sanjnyaa

bhaasha vigyaan mein, sanjnyaa ek vishaal, mukt shaabdik varg ka sadasya hai, jiske sadasya vaakyaansh ke karta ke mukhya shabd, kriya ke karm, ya poorvasarg ke karm ke roop mein maujood ho sakte hain.

shaabdik vargon ko is sandarbh mein paribhaashit kiya jaata hai ki unke sadasya abhivyaktiyon ke anya prakaaron ke saath kis tarah sanyojit hote hain. sanjnyaa ke liye bhaashaavaar vaakyaatmak niyam bhinn hote hain. angreji mein, sanjnyaa ko un shabdon ke roop mein paribhaashit kiya ja sakta hai, jo upapad aur gunavaachak visheshanon ke saath hote hain aur sanjnyaa vaakyaansh ke sheersh ke roop mein kaarya kar sakte hain.

paaramparik angreji vyaakaran mein Noun, aath shabdabhedon mein se ek hai.

yeh shabd laitin ke nomen se vyutpann hai, jiska arth hai naam . sanjnyaa jaise shabd vargon ko sabse pehle sanskrut vaiyaakaran [[|Pāaṇaini]] tatha daayanaaisiyos thraiks jaise praacheen yoonaaniyon ne varnit kiya aur unke roopavidhaan gunon ke sandarbh mein unki paribhaasha di gayi. udaaharan ke liye, praacheen greek mein, sanjnyaa vyaakaranik kaarak ke liye kriyaaroop prastut karte hain, jaise sanpradaan kaarak ya karm kaarak.

praakrutik bhaasha ki abhivyaktiyon mein vibhinn staron par visheshataaen hoti hain. inmein aupachaarik visheshataaen hoti hain, jaise ki ve kis prakaar ke roopaatmak upasarg ya pratyaya lete hain aur kis anya prakaar ki abhivyaktiyon ke saath sanyojit hoti hain; lekin inke saath arthagat visheshataaen bhi judi hain, yaani unke arth se sambandhit gun. is lekh ke shurooaat mein is prakaar noun ki paribhaasha ek aupachaarik paaramparik vyaakaranamoolak paribhaasha hai. vah paribhaasha, adhikaanshat:, avivaadaaspad maani jaati hai aur katipya bhaashaaon ke upayogakartaaon ke liye anek sanjnyaaaon ko gair sanjnyaaaon se prabhaavi roop se antar samajhne ka saadhan prastut karti hai. tathaapi, iski ek asuvidha hai ki yeh sabhi bhaashaaon ki sanjnyaaaon par laagoo naheen hota hai. udaaharan ke liye, roosi mein koi nishchayavaachak upapad maujood naheen hain, at: sanjnyaaaon ko aise shabdon ke roop mein paribhaashit naheen kiya ja sakta hai jo nishchayavaachak upapadon dvaara sanshodhit hote hain. sanjnyaaaon ko unke arthagat visheshataaon ke aadhaar par paribhaashit karne ke bhi kai prayaas hue hain. inmein kai vivaadaaspad hain, lekin kuchh ki neeche charcha ki ja rahi hai.

vastuon ke liye naam

vyaakaran ki paaramparik vichaaradhaara mein aksar sanjnyaaaon ki paribhaasha se saamana hota hai ki ve sabhi aur keval ve abhivyaktiyaan hain jo vyakti, sthaan, vastu, ghatna, padaarth, gunavatta, maatra, ya vichaar, aadi se sandarbh rakhate hain. yeh arthagat paribhaasha hai. iski gair soochanaatmak ke roop mein samakaaleen bhaashaavidon dvaara aalochna ki gayi hai.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]} samakaaleen bhaashaavid aam taur par sahamat hain ki sanjnyaaaon (ya anya vyaakaranik shreniyon) ki is aadhaar par safal paribhaasha sambhav naheen hai ki ve kin duniya ki vastuon ko sandarbhit karte ya soochit karte hain. samasya ka ansh hai ki sanjnyaaaen kya hain, ise paribhaashit karne ke liye paribhaasha apekshaakrut saamaanya sanjnyaaaon (vastu, tathya, ghatna) ka upayog karti hai.

