sanskrut ke praacheen evam madhyakaaleen shabdakosh

sanskrut ke puraatanatam upalabdh shabdakosh vaidik 'nighantu' hai. usaka rachanaakaal kam se kam 700 ya 800 i0 poo0 hai. vaidik shabdon (keval virl ya klisht shabd) ke sangrah ko 'nighantu' kehte the. 'yaask' ka nirukt vaidik nighantu ka bhaashya hai. yaask se poorvavarti nighantuon mein ekamaatr yahi nighantu upalabdh hai par 'nirukt' se jaan padta hai ke 'yaask' ke poorv anek nighantu ban chuke the. at: kah sakte hain ki kam se kam i0 poo0 1000 se hi nighantu koshon ka sanpaadan hone laga tha.

vistrut jaankaari ke liye nighntu tatha nirukt dekhein.

vaidik nighantukoshon aur 'nirukt granthon' ke anantar sanskrut ke praacheen aur madhyakaaleen kosh hamein upalabdh hote hain. is sambandh mein 'mekdaanald' ne maana hai ki sanskrut koshon ki parampara ka udbhav (nightu granthon ke anantar) dhaatupaathon aur ganapaathon se hua hai. paanineeya ashtaadhyaayi ke poorak paarishisht roop mein dhaatuon aur ganashabdon ka vyaakaranopayogi sangrah in uparyukt paathon mein hua. par unamein arthanirdesh na hone ke kaaran unhe keval dhaatusoochi aur ganasoochi kehna adhik sameecheen hoga.

aage chalakar sanskrut ke adhikaansh koshon mein jis prakaar rachanaavidhaan aur arthanirdesh shaili ka vikaas hua hai vah dhaatupaath ya ganaapaath ki shaili se poornat: pruthak hai. nighantu granthon se inka svaroop bhi kuchh bhinn hai. nighantuon mein vaidik shabdon ka sangrah hota tha. unamein kriyaapadon, naamapadon aur avyayon ka bhi sankalan kiya jaat tha. parantu sanskrut koshon mein mukhyat: keval naamapadon aur avyayon ka hi sangrah hua.

'nirukt' ke samaan athva paali ke 'mahaavyutpatti' kosh ki tarah ismein vyutpattinirdesh naheen hai. vaidik nighantuon mein sangruheet shabdon ka sambandh praay: vishisht granthon se (rigvedasanhita ya atharvasanhita ka atharvanighantu) hota ta. inki rachana gadya mein hoti thi. parantu sanskrut kosh mukhyat: padyaatmak hai aur pramukh roop se unamein anushtup chhand ka yog (abhidhaanarantamaala aadi ko chhodkar) hua hai. sanskrut koshon dvaara shabdo aur arth ka parichay karaaya gaya hai: dhanandaya, dharani' aur 'maheshvar' aadi koshon ke nirmaan ka uddeshya tha sanbhavat: mahatvapoorn virlaprayukt aur kavijnopayogi shabdon ka sangrah banaana.

sanskrut koshon ka aitihaasik sinhaavalokan karne se hamein is vishay ko saamaanya jaankaari praapt ho sakti hai. is sambandh mein vidvaanon ne 'amarasinh' dvaara rachit aur sarvaadhik lokapriya 'naamalingaanushaasan' (amarakosh) ko kendra mein rakhakar usi aadhaar par sanskrut koshon ko teen kaalakhandon mein vibhaajit kiya hai-

• (1) amarakosh-poorvavarti sanskrut kosh,
• (2) amarakoshakaal tatha
• (3) amarakoshaparavarti sanskrut kosh.

