aarya jaati ki sampoorn grantharaashi mein bhi praacheenatam granth hai. doosare shabdon mein, samast vishvavaaङamaya ka vah (riksanhita) sabse puraatan upalabdh granth hai. das mandalo ke is granth ka dviteeya se saptam mandal tak ka ansh praacheenatam aur pratham tatha dasham mandal apekshaakrut arvaacheen hai. rigvedakaal se lekar aaj tak us bhaasha ki akhand aur avichhinn parampara chali aa rahi hai. riksanhita keval bhaarateeya vaaङamaya ki hi amoolya nidhi naheen hai - vah samagr aaryajaati ki, samast vishvavaaङamaya ki sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn viraasat hai.

vishv ki praacheen praagaitihaasik sanskrutiyon ko jo adhyayan hua hai, usamein kadaachit aaryajaati se sambaddh anusheelan ka vishisht sthaan hai. is vaishishtya ka kaaran yahi rigvedasanhita hai. aaryajaati ki aadyatam nivaasabhoomi, unki sanskruti, sabhyata, saamaajik jeevan aadi ke vishay mein anusheelan hue hain riksanhita un sabka sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn aur praamaanik srot raha hai. pashchim ke vidvaanon ne sanskrut bhaasha aur riksanhita se parichay paane ke kaaran ho tulanaatmak bhaashaavijnyaaan ke adhyayan ko sahi disha di tatha aaryabhaashaaon ke bhaashaashaastreeya vivechan mein praudhi evam shaastreeyata ka vikaas hua. Bhaarat ke vaidik rishiyon aur vidvaanon ne apne vaidik vaaङamaya ko maukhik aur shrutipranpara dvaara praacheenatam roop mein atyant saavadhaani ke saath surakshit aur adhikrut anaae rakha. kisi prakaar ke dhvaniprak, maatraaparak yahaaain tak ki svar (aikseint) parak parivartan se poornat: bachaate rahane ka ni:svaarth bhaav mein vaidik vedapaathi sahasrabdiyon tak athak prayaas karte rahe. "ved" shabd se mantrabhaag (sanhitaabhaag) aur "braahman" ka bodh maana jaata tha. "braahman" bhaag ke teen ansh - (1) braahman, (2) aaranyak aur (3) upanishd kahe gaye hain. lipikla ke vikaas se poorv maukhik parampara dvaara vedapaathiyon ne inka sanrakshan kiya. bahut sa vaidik vaaङamaya dheere-dheere lupt ho gaya hai. par aaj bhi jitna upalabdh hai usaka mahatva aseem hai. bhaarateeya drushti se ved ko apaurusheya maana gaya hai. kaha jaata hai, mantradrashta rishiyon ne mantron ka saakshaatkaar kiya. aadhunik jagat ise sveekaar naheen karta. fir bhi yeh maana jaata hai ki vedavyaas ne vaidik mantron ka sankalan karte hue sanhitaaon ke roop mein unhein pratishthit kiya. at: sampoorn bhaarateeya sanskruti vedavyaas ki yug-yug tak rini bani rahegi.

iska rachanaakaal isa se 5500-5200 poorv maana jaata hai. bhaarateeya vidvaanon ne vedon ke rachanaakaal ka aarambh 4500 E.poo. se maana hai parantu Europeeya vidvaan inki rachana ka kaal isa se 2000-1100 poorv maanate hai.