aise saamaanya sanjnyaaaon ka astitv darshaata hai ki sanjnyaaaen aise tatvon ko sandarbhit karti hain jo vargeekaran padaanukramon mein suvyavasthit hain. lekin anya prakaar ki abhivyaktiyaan bhi aise sanrachit vargeekaran sambandhon mein vyavasthit hote hain. udaaharan ke liye kriyaapad stroll, saunter, stride aur tread adhik saamaanya walk se zyaada vishisht shabd hain - dekhein Troponymy. iske alaava, kriya move ki tulana mein walk adhik vishisht hai, jab ki change ki tulana mein kam saamaanya. lekin yeh sambhaavana naheen hai ki is tarah ke vargeekaran sambandhon ka upayog nouns aur verbs ko paribhaashit karne ke liye kiya ja sakta hai. ham kriyaapadon ko aise shabdon ke roop mein paribhaashit naheen kar sakte hain jo parivartan ya avasthaaon ko sandarbhit karte hain, udaaharan ke liye sanjnyaaaon ke parivartan aur avastha sanbhavat: aisi cheejon ko sandarbhit karti hon, par nishchit roop se ve kriya naheen hain. isi prakaar, invasion, meeting, ya collapse jaisi sanjnyaaaen ho chuki ya hone waali cheejon ko sandarbhit karte hain. vaastav mein, ek prabhaavashaali siddhaant yeh hai ki kill ya die jaise kriyaapad ghatnaaon ko sandarbhit karte hain,^[1][2] jo cheejon ki ek aisi shreni hai jiska sanjnyaa dvaara ullekh apekshit hai.

yahaan yeh tark naheen diya ja raha hai ki kriyaapadon ke baare mein yeh drushti glat hai, balki yeh ki kriya ka yeh gun is shreni ki paribhaasha ke liye kamzor aadhaar hai, theek usi prakaar jaise pahiyon ki maujoodagi car ki paribhaasha ka ek kamzor aadhaar hai (pahiyon vaale har vaahan, jaise adhikaansh sootakes ya janbo jet car naheen hain). isi prakaar, yellow ya difficult jaise visheshanon ke baare mein yeh socha ja sakta hai ki ve gunon ka ullekh kar rahe hain aur outside ya upstairs jaise kriyaavisheshan sthaan ko sandarbhit karte hue prateet hote hain, joki aisi cheejon mein hain jinka sanjnyaaaen ullekh kar sakti hain. lekin kriya, visheshan aur kriyaavisheshan, sanjnyaaaen naheen hain aur sanjnyaaaen kriya, visheshan ya kriyaavisheshan naheen hain. is par bahas kiya ja sakta hai ki ye is tarah ki paribhaashaaen vaastav mein vakta ke sanjnyaa, kriya aur visheshan ke baare mein poorv sahaj gyaan par hai ki ve kya hain aur, ismein ya isse zyaada vaastav mein kuchh aur naheen jodte hain. inke baare mein vaktaaon ka sahaj gyaan sanbhavat: dekhne mein aupachaarik maanakon par, yatha oopar ullikhit angreji nouns ki paaramparik vyaakaranik paribhaasha par aadhaarit ho sakta hai.

pehchaan maanadandon ke saath predicates (vidheya)

saaaincha:Unclear section british tarkashaastri Peter Thomas geech ne nouns ke adhik daksh arthagat paribhaasha ko prastaavit kiya.^[3] unhonne dekha ki "same" jaise visheshan noun ka arth seemit kar sakte hain lekin kriya ya visheshan jaise anya shabd bhedon ke naheen. itna hi naheen, kriya aur visheshanon ko roopaantarit karne vaale ekasamaan arth waali anya koi abhivyaktiyaan bhi prateet naheen hoti. nimnalikhit udaaharanon par vichaar karein.

vyaakaranik: John and Bill participated in the same fight.

avyaakaranik: *John and Bill samely fought.

angreji mein samely koi kriyaavisheshan naheen hai. tathaapi check jaisi kuchh anya bhaashaaon mein samely ke samanuroop kriyaavisheshan maujood hain. isliye check mein, pichhle vaakya ka anuvaad sahi hoga: tathaapi, usaka matlab yeh hoga ki John aur bill ekasamaan lade: na ki donon ne ek hi ladaai mein hissa liya. geech ne Geach prastaavit kiya ki ham ise niroopit kar sakte hain, yadi pehchaan maanakon sahit taarkik vidheya ko dyotit karte hain. udaaharan ke liye, ek pehchaan kasauti hamein nishkarsh nikaalne degi ki vyakti x samay 1 mein aur vyakti y samay 2 mein ek hi vyakti hai. alag noun ki alag pehchaan maanak hogi. iska ek vikhyaat udaaharan gupta ki vajah se hai:^[4]

National Airlines transported 2 million passengers in 1979.