'amarasinh' ke poorvavarti koshon ka unke naamalingaanushaasan' mein ullekh naheen milta hai. parantu 'samaahrutyaanyatantraani' ke dhvanyaarth ka aadhaar lekar 'amarakosh' ki rachana mein poorvavarti koshon ke upayog ka anumaan kiya ja sakta hai. 'amarakosh' ki ek teeka mein labdh 'kaatya' shabd ke aadhaar par 'kaatya' ya 'kaatyaayan' naamak 'amar'—apoorvavarti koshakaar ka aur paathaantar ke aadhaar par vyaadi naamak koshaakaar ka anumaan hota hai. 'amarakosh' ke teekaakaar 'ksheerasvaami' ke aadhaar par 'dhanvatanri' ke 'dhanvatarapinighantu' naamak vaidyak nighantu (kosh) ka sanket milta hai. 'Maharashtra shabdakosh' ki bhoomika mein 'bhaaguri' kekosh ko bhee—aajiska 'trikaandakosh' thaa—'amar—apoorvavati' bataaya gaya hai. yeh kosh dakshin Bhaarat ki ek grathasoochi mein aaj bhi ullikhit hai. 'ranti ya 'rantidev' aur 'rasabh' ya 'rasabhapaal' ko bhi (Maharashtra shabdakosh ki bhoomika ke aadhaar par) 'amar—apoorvavarti' koshakaar kaha gaaya hai.

'sarvaanand' ne 'amarakosh ki apni teeka mein bataaya hai ki 'vyaadi' aur 'vararuchi' aadi ke koshon mein keval lingon ka sangrah hai aur 'trikaand' evam 'utpalini' mein keval shabdon ka. parantu 'amarakosh' mein donon ki visheshataaeain ekatr sanmilit hain. is prakaar 'vyaadi', 'vararuchi' (ya kaatya) 'bhaaguri' aur 'dhanvantari' aadi anek koshakaaron ka ksheerasvaami ne amara—aapoorvavarti koshakaaron aur 'trikaand', 'utpalini', 'ratnakosh' aur 'maala' aadi amara—aapoorvavarti koshagrothon ka parichay diya hai.

amarakosh ki mahata ke kuchh kaaran hain. yadyapi tatpoorvavarti kosh ('dhanvatarinighantu' tatha paandulipisoochi mein ullikhit ekaadh anya granth ko chhodkar) aaj upalabdh naheen hain tathaapi yeh anumaan kiya jaata hai ki praacheen koshon mein do prakaar ki shailiyaaain (kadaachit, prachalit theen—

(1) kuchh kosh (sanbhavat:) naamon (sajnyaaaon) ka hi aur kuchh lingon ka hi nirdesh karte the. (kadaachit do ek kosh dhaatusoochi bhi prastut karte the.) inhein naamatantr (naamapaaraayanaatmak) tatha lingatantr (lingapaaraayanatmak) kaha jaata tha.

(2) dviteeya vidha ke koshon mein lingon ka vivechanaatmak nirdeshan hi mukhya vishay rahata tha.

par 'amarasinh ne apne kosh mein donon ka ek saath atyant praudh sanyojan aur vivechan kiya hai. aarambh mein hi unhonne teesare se paaainchave shlok tak apne kosh mein prayukt niyamon aur paddhati ka spasht nirdesh kiya hai. inke aadhaar par shabdaarth ke saath hi saath ling ka nirnaya bhi hota hai.

teen kaandon ke is granth mein kramash: das, das aur paaainch varg hain. upakram bhaag mein nirdisht paddhati ke anusaar naamapadon ke ling ka aadyant nirdesh kiya gaya hai. isi kaaran iska abhidhaan 'naamalingaanushaasan' hai. iski vishishtata ka parichay dete hue swayam granthakaar ne bataaya hai ki anya tantron se vivechya vishay ka samaahaar karte hue sankshipt roop mein aur pratisanskaar dwaar utkrusht roop se vargon mein vibhkta—ais naamalingaanushaasan' ko poorn banaane ka prayaas hua hai. yahi iski vinsheshata hai.