yahaaain saahitya shabd ka prayog "vaaङamaya" ke liye hai. oopar ved sanhitaaon ka ullekh hua hai. ved chaar hain- rigved, yajurved, saamaved aur atharvaved. inki anek shaakhaaeain theen jinmein bahut si lupt ho chuki hain aur kuchh surakshit bach gayi hain jinke sanhitaagranth hamein aaj upalabdh hain. inheen ki shaakhaaon se sambaddh braahman, aranyak aur upanishd naamak granthon ka vishaal vaaङamaya praapt hai. vedaangon mein sarvapramukh kalpasootr hain jinke avaantar vargon ke roop mein aur sootr, gruhyasootr aur dharmasootr (shulbasootr bhi hai) ka bhi vyaapak saahitya bacha hua hai. inheen ki vyaakhya ke roop mein samayaanusaar dharmasanhitaaon aur smrutigranthon ka jo prachur vaaङamaya bana, manusmruti ka unamein pramukh sthaan hai. vedaangon mein shiksha-praatishaakhya, vyaakaran, nirukt, jyotish, chhand shaastr se sambaddh granthon ka vaidikottar kaal se nirmaan hota raha hai. ab tak in sabka vishaal saahitya upalabdh hai. aaj jyotish ki teen shaakhaaeain-ganit, siddhaant aur falit viksit ho chuki hain aur bhaarateeya ganitjnyaon ki vishv ki bahut si maulik den hain. paanini aur unase poorvakaaleen tatha paravarti vaiyaakaranon dvaara jaane kitne vyaakaranon ki rachana hui jinmein paanini ka vyaakaran-sanpradaaya 2500 varshon se pratishthit maana gaya aur aaj vishv bhar mein usaki mahima maanya ho chuki hai. paanineeya vyaakaran ko trimuni vyaakaran bhi kehte hain, kyoki paanini, kaatyaayan aur patanyajali in teen muniyon ke satprayaas se yeh vyaakaran poornata ko praapt kiya. yaask ka nirukt paanini se poorvakaal ka granth hai aur usase bhi pehle niruktividya ke anek aachaarya prasiddh ho chuke the. shikshaapraatishaakhya granthon mein kadaachit dhvanivijnyaaan, shaastr aadi ka jitna praacheen aur vaigyaanik vivechan Bhaarat ki sanskrut bhaasha mein hua hai- vah atulaneeya aur aashcharyakaari hai. upaved ke roop mein chikitsaavijnyaaan ke roop mein aayurved vidya ka vaidikaal se hi prachaar tha aur uske panditaagranth (charakasanhita, sushrutasanhita, bhedasanhita aadi) praacheen bhaarateeya maneesha ke vaigyaanik adhyayan ki vismayakaari nidhi hai. is vidya ke bhi vishaal vaaङamaya ka kaalaantar mein nirmaan hua. isi prakaar dhanurved aur raajaneeti, gaandharvaved aadi ko upaved kaha gaya hai tatha inke vishay ko lekar granth ke roop mein athva prasangatirgat sandarbhon mein paryaapt vichaar milta hai.

ved, vedaang, upaved aadi ke atirikt sanskrut vaaङamaya mein darshanashaastr ka vaaङamaya bhi atyant vishaal hai. poorvameemaansa, uttar meemaansa, saankhya, yog, vaisheshik aur nyaaya-in chhah pramukh aastik darshanon ke atirikt pachaason se adhik aastik-naastik darshanon ke naam tatha unke vaaङamaya upalabdh hain jinmein aatma, paramaatma, jeevan, jagatpadaarthameemaansa, tatvameemaansa aadi ke sandarbh mein atyant praudh vichaar hua hai. aastik shaddarshanon ke pravartak aachaaryon ke roop mein vyaas, jaimini, Kapil, patanji, kanaad, Gautam aadi ke naam sanskrut saahitya mein amar hain. anya aastik darshanon mein shaiv, vaishnav, taantrik aadi saikadon darshan aate hain. aastiketar darshanon mein bauddhadarshanon, jainadarshanon aadi ke sanskrut granth bade hi praudh aur maulik hain. inmein gambhir vivechan hua hai tatha unki vipul grantharaashi aaj bhi upalabdh hai. chaarvaak, lokaayatik, gaarhapatya aadi naastik darshanon ka ullekh bhi milta hai. vedapraamanya ko maananevaale aastik aur taditr naastik ke aachaaryon aur maneeshiyon ne atyant prachur maatra mein daarshanik vaaङamaya ka nirmaan kiya hai. darshan sootr ke teekaakaar ke roop mein paramaadrut shankaraachaarya ka naam sanskrut saahitya mein amar hai.

kautilya ka arthashaastr, vaatsyaayan ka kaamasootr, bharat ka naatya shaastr aadi sanskrut ke kuchh aise amoolya grantharatn hain - jinka samast sansaar ke praacheen vaaङamaya mein sthaan hai. shreemadbhagavadgeeta ka sansaar mein kaha jaata hai - baaibil ke baad sarvaadhik prachaar hai tatha vishv ki utkrushtatam krutiyon mein usaka uchch aur anyatam sthaan hai.