National Airlines transported (at least) 2 million persons in 1979.

yeh dekhte hue ki saamaanya roop se sabhi yaatri vyakti hain, uparyukt antim vaakya ko tarkasangat roop se pehle ka anugaman karna chaahiye. lekin aisa naheen hai. udaaharan ke liye, yeh kalpana karna aasaan hai ki ausatan, 1979 mein national airlines mein yaatra karne vaale har vyakti neunake saath do baar yaatra ki. aise maamale mein kaha ja sakta hai ki airline ne 2 karod passengers ko pahunchaaya, par keval 1 karod persons ko. is prakaar, yaatriyon ki ginti ka hamaara jo tareeka hai, vah vyaktiyon ki ginti ke tareeke ke samaan naheen hai. kuchh alag tarah yahi baat kahein to: jo alag samay mein, aap do alag yaatriyon ke samanuroop honge, bhale hi aap ek aur vahi vyakti hain. pehchaan maanak ki sateek paribhaasha ke liye dekhein gupta.^[4]

aadipraaroopat: nirdeshaatmak abhivyaktiyaan

saaaincha:Unclear section Nouns ki ek aur arthagat paribhaasha hai ki ve aadipraaroopat: nirdeshaatmak hain.^[5]

haal hi mein, mark bekar^[6] ne prastaavit kiya hai ki nouns ke sambandh mein pehchaan maanakon ke sandarbh mein geech ki paribhaasha nouns ki svaroopaatmak visheshataaon ki vyaakhya anumat karti hai. unka tark hai ki nouns (a) nishchayavaachak upapadon aur sankhyaaon ke saath paae ja sakte hain aur ve aadipraaroopat: nirdeshaatmak hain kyonki ve sab aur keval shabdabhed ke ve ansh hain jo pehchaan maanak upalabdh karaate hain. bekar ke prastaav kaafi nae hain aur bhaashaavid ab bhi unka moolyaankan kar rahe hain.

vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa aur jaativaachak sanjnyaa

Proper name yahaan punarnirdeshit karta hai. bhaasha ki avadhaarana ke tatv-gyaan ke liye dekhein Proper name (philosophy).

proper noun ko vikshanari,
ek mukt shabdakosh mein dekhein.

common noun ko vikshanari,
ek mukt shabdakosh mein dekhein.

Proper nouns (jinhein proper names bhi kaha jaata hai) adviteeya tatvon ka pratinidhitv karne waali sanjnyaaaen hain (jaise London, Jupiter ya Johnny), joki tatvon ke varg ka varnan karne vaale (jaise city, planet ya person) common nouns se bhinn hain.^[7] saamaanya roop se Proper nouns se poorv upapad ya anya pratibandhak visheshak (jaise any ya some) ka upayog naheen kiya jaata hai aur yeh shabd ya vaakyaansh ke kisi varnanaatmak arth ka lihaaj kiye bina vishesh vyakti, sthaan ya vastu ko niroopit karne ke liye prayukt hota hai. vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa ke bade akshar mein arth, antarnihit sandarbh mein adviteeyata hai, arthaat jab koi udaaharan antarnihit sandarbh mein adviteeya hai to saamaanya prakaar ke udaaharan ko yeh ek naam pradaan karta hai. isliye baad mein ki gayi charcha ke anusaar, sandarbh badlaav ise prabhaavit kar sakta hai (dekhein Intersections of common and proper senses).