suvyavisthit paddhit ke anusaar kaandon aur vargon ka vibhaajan kiya gaya hai. vastut: dekha jaaya to pratham do kaand is kosh ka paryaayavaachi svaroop prastut karte hain or truteeya kaand mein naana prakruti ke itar naamapadon ka sangrah hai. visheshyanighn varg mein visheshya- nusaari lingaadi mein prayukt honevaale naamapadon ka sangrah hai. 'sankeern' varg mein prakruti pratyaadi ke arth dvaara ling ki ooha ka vivechan hua hai. naanaarth' varg mein naanaarth naamon ka 'kaant', 'khaant' aadi kram ke anusaar sangrah kiya gaya hai. chaturth varg avyaya shabdon ko sankalit karanevaala hai aur atim varg lingaadisangrah kaha gaya hai ev usamein shaastreeya aur vyaakarananiymaanusaari aadhaar ko lekar ling ka anushaasan mukhya roop se tatha gaun roop se anya anukt-linganirdesh ki kramabaddh paddhati bataai gayi hai.

yeh koshagranth mukhyat: paryaayavaachi hi hai. fir bhi truteeya kaand ke dwaar, jise ham aadhunik padaavali mein parishishtaansh kah sakte hain, is kosh ki poorn aur vyaapak tatha upayogi banaaya gaya hai.

amaraparavarti kaal mein sanskrut koshon ki anek vidhaaeain lakshit hoti hain -

• kuchh kosh mukhyat: keval naanaarth kosh ke roop mein hamaare saamane aate hai,
• kuchh ko samaanaarthak shabdakosh aur
• kuchh ko ashant: paryaayavaachi kosh kah sakte hain.

in vidhaaon ke atirikt aise kosh bhi milte hain jinmein kramash: ekaakshar, dvaayakshar, tyakshar aur naanaakshar shabdon ka yojanaabaddh roop se sankalan hua hai. 'dviroop' kosh bhi bane hai.

inke aririkt 'purushottamadev' ka granth 'varnadeshana' hai, jismein likhaavat mein svalpaadhik bhedon ke kaaran honevaale varnaavinyaas sambandhi vairoopya parichay milta hai. inheen ka ek kosh 'trikaandakosh' bhi hai jismein amarasinh ke kosh mein chhoote hue, par tadayugeen' bhaasha mein prachalit, shabdon ka sangrah hai. 'purushottamadev' ki hi ek rachana 'haaraavali' bhi hai, jismein virl prayogavaale 'ekaarth' aur 'anekaarth' shabdon ke do bhaag hain. swayam lekhar ne likha hai ki is granth mein atyant virl shabdon ka sangrathan hua hai.

'amarasinh' ke anantar koshakaaron aur koshagranthon par amarakosh ka paryaapt prabhaav dikhaai deta hai. paryaayavaachi kosh bahut kuchh amarakosh se prabhaav grahan kar likhe gaye. 'naanaarth' ya 'anekaarth' kosh bhi amarakosh ke naanaarth varg ke aadhaar par praay: bahumukhi vistaaramaatr rahe hain. 'vishvaprakaash' kosh mein avashya kuchh adhik vaishisht dikhaai det hai. vah vilkshan 'naanaarthakosh' hai jo anek adhyayon mein vibhkt hai. pratyek adhyaaya mein ekaakshar, dvayakshar aadi kram se saptaakshar shabdon tak ka sankalan hai. 'kaikak', 'kadvik', aadi bhi adhyaayon ke naam hain. 'amarakosh' ki tarah hi shabd ke antim varnaanusaar kaant, khaant aadi roop mein shabdon ka anukram hai. unka 'shabd—abhed—aprakaashika' naamak granth bhi vastut: isi ka anya parishisht hai. iske chaar adhyaayon mein kramash: 'shabdabhed', 'vakaarabhed', 'ooshmabhed' aur 'lingabhed' naamak chaar vibhinn bhed hain. aitihaasik kram se sanskrut koshon ka nirdesh neeche kiya raha hai:

shaashvat ka anekaarthasamuchchaya naamak naanaarth kosh hai. samay poornat: nishchit na hone par bhi 600 i0 ke aaspaas ke kaal mein iski rachana maani jaati hai. isi ko 'shaashvatakosh' bhi kehte hain. 'amarakosh' ke sankshipt naanaarth varg ka yeh vistaar jaan padta hai. 800 anushtup chhandon ke is kosh ko chhah bhaago mein vibhkt kiya gaya hai. aadya teen bhaagon mein kramabaddh roop se shabd ke arth kram se chaar charanon (poore shlok), do charanon (aadhe shlok) aur ek charan mein diye gaye hain. chauthe bhaag mein ek-ek charan mein naanaarthabodhak shabd hai aur pancham tatha shashth vibhaagon mein avyaya hain.

bhatth halaayudh (samay lagbhag 10 veen0 shataabdhi i0) ke kosh ka naam 'abhidhaanaratnamaala' hai, par 'halaayudhakosh' naam se yeh adhik prasiddh hai. iske paaainch kaand (svar, bhoomi, paataal, saamaanya aur anekaarth) hain. pratham chaar paryaayavaachi kaand hain, pancham mein anekaarthak tatha avyayashabd sangruheet hai. ismein poorvakoshakaaron ke roop mein amaradatt, varuruchi, bhaaguri aur vopaalit ke naam uddhrut hai. roopabhed se ling- bodhan ki prakriya apnaai gayi hai. 900 shlokon ke is granth par amarakosh ka paryaapt prabhaav jaan padta hai. 'pingalasootr' ki teeka ke atirikt 'kavirhasya' bhi inka rachit hai jismein 'halaayudh' ne dhaatuon ke latlakaar ke bhinn bhinn roopon ka vishdeekaran bhi kiya hai.

yaadavaprakaash (samay 1055 se 1337 ke madhya) ka vaijayanti kosh atyant prasiddh bhi hai aur mahatvapoorn bhi. iski kuchh apni visheshataaeain hain. yeh bruhadaakaar bhi hai aur praamaanik bhi maana gaya hai. iski sarvapramukh visheshata hai - naanaarth bhaag ki aadivrg-kramaanusaari varnakramayojana jismein aadhunik koshon ki akaaraadi- varnaanikramapaddhati ka beej drushtigochar hota hai. parantu kothorata aur poornata ke saath is niyam ka paalan naheen hai. keval prathamaakshar ka aadhaar liya gaya hai—aditeeya, truteeya aadi akshar ya dhvani ka naheen. iske do bhaag hain—(1) paryaayavaachi aur (2) naanaarthak. donon hi bhaag—aamarakosh ki apeksha adhik sampann hai. naanaarthabhaag ke teen ka mein dvayakshar, trayakshar aur shesh shabdo ko sankalit kiya gaya hai. naanaarthabhaag ke kaandon ka adhyaavibhaaga— upaprakaranon mein lingaanusaar (pullingaadhyaaya, streelingaadhyaaya, napunsakalingaadhyaaya, arthallingaadhyaaya aur naanaalingaadhyaaya) hua hai. antim chaar adhyaayon mein aur bhi anek visheshataaeain hain. amarakosh ki paribhaashaaeain sankshepeekrut roop se gruheet hai. ismein kuchh vaidik shabd bhi sangruheet hai.