vaidik vaaङamaya ke anantar saanskrutik drushti se vaalmeeki ke raamaayan aur vyaas ke mahaabhaarat ki Bhaarat mein sarvochch pratishtha maani gayi hai. mahaabhaarat ka aaj upalabdh svaroop ek lakh padyon ka hai. praacheen Bhaarat ki pauraanik gaathaaon, samaajashaastreeya maanyataaon, daarshanik aadhyaatmik drushtiyon, mithkon, bhaarateeya aitihaasik jeevanachitron aadi ke saath-saath pauraanik itihaas, bhoogol aur parampara ka mahaabhaarat mahaakosh hai. vaalmeeki raamaayan aadya laukik mahaakaavya hai. usaki ganana aaj bhi vishv ke uchchatam kaavyon mein ki jaati hai. inke atirikt ashtaadash puraanon aur upapuraanaadikon ka mahaavishaal vaaङamaya hai jinmein pauraanik ya mithkeeya paddhati se keval aaryon ka hi naheen, Bhaarat ki samast janta aur jaatiyon ka saanskruti itihaas anubaddh hai. in puraanakaar maneeshiyon ne Bhaarat aur Bhaarat ke baahar se aayaat saanskruti evam aadhyaatmik aikya ki pratishtha ka sahasraabdiyon tak safal prayaas karte hue bhaarateeya saanskruti ko ekasootrata mein aabaddh kiya hai.

sanskrut ke lokasaahitya ke aadikvi vaalmeeki ke baad gadya-padya ke laakhon shravyakaavyon aur drushyakaavyaroop naatakon ki rachana hoti chali jinmein adhikaansh lupt ya nasht ho gaye. par jo svalpaansh aaj upalabdh hai, saara vishv usaka mahatva sveekaar karta hai. kavi kaalidaas ke abhijnyaaanashaakuntalam naatak ko vishv ke sarvashreshth naatakon mein sthaan praapt hai. ashvaghosh, bhaas, bhavabhooti, baanabhatt, bhaaravi, maagh, shreeharsh, shoodrak, vishaakhadatt aadi kavi aur naatakakaaron ko apne apne kshetron mein atyant uchch sthaan praapt hai. sarjanaatmak naatakon ke vichaar se bhi Bhaarat ka naatak saahitya atyant sampann aur mahatvashaali hai. saahityashaastreeya samaalochan paddhati ke vichaar se naatyashaastr aur saahityashaastr ke atyant praudh, vivechanapoorn aur maulik prachurasakhyak krutiyon ka sanskrut mein nirmaan hua hai. siddhaant ki drushti se rasavaad aur dhvanivaad ke vichaaron ko maulik aur atyant vyaapak chintan maana jaata hai. stotr, neeti aur subhaashit ke bhi anek uchch koti ke granth hain. inke atirikt shilp, kala, sangeet, nrutya aadi un sabhi vishyon ke praudh granth sanskrut bhaasha ke maadhyam se nirmit hue hain jinka kisi bhi prakaar se aadimdhyakaaleen bhaarateeya jeevan mein kisi paksh ke saath sambandh raha hai. aisa samjha jaata hai ki dyootavidya, chauravidya aadi jaise vishyon par granth banaana bhi sanskrut panditon ne naheen chhoda tha. ek baat aur thi. bhaarateeya lokajeevan mein sanskrut ki aisi shaastreeya pratishtha rahi hai ki granthon ki maanyata ke liye sanskrut mein rachana ko aavashyak maana jaata tha. isi kaaran bauddhon aur jainon, ke darshan, dharmasiddhaant, puraanagaatha aadi naana pakshon ke hajaaron granthon ko paali ya praakrut mein hi naheen sanskrut mein sapraas rachana hui hai. sanskrut vidya ki na jaane kitni mahatvapoorn shaakhaaon ka yahaaain ullakh bhi alpasthaanata ke kaaran naheen kiya ja sakta hai. parantu nishkarsh roop se poorn vishvaas ke saath kaha ja sakta hai ki Bhaarat ki praacheen sanskrut bhaasha-atyant samarth, sampann aur aitihaasik mahatva ki bhaasha hai. is praacheen vaani ka vaaङamaya bhi atyant vyaapak, sarvatomukhi, maanavataavaadi tatha paramasanpann raha hai. vishv ki bhaasha aur saahitya mein sanskrut bhaasha aur saahitya ka sthaan atyant mahatvashaali hai. samast vishv ke prachyavidyaapremiyon ne sanskrut ko jo pratishtha aur uchchaasan diya hai, uske liye Bhaarat ke sanskrutapremi sada krutajnya bane raheinge.

yeh sanskrutabhaasha ke praacheenatam itihaas granth hai, ise aamtaur par vaidik yug mein lagbhag 1400 isavi isa poorv ke samay ka maana jaata hai. vidvaanon ne iski tithi nirdhaarit karne ke liye ismein varnit soorya grahan aur chandra grahanon ke baare mein adhyayan kiya hai aur ise 31 veen sadi isa poorv ka maanate hain, lekin matabhed abhi bhi jaari hai.