angreji aur adhikaansh anya bhaashaaon mein, jo laitin varnamaala ka upayog karte hain, aam taur par vyaktivaachak sanjnyaaaon ko bade aksharon mein likha jaata hai. bhaashaaen is arth mein alag hoti hain ki kya bahushabd vyaktivaachak sanjnyaaaon ke adhikaansh tatv bade aksharon mein likhe gaye hain (uda. ameriki angreji House of Representatives) ya keval praarambhik tatv (uda. sloveniyn Držaavni zbor 'National Assembly'). jarman mein sabhi prakaar ki sanjnyaaaon ko bade aksharon mein likha jaata hai. angreji mein sabhi sanjnyaaaon ko bade aksharon mein likhne ki paripaati prayog mein thi, lekin 1800 ke kreeb yeh samaapt ho gayi.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]} America mein, kai ullekhaneeya dastaavejon mein bade aksharon mein badlaav darj kiya gaya hai. svatantrata vidheyak ki ghoshana (1776) ka ant (lekin praarambh naheen) aur sampoorn samvidhaan (1787) mein sabhi sanjnyaaaen bade aksharon mein likha dikhta hai, adhikaar vidheyak (1789) mein kuchh jaativaachak sanjnyaaaen bade aksharon mein likha gaya hai, lekin adhikaansh naheen aur terahavaan samvaidhaanik sanshodhan (1865) mein keval vyaktivaachak sanjnyaaaon ko bade aksharon mein likha gaya hai.

jaativaachak aur vyaktivaachak arthon ka pratichhed-bindu

kabhi-kabhi sandarbh ke aadhaar par ek hi shabd donon, jaativaachak sanjnyaa aur vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa ke roop mein kaarya kar sakte hain. is siddhaant ke do roopabhed dikhlaae ja sakte hain, haalaanki donon prakaar ke udaaharanon ke ullekh hetu vaastavik-jagat ke lebalon ke prayog dvaara yeh bhed dhundhala ho gaya hai. inke saarvabhaumik sahamat koi naam naheen hain (arthaat, koi maanakeekrut adhibhaasha), lekin "kaipitonim"^[8] aur "spesifik designetar"^[9] kuchh had tak prachalan mein hain.

kaipitonim

kaipitonim ek aisa shabd hai joki bade aksharon mein likhe jaane par (aur kabhi-kabhi uchchaaran) uske arth mein parivartan karta hai. yeh ek prakaar ka samanaam hai. kabhi-kabhi bade akshar vaale roopaantaran ka arth, chhote akshar vaale roopaantaran ke arth se vishesh maamala ho sakta hai, ya vah aadhaar-naam se juda ho sakta hai. udaaharan ke liye:

special designetar

aise kai shabd hain joki aam taur par jaativaachak sanjnyaaaen hain lekin jo sugamata se "asthaayi taur par vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa ka kaarya nibha sakte hain" (ya "praasangik vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa" ke kartavya). kuchh udaaharan hain agency, avenue, boulevard, box, building, bureau, case, chapter, city, class, college, day, edition, floor, grade, group, hospital, level, office, page, paragraph, part, phase, road, school, stage, step, street, type, university, week. asthaayi vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa ka kaarya tab utpann hota hai jab jaativaachak sanjnyaa kisi sankhya ya sankshepeekaran ke vishisht ullekh hetu naam rachane ke liye koi anya shabd (arthaat, ek saamaanya prakaar ka vishesh maamala). ise tab "spesifik designetar" ke roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaata hai. udaaharan ke liye:

• Mary lives on the third floor of the main building. (samagrat: bhaav jaativaachak sanjnyaa hi hai)
• Mary lives on Floor 3 of the Main Building. (ek hi soochana saamagri par vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa ke roop mein sanjnyaaanaatmak naya roop diya gaya hai). ismein bade aksharon dvaara anupraanit sanjnyaaanaatmak ek vishishtata ke alaava samajhne mein koi antar naheen hai. yeh ek antarnihit bhaav sthaapit karta hai ki "hamaare saamaanya samajh ke sandarbh mein, sandarbhit mukhya imaarat hi keval mukhya imaarat hai. yeh ek adviteeya karm hai [jahaan tak hamaare sandarbh ka sambandh hai].

• My bookmark takes me to the main page of the English Wikipedia.
• What is the proper name of that page?
• It is the Main Page.

• Sanjay lives on the beach road. [sadak jo samudra tat ke bagl mein chalti hai]
• Sanjay lives on Beach Road. [vishisht sadak jiska vyaktivaachak naam "Beach Road" bade aksharon mein diya gaya hai. yeh duniya mein sadak ka ek anootha udaaharan hai, haalaanki iska vyaktivaachak naam hamaare praant ke bheetar hi adviteeya hai. hamaare padosi praant mein bhi Beach Road naamak ek sadak hai.]

• In 1947, the U.S. established the Central Intelligence Agency.
• In 1947, the U.S. established a central intelligence agency to coordinate its various foreign intelligence efforts. It was named the Central Intelligence Agency.