hemachandr - sanskrut ke madhyakaaleen koshakaaron mein hemachandr ka naam vishesh mahatva rakhata hai. ve mahaapandit the aur 'kaalikaalasarvajnya' kahe jaate the. ve kavi the, kaavyashaastr ke aachaarya the, yogashaastramarmajnya te, jainadharm aur darshan ke prakaand vidvaan the, teekaakaar te aur mahaan koshakaar bhi the. ve jahaaain ek or naanaashaastrapaarangat aachaarya the vaheen doosari or naana bhaashaaon ke marmajnya, unke vyaakaranakaar evam anekabhaashaakoshakaar bhi the (samay 1088 se 1172 i0). sanskrut mein anek koshon ki rachana ke saath saath praakruta—aaapabhransha—aakosh bhi (desheenaamamaala) unhonne sanpaadit kiya. abhidhaanachintaamani (ya 'abhidhaanachintaamaninaamamaala' inka prasiddh paryaayavaachi kosh hai. chhah kaandon ke is kosh ka pratham kaand keval jain devon aur jainamateeya ya dhaarmik shabdon se sanbanddh hai. Dave, martya, bhoomi ya tiryak, naarak aur saamaanya—aashesh paaainch kaand hain. 'lingaanushaasan' pruthak granth hi hai. 'abhidhaanachintaamani' par unki svavirchit 'yashovijya' teeka hai—ajiske atirikt, vyutpattirtnaakar' (devasaagakarani) aur 'saaroddhaar' (vallabhagani) prasiddh teekaaeain hai. ismein naana chhandon mein 1542 shlok hai. doosra kosh 'anekaarthasangrah (shlo0 san0 1829) hai jo chhah kaandon mein hai. ekaakshar, dvayakshar, tryakshar aadi ke kram se kaandayojan hai. ant mein parishishtat kaand avyayon se sanbanddh hai. pratyek kaand mein do prakaar ki shabdakramayojanaaeain hain—(1) prathamaaksharaanusaari aur (2) 'antimanksharaanusaari'. 'desheenaamamaala' praakrut ka (aur anshat: apabhransh ka bhi) shabdakosh hai jiska aadhaar 'paaiyalachhi' naamamaala hai'.

maheshvar (1111 i0) ke do kosh (1) vishvaprakaash aur (2) shabdabhedaprakaash hain. pratham naanaarthakosh hai. jiski shabdakram-yojana amarakosh ke samaan 'antyaaksharaanusaari hai. iske adhyaayon mein ekaakshar se lekar 'saptaakshar' tak ke shabdon ka kramik sangrah hai. tadanasaar 'kaikak' aadi adhyaaya bhi hai. ant mein avyaya bhi sangruheet hain. 'stri', 'pum' aadi shabdon ke dvaaron naheen apitu shabdon ki punarukti dvaara linganirdesh kiya gaya hai. ismein anek poorvavarti koshakaaron ke naama— bhogeendr, kaatyaayan, saahasaank, vaachaspati, vyaadi, vishvaroop, amar, mangal, shubhaang, shubhaank, gopaalit (vopaalit) aur bhaaguri—anirdisht hain. is kosh ki prasiddh, atyant sheegra ho gayi thi kyonki 'sarvaanand'aur 'hemachandr' ne inka ullekh kiya hai. ise 'vishvakosh' bhi adhikt: kaha jaata hain. shabdabhedaprakaashika vastut: vishvaprakaash ka parishisht hai jismein shabdabhed, bakaarabhed, lingabhed aadi hain.

mankh pandit (12 veen shati i0) ka anekaartha—aa1007 shlokon ka hai aur amarakosh evam vishvaroopakosh ke anukaran par bana hai. 'bhaaguri', amar, halaayudh, shaashvat' aur 'dhnavantari ke aadhaaragrahan ka usamein sanket hai. shabdakramayojana antyaaksharaanusaari hai.

ajayapaal (lagbhag 12 veen—aa13 vi shati ke beech) ke naanaarthasangrah naamak kosh mein 1730 shlok hain. se dekhne se jaan padta hai ki shaashvatakosh ya anekaarthasamuchchaya ke aadhaar par iski rachana ki gayi hai. unheen ka anukaran bhi usamein aabhaasata hai. pratyek adhyaaya ke ant mein avyaya shabd hai. dhananjaya (i0 12 vee0 shataabdi uttaraardh ke aaspaas anumaanit) ki naamamaala naamak koshakruti hai. yeh lagaukosh hai. naamamaal naam ke anek koshagranth milte hain. ismein keval 200 shlok hain. kuchh paandulipiyon mein naanaarth shabd naheen hai par ek mein tatsabanddh 50 shlok hain.

