samay
samay (angreji: time) ek bhautik raashi hai. jab samay beetata hai, tab ghatanaaeain ghatit hoti hain tatha chalabindu sthaanaantarit hote hain. isliye do lagaataar ghatnaaon ke hone athva kisi gatisheel bindu ke ek bindu se doosare bindu tak jaane ke antaraal (prateekshaanubhooti) ko samay kehte hain. samay naapane ke yantr ko ghadi athva ghateeyantr kehte hain. is prakaar ham yeh bhi kah sakte hain ki samay vah bhautik tatv hai jise ghateeyantr se naapa jaata hai. saapekshavaad ke anusaar samay digdesh (space) ke saapeksh hai. at: is lekh mein samayamaapan pruthvi ki soorya ke saapeksh gati se utpann digdesh ke saapeksh samay se liya jaaega. samay ko naapane ke liye sulabh ghateeyantr pruthvi hi hai, jo apne aksh tatha kaksh mein ghoomkar hamein samay ka bodh karaati hai; kintu pruthvi ki gati hamein drushya naheen hai. pruthvi ki gati ke saapeksh hamein soorya ki do prakaar ki gatiyaaain drushya hoti hain, ek to poorv se pashchim ki taraf pruthvi ki parikrama tatha doosari poorv bindu se uttar ki or aur uttar se dakshin ki or jaakar, kaksha ka bhraman. ataev vyaavahaarik drushti se ham soorya se hi kaal ka gyaan praapt karte hain.
anukram
samay maapan
ati praacheen kaal mein manushya ne soorya ki vibhinn avasthaaon ke aadhaar praat:, dopahar, sandhya evam raatri ki kalpana ki. ye samay sthool roop se pratyaksh hain. tatpashchaat ghati pal ki kalpana ki hogi. isi prakaar usane soorya ki kakshaagatiyon se pakshon, maheenon, rituon tatha varshon ki kalpana ki hogi. samay ko sookshm roop se naapane ke liye pehle shankuyantr tatha dhoopaghadiyon ka prayog hua. raatri ke samay ka gyaan nakshatron se kiya jaata tha. tatpashchaat paani tatha baaloo ke ghateeyantr banaae gaye. ye Bhaarat mein ati praacheen kaal se prachalit the. inka varnan jyotish ki ati praacheen pustakon mein jaise panchasiddhaantika tatha sooryasiddhaant mein milta hai. paani ka ghateeyantr banaane ke liye kisi paatr mein chhota sa chhed kar diya jaata tha, jisse paatr ek ghanti mein paani mein doob jaata tha. uske baahari bhaag par pal ankit kar diye jaate the. isliye palon ko paaneeya pal bhi kehte hain. baaloo ka ghateeyantr bhi paani ke ghateeyantr sareekha tha, jismein chhidr se baaloo ke girne se samay gyaat hota tha. kintu ye sabhi