• India has a ministry of home affairs. It is called the Ministry of Home Affairs. (Bhaarat ke sandarbh mein, yeh ekamaatr gruh mantraalaya hai, at: aap jaativaachak sanjnyaa ko bade aksharon mein likhte hue ise naam de sakte hain. pruthvi grah ke sandarbh mein, yeh ek anootha sangathan hai, lekin jaativaachak sanjnyaa ko bade aksharon mein likh kar uske liye anootha vyaktivaachak naam paana vyavahaarya maarg naheen hai, kyonki anya desh bhi apne adviteeya sangathan ke liye usi naam ka upayog kar sakte hain. yahi vichaar vyakt karne ka ek anya tareeka hai ki Bhaarat ke nemaspes ke antargat, naamakaran parampara aaideintifaayar ka paryaapt adviteeyata upalabdh karaati hai, lekin pruthvi grah ke nemaspes ke antargat, aisa naheen hai. bhautik vaastavikta mein, har desh ka aantarik mantraalaya ek brahmaandeeya adviteeya cheej hai. yeh bas naamakaran ka maamala hai aur kya naamakaran parampara adviteeya aaideintifaayar upalabdh karaati hai, yeh sandarbh ke daayare par nirbhar karta hai.)

• The university has a college of arts and sciences.
• The University of San Diego has a college of arts and sciences, which is called the College of Arts and Sciences.
• The university has a school of medicine.
• The University of Hawaii at Manoa has a school of medicine, which is called the John A. Burns School of Medicine.
• This northwestern university has a school of medicine.
• The Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine is headquartered in Chicago.

• The 16th robotic probe to land on the planet was assigned to study the planet's north pole, and the 17th probe was assigned to its south pole. (samagrat: jaativaachak sanjnyaa ka bhaav)
• When Probe 17 overflew the South Pole, it passed directly over the place where Captain Scott's expedition ended. (is kaalpanik vaakya mein, yeh pruthvi ke dakshini dhruv ka sandarbh diya ja raha hai aur usaka vyaktivaachak naam hai South Pole.)

kyonki vartani-vishyak vargeekaran mein vibhinn aspasht sanjnyaaanaatmak dhaanche hain, yeh kinchit manamaana hai, jiska taatparya hai, log aise vibhinn arth laga sakte hain jinmein se koi bhi "glat" na ho aur aspashtata ki vajah se ve apne bhinn dhaanchon ko sugamata se ek doosare ko varnit naheen kar sakte hain. lekin, paathak bade aksharon ke antar ko, arthaat, asangatataaon ko paas-paas dekhna naapasand karte hain. isliye, anek prakaashak style guide ka upayog karte hue freming ke susangat sanchaalan ko kootabaddh karne ka prayaas karte hain. udaaharan ke liye, associated press ka A.pi. staailabuk^[12] shabdakosh praaroop ka upayog karta hai aur usaki anek pravishtiyon mein vah A.pi.patrakaaron aur sampaadkon ko maargadarshan pradaan karta hai ki jaativaachak aur vyaktivaachak bhaavon ke pratichhedan ke avsar par kaise A.pi. ke pasandeeda tark ko susangat tareeke se kaaryaanvit kar sakte hain. udaaharan ke liye, jab sangheeya jaanch bureau ka pehle ullekh kiya jaae, "Bureau" ke liye bada akshar prayukt ho, kyonki yeh spesifik designetar ka kaam kar raha hai, yaani, vah jaativaachak sanjnyaa hai "jo praasangik vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa ka kaam kar raha hai." tathaapi, paravarti ullekh, jaise ki "the bureau announced …", mein chhota akshar prayog mein laaya jaaega, kyonki shabd ka upayog uske jaativaachak sanjnyaa ke bhaav mein ho raha hai.^[12] yahi tark ocean shabd ke liye bhi laagoo hota hai. A.pi. kehta hai, "ocean : The five, from the largest to the smallest: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Antarctic Ocean, Arctic Ocean. Lowercase ocean standing alone or in plural uses: the ocean, the Atlantic and Pacific oceans ."^[12] American medical association ka A.M.A. mainual of style, 10vaan sanskaran^[9] isi prakaar apne upayogakartaaon ko maargadarshan deta hai. udaaharan ke liye, AMA ka style hai ki level ya case ya stage jaise shabdon ke liye bade akshar ka prayog na karein, bhale hi ve spesifik-designetar ka kaarya kar rahe hon (udaaharan ke liye, "In case 5, the patient was found to have stage IIIA disease").^[9]

kaipitonim ya spesifik designetar?