purushottamadev (samay 1159 i0 ke poorv) — sanskrut mein paaainch konshon ke nirmaata maane gaye hain — (1) trikaandakosh, (2) haaraavali, (3) varnadeshan, (3) ekaaksharakosh aur (5) dviroopakosh. 'amarokash' ke teekaakaar 'sarvaanad' ne apni teeka mein inke chaar koshon ke vachan udadhrut kiye hain jisse inka mahatvapoorn koshakartrutv prakat hain. ye bauddh vaiyaakaran the. 'bhaashaavrutti' ivaki prasiddh rachana hai. inhonne 'vaachaspati' ke 'shabdaarnav' 'vyaadi' ki 'utpalini' 'vikramaaditya' ke 'sansaaravart' ko apna aadhaar ghoshit kiya hai. 'aafrekt granthasoochi mein nau anya (byaakaran aur kosh ke) granthon ka purooshottamadev ke naam se sanket milta hai. inka trikaandakosh'— naam se hi 'amarakosh' ka parishisht prateet hota hai. falat: vahaaain apraapt shabdon ka ismein sankalan hai. ('amarakosh' se poorv ka bhi ek 'trikaandakosh' bataaya jaata hai par usase iska sambandh naheen jaan padata.) ismein anek chhand hain aur iski teeka bhi hui hai. haaraavali mein paryaaya shabdon aur naanaarth shabdon ke do vibhaag gai. shlokasankhya 270 hai. paryaayavaachi vibhaag ka teen adhyaayon—(1) ekashlokaatmak (2) ardhashlokaatmak tatha (3) paadaatmaka—amein upavibhaajan hua hai. naanaarth vibhaag mein bhi—(1) ardhashlok, (2) paadashlok aur ek shabd mein diye gaye hain. ismein praay: virlaprayog aur aprasiddh shabd hain jabki trikaandakosh mein prasiddh shabd. granthakaar ki ukti ke anusaar 12 varsha mein bade shram ke saath iski rachana ki gayi hai. (12 maas mein ek paath ke anusaar). varnadeshana apne dhang ka ek vichitr aur gadyaatmak kosh hai. deshabhed, roodhibhed aur bhaashaabhed se kh, ksh ya h, d athva h, gh, mein honevaali bhraanti ka anek granthon ke aadhaar par niraakaran hi iska uddeshya jaan padta hai—

'antr' hi prayoge bahudashvaanaan shrutisaadhaaranamaatren gruhanaataan khurakshurapraadau khakaraakshakaarayau: sinhaashinghaanakaadau hakaaraghakaarayau..... tath: Gowda dilipi saadhaaranyaad hindeegudokeshaadau hakaara—aadakaarayo: bhraantaya upajaayanto. atastaadvivechanaaya kvaachiddhaatuparaayane dhaatuvrutti- poojaadishu pravyaktalekhanen prasiddhi deshen dhaatupratyayonaadivyaakhyaalekhanen kvachidaaptavanchanen shleshaadidrshanen varnadeshanemaanabhyate. (India aafit ketelaag, pru0 294).

'mahaakshapanak', 'maheedhar' aur 'vararuchi' ke banaae 'ekaakshar' koshon ka samaan 'purushottamadev' ne bhi ekaakshar kosh banaaya jismein ek ek akshar ke shabd ke arth varnit hain. dviroopakosh bhi 75 shlokon ka laghukosh hai. naishadhakaar 'shreehash' ne bhi ek dviroopakosh likha tha.