kaipitonim aur spesifik designetaron ki prakruti aksar sambandhit hoti hai: donon maamalon mein, shabd mool ke jaativaachak aur vyaktivaachak bhaav ek doosare ke saath tarkasangat roop mein jude ho sakte hain. kuchh shabdon ko kaipitonim ya spesifik designetaron ke roop mein dekha ja sakta hai, moolyaankan vyaktiprak hai. udaaharan ke liye:

• jaativaachak sanjnyaa moon kisi grah ke praakrutik grah-jaise upagrah ko dyotit kar sakta hai, jab ki vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa Moon ek vishisht chandrama ko nirdisht karta hai, arthaat pruthvi ka chandrama. shabdakosh varnanaatmak dhang se tippani karte hain ki paravarti bhaav mein "aksar" bade akshar ka istemaal hota hai (jiske dvaara ve soochit karte hain ki "aksar [ya aam taur par] shikshit lekhakon ke prakaashit lekhon mein ismein bade akshar ka prayog kiya jaata hai".^[10][11]
• oopar moon /Moon ke liye varnit sthiti sun /Sun ko bhi varnit karti hai.^[10][11]
• jaativaachak sanjnyaa god kisi bhi dharm ke kisi bhi Bhagwan ko nirdisht karta hai, jabki vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa God vishisht ekeshveravaadaatmak God ko sandarbhit karta hai. shabdakosh varnanaatmak dhang se tippani karte hain ki paravarti bhaav mein bade akshar ka istemaal hota hai (jiske dvaara ve soochit karte hain ki "[lagbhag] hamesha hi shikshit lekhakon ke prakaashit lekhon mein".^[10][11]
• jaativaachak sanjnyaa crown laakshanik roop se vishisht raajaaon ko sandarbhit karne ke liye Crown ban gaya. poore maanav itihaas ke dauraan, vibhinn Crowns aur vibhinn united kingdoms rahe hain, lekin aaj ye shabd Crown aur United Kingdom aksar/praay: poore vishv mein gyaat vishisht sandarbh mein hota hai (arthaat, Britain se sambandhit).

in kaipitonim/spesifik designetar tatasth rahane vaalon ko ekeekrut karne wala vishay hai ki ve jaativaachak se vyaktivaachak mein badalne ke sandarbh mein keval vishesh maamale naheen hain, balki bahut vishisht maamale hain, yaani, kai udaaharanon se ek adviteeya udaaharan mein. iske alaava, khagoleeya pindon ke maamalon mein, yeh spasht hai ki kaun-sa bhaav pehle aaya: vyaktivaachak bhaav. jab pehle pahal bhaasha viksit hui, is had tak ki maanav unke sandarbh ko samajhne lage, soorya aur chandrama brahmaandeeya anoothi vastuen theen. jaise-jaise maanav ka sandarbh vistrut hua, saamaanya prakaar ke naam ke liye jaativaachak sanjnyaaaon ki unki nai zaroorat ki poorti retraunim dvaara ki gayi, jismein jaativaachak sanjnyaa rachane ka sabse tarkasangat tareeka usi shabd ko uske vyaapak bhaav ke saath upayog mein laaya gaya.

anuvaad nirnaya

vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa ka gathan karne vaale shabd ya shabdon ke saamaanya arth, jis vastu ko vyaktivaachak sanjnyaa sandarbhit kar raha ho usase asanbandhit ho sakte hain. udaaharan ke liye, tiger ya smith na hone ke baavajood kisi ka naam Tiger Smith ho sakta hai. yahi kaaran hai ki aam taur par vyaktivaachak sanjnyaaaon ka bhaashaaon ke beech anuvaad naheen hota hai, haalaanki unka lipyantaran ho sakta hai. udaaharan ke liye, jarman upanaam Knöadel angreji mein Knodel ya Knoedel ho jaata hai (shaabdik Dumpling (maalapooaa) naheen). lekin, jagah ke naam aur raaja, Pope aur gair-samakaaleen lekhakon ke naamon ka lipyantaran saamaanya aur kabhi-kabhi saarvabhaumik hai. udaaharan ke liye, purtagaali shabd Lisboa angreji mein Lisbon ho jaata hai; angreji London French mein Londres ho jaata hai aur yoonaani Ἁaaρaaιaaσaaτaaοaaτaaέaaλaaηaaς Aristotelēas angreji mein Aristotle ho jaata hai.

Countable aur uncountable sanjnyaaaen

Count nouns jaativaachak sanjnyaaaen hain jo bahuvachan le sakti hain, sankhyaaon ya parimaanakon (uda. ek, do, kai, pratyek, adhikaansh) ke saath sanyojit ho sakte hain aur anishchayavaachak upapad (a ya an) ko le sakte hain. gananeeya sanjnyaaaon ke udaaharan hain chair, nose aur occasion .

Mass nouns (ya non-count nouns), count nouns se theek is ansh mein alag hain ki ve bahuvachan naheen le sakte ya sankhyaatmak shabdon ya parimaanakon ke saath jud naheen sakte. angreji se udaaharanon mein shaamil hain laughter, cutlery, helium, and furniture . udaaharan ke liye, ek furniture ya teen furniture ka ullekh karna sambhav naheen hai. yeh sach hai bhale hi furniture mein shaamil furniture ke khandon ko gina ja sakta hai. is prakaar mass aur count nouns ke beech bhed is aadhaar par naheen kiya jaana chaahiye ki sanjnyaa kis prakaar ke cheejon ka sanket de rahi hai, balki in tatvon ko sanjnyaa kis tarah prastut karti hai.^[13][14]

Collective sanjnyaaaen

Collective nouns ve sanjnyaaaen hain jo ekavachan ke liye sanjnyaaaroop prastut karne ke baavajood, ek vyaktik ya tatv se adhik samoohon ko sandarbhit karte hain. udaaharanon mein shaamil hain committee, herd aur school (of fish). anya sanjnyaaaon ki tulana mein in sanjnyaaaon ka vyaakaranik gun thoda alag hai. udaaharan ke liye, jin sanjnyaa padabandhon ke ve vishay hain ekavachan ke liye sanjnyaaaroop ki prastuti ke baavajood, vidheya ke karta ke roop mein kaam kar sakte hain. ek saamoohik vidheya aisa vidheya hai jo saamaanyat: ekavachan karta ko naheen le sakta hai. paravarti ka ek udaaharan hai talked amongst themselves .

achha: The boys talked among themselves.

kharaab: *The boy talked among themselves.

kharaab: The committee talked among themselves^{[sandigdh – charcha karein]}

Concrete sanjnyaaaen aur abstract sanjnyaaaen

Concrete nouns bhautik tatvon ko sandarbhit karti hain, jo kam se kam siddhaantat:, ek bhaav dvaara dekha ja sake (udaaharan ke liye, chair, apple, Janet ya atom). doosari or Abstract nouns amoort cheejon ko sandarbhit karte hain; yaani, vichaar ya avadhaaranaaen (jaise ki justice ya hatred). jabki is tarah ke antar kabhi-kabhi upayogi hote hain, concrete aur abstract ke beech ki seema hamesha spasht naheen hai, udaaharan ke liye, sanjnyaa art, jo aam taur par avadhaarana ko sandarbhit karta hai (uda. Art is an important element of human culture), lekin jo kuchh sandarbhon mein vishisht kalaakruti ka ullekh kar sakta hai (jaise I put my daughter's art up on the fridge).

angreji mein, kai abstract nouns, visheshan ya kriya mein sanjnyaa banaane vaale pratyayon (-ness, -ity, -tion) ko jod kar banaae jaate hain. udaaharan hain happiness (visheshan happy se), circulation (kriya circulate se) aur serenity (visheshan serene se).

sanjnyaa aur sanjnyaa vaakyaanshon ko aam taur par he, it, which aur those jaise sarvanaam dvaara pratisthaapit kar sakte hain, taaki doharaav ya suspasht pehchaan ke parihaar, ya anya kisi kaaran se. udaaharan ke liye, Janet thought that he was weird vaakya mein shabd he sarvanaam hai, jo prashnaadheen vyakti ke naam ki jagah par maujood hai. angreji shabd one aur sanjnyaa vaakyaanshon ke hisson ki jagah le sakta hai, yeh kabhi-kabhi sanjnyaa ke liye maujood hota hai. ek udaaharan neeche diya gaya hai:

John's car is newer than the one that Bill has.

lekin one sanjnyaa vaakyaansh ke bade up-bhaagon ke liye bhi maujood ho sakta hai. udaaharan ke liye, nimnalikhit udaaharan mein, new car ke liye one maujood ho sakta hai.