keshavasvaami (samay 12 veen ya 13 veen shataabdi) ek ka naanaarthaarnav - sankshep ko apni shaili ke kaaran bada mahatva praapt hai. ek ek ling ke ekaakshar se shadakshar tak ke anekaarthak shabdon ka kramash: chhah kaandon mein sangrah hai aur pratyek kaand ke bhi kramash: streeling, punlling, napunsakaling, vaachyarling tatha naanaaling paaainch paaainch adhyaaya hai. pratyek adhyaaya ki shabdaanukramayojana mein akaaraadivrnakram ki sarani apnaai gayi hai. 'amarakosh' mein anupalabdh shabd hi praay: ismein sankalit hai. 5800 shlokasankhyak is bruhatranaarthakosh mein kuchh baidik shabdon ka aur 30 praacheen koshakaaron ke naamon ka nirdesh hai.

medinikr ka samay lagbhag 14 vi shataabdi ke aasaapaas ya usase kuchh poorvavati kaal maana gaya hai. ek mat se 1175 i0 ke poorv bhi inka samay bataaya jaata hai. inke kosh ka naam 'naanaarthashabdakosh' hai par 'medinikosh' naam se vah adhik vikhyaat hai. iski paddhati aur shaili par 'vishvakosh' ki rachana ka paryaapt prabhaav hai. uske anek shlok bhi yahaaain udadhut hai. granthaaranbh ke paribhaashaatmak ansh par 'amarakosh' ki itni gahari chhaap hai ki ismein 'amarakosh' ke shlok tak shabdash: le liye gaye hain. ismein koi khaas visheshata nahi hai.

medineekosh ke anantar ke laghukosh

medeeni ke anantar ke laghukosh na to baarabaar uddhrut hue hai aur na poorvakoshon ke samaan pramaanaroop mein maanya hai. parantu inmein kuchh aise praacheenatar aur praamaanik koshon ka upayog hua hai jo aaj upalabdh naheen hain athva aur ashuddh roop mein anshat: upalabdh hain.

• (1) 'jinbhadr suri' ka kosh hai apavarganaamamaalaa— jiska naam 'panchavargaparihaaranaamamaala bhi hai. inka kaal sanbhavat: 12 veen shataabdi ke aas paas hai.

• (2) 'shabdaratnapradeep'—asanbhavat: yeh kalyaanamall ka shabdaratnapradeep naamak paaainch kaandovaala kosh hai. (samay lagbhag 1295 i0).

• (3) maheep ka shabdaratnaakara—aakosh hai jiske naanaarthabhaav ka sheershak hai—aanekaarth ya naanaarthatilk; samay hai lagbhag 1374 i0.

• (4) padyagadatt ke kosh ka naam 'bhoorik- prayog hai. iska samay lagbhag vahi hai. is kosh ka paryaayavaachi bhaag chhota hai aur naanaarth bhaag bada. *(5) raameshvar sharma ki shabdamaala bhi aisi hi kruti hai.

• (6) 14 vi shataabdi ke vijyanagar ke raaja harihragiri ki raajasabha mein bhaaskar athva danmadaadhinaath the. unhone naanaartharatnamaala banaaya.

• (7) abhidhaanatantr ka nirmaan jataadhar ne kiya.

• (8) 'anekaarth' ya naanaarthakamanjari'— 'naamaangadasinh' ka laghu naanaarthakaari hai.

• (9) roopachandr ki roopamanjaree—aanaamamaala ka samay 16 vi shati hai.

• (10) shaaradeeya naamamaala 'harshakeerti' krut hai (1624 i0).

• (11) shabdaratnaakar ke karta 'varmaanabhatt vaan' hain.

• (12) naamasangrahamaala ki rachana appaya Dixit ne ki hai. inke atirikt

• (13) naamakosh (sahajakeerti) ka (1627) aur

• (14) panchachatv prakaash (1644) saamaanya kosh hain.

• (15) kalpadru kosh keshavakrut hai. naanaartharnavasakshepakaar 'keshavasvaami' se ye bhinn hain. yeh granth sanskrut ka bruhattam paryaayavaachi kosh hai. ismein naanaarth ka prakaran ya vibhaag naheen hai. ismein paryaayon ki sankhya sarvaadhik hai, yathaa—aapruthvi ke 164 tatha agni ke 114 paryaaya ityaadi. 'mallinaathi' teeka mein udadhrut vachan ke aadhaar par 'keshav naamak' truteeya koshakaar bhi anumaanit hai. teen skandhon ke is kosh ki shlokasankhya lagbhag chaar hajaar hai. skandhon ke antargat anek prakaand hain. lingabodh ke liye anek sankshipt sanket hain. paryaayon ki spashtata aur poornata ke liye anek prayog tatha pratikriyaaeain di hui hain. ismein kaatya, vaachaspati, bhaaguri, amar, mangal, saahasaank, mahesh aur jinaantim (sanbhavat: hemachandr) ke naam ullikhit hain. chaturth shlok se navam shlok taka—akosh mein viniyukt paddhati ka nirdesh kiya gaya hai. rachanakaal 1660 i0 maana jaata hai. keshavasvaami ke naanaartharnav kosh se yeh bhinn hai.

• (16) shabdaratnaavali ke nirmaata mathuresh hai (samay 17vi shataabdi). inke atirikt kuchh aur bhi saadhaaran paravarti kosh hain.

• (17) koshakalpataru—aavishvanaath;

• (18) naanaarthapadapeethika tatha shabdalingaarthachandrikaa—aasujan (donon hi naanaarthakosh hain). inmein pratham mein—aaantyavyanjanaanusaara kram hai aur dviteeya mein taan kaand hain jismein kramash: ek, do aur teen lingon ke shabd hain).

• (19) paryaayapadamanjari aur shabdaarthamanjooshaa—aaprasiddh kosh hain.

• (20) maheshvar ke kosh ka naam 'paryaayaratnamaala' hai— sanbhavat: paryaayavaachi kosh vishvaprakaash' ke nirmaata maheshvar se bhinn hain. paryaanyashabdaratnaakar ke karta dhananjaya bhattaachaai hai.

• (21) vishvimedinee— saarasvat bhinn ka hai.

• (22) vishvakavi ka vishvanighantu hai.

• (23) 1786 aur 1833 ke beech banaaras mein sanskrut- paryaayavaachi shbdon ki ek 'glaasari' 'etheniyn' ne apne ek braahman mitt dbaara apne nirdeshan mein banvaai thi. ismein mool shabd saptami vibhkti ke the aur paryaaya—aakarta kaarak (prathama) ke parantu sanbhavat: ismein bahut sa ansh aadhaaraheenata athva dishpoorn viniyog ke kaaran sandigdh raha. 'bothalink' ka sankshipt shabdakosh bhi 'gyalanaas' ke anek uddharanon se yukt hai.

inke alaav kshemeindr ka lokaprakaash, maheep ki anekaarthamaala ka harichranasen ki paryaamuktaavali, veneeprasaad ka panchanatvaprakaash, ane- kaarthanilk, raaghav khaandekar ka keshaavatans, 'mahaakshapanak ki anekaarth- dhvanimanjari aadi saadhaaran shabdakosh upalabdh hai. bhattamall ki aakhyaatacheendrik (kriyaakosh), harsh ka lingaanushaashan, aniruddh ka shabdabhedaprakaash aur shivdatt vedya ka shivkosh (vaidyak), ganitaarth naamamaala, nakshatnakosh aadi vishisht kosh hai. laukik nyaaya ki sooktiyaaain ke bhi anek sangrah hai. inmein bhuvanesh ki laikiknyaayasaahasi ke alaaba laukik nyaayasangrah, laukik nyaaya muktaavali, laukiknyaayakosh aadi hai. daarshanik vishyon ke bhi kosh— jinhein ham paribhaashik kehte hai— paandulipi ki soochiyon mein paae jaate hai.

• kosh
• sanskrut ke aadhunik kosh
• paali, praakrut aur apabhransh ka kosh vaaङamaya
• shabdakoshon ka itihaas