This new car is cheaper than that one .

puraane laitin vyaakaran ke saath shurooaat sahit, kai Europeeya bhaashaaen sanjnyaa ke liye buniyaadi shabd ke roop mein sattaasoochak shabd ke kisi na kisi roop ka upayog karti hain (udaaharan ke liye, spainish sustantivo "noun"). aisi bhaashaaon ke shabdakoshon mein sanjnyaa ko n ke bajaay s. ya sb. sanketaakshar se chihnit kiya jaata hai, joki iske bajaay vyaktivaachak sanjnyaaaon ke liye prayukt hota hai. yeh un vyaakaranon ke anuroop hai, jismein sanjnyaaaen aur visheshan, udaaharanaarth angreji shabd vidheya visheshan anukram bandhan ki tulana mein, kai kshetron mein ek doosare ke prati praavasthaabaddh hote hain. French aur Spanish mein, udaaharan ke liye, visheshan aksar sanjnyaa ki tarah kaam karte hain jahaan visheshan ki visheshataaon vaale logon ko ve sandarbhit karte hain. is avadhaarana ka sabse aam adhibhaasha naam hai sanjnyaaatmakata . angreji mein ek udaaharan hai:

This legislation will have the most impact on the poor .

isi tarah, ek visheshan bhi ek poore samooh ya logon ke sangathan ke liye istemaal kiya ja sakta hai:

The Socialist International .

isliye, ye shabd sattaasoochak hain joki aam taur par angreji mein visheshan hain. sanjnyaa ke prakaar

sanjnyaa ke paaainch prakaar hote hain:

• vyak‍aativaachak sanjnyaaa: kisi vishesh vyak‍aati, sthaan athva vastu ke naam ko vyak‍aativaachak sanjnyaa kehte hain.

 udaaharan: Krishna, Akbar, Bhaarat, Delhi, angoor aadi.
 is paribhaasha mein vastu ke antargat shiksha ke vishay jaise bhautik shaastr, mahaasaagaron, saagaron, nadiyon, pahaadon ke naam jaise prashaant mahaasaagar, ganga, himaalaya aadi, beemaariyon ke naam jaise kshaya rog aadi bhi sammilit hain.

• jaativaachak sanjnyaaa: ek hi varg'ya prakaar'ke vyak‍aatiyon, sthaanon ya vastuon ke naam ko jaativaachak sanjnyaa kaha jaata hai.

 udaaharan: aadmi, desh, nadi aadi.

• samoohavaachak sanjnyaaa: vyak‍aatiyon, sthaanon ya vastuon ke samooh ya samudaaya ke naam ko samoohavaachak sanjnyaa kehte hain.

 udaaharan: sena, bheed, guchha aadi.

• padaarthavaachak sanjnyaaa: kisi padaarth ke naam ko padaarthavaachak sanjnyaa kaha jaata hai.

 udaaharan: sona, chaaainval, jal, dhundh aadi.

• bhaavavaachak sanjnyaaa: kisi bhi prakaar ke bhaav, gun athva kriya ke naam ko bhaavavaachak sanjnyaa kehte hain.

 udaaharan: imaandaari, paanditya, komalata aadi.

shabd nominal bhi sanjnyaa aur visheshan ke saath arth tatha upayog mein paraspar vyaapt karta hai.

• hindi vyaakaran
• sarvanaam
• visheshan
• kriya

granth soochi

• lekauk, henari, 2005 'Mass nouns, Count nouns and Non-count nouns', ensaaiklopeediya of laingvej end lingvistiks mein pravishti hetu masauda sanskaran Oxford: elseviyr (pdf)

sanjnyaa ko vikshanari,
ek mukt shabdakosh mein dekhein.

• WebWorkbooks: Spanish/English Nouns.
• The Collective Noun Page
• Nouns - Singular and Plural Agreement
• ESL Guide to Countable and Uncountable Nouns
• Nouns
• The Great Noun List (over 2,000 of the most common nouns)
• The Noun Game. Check your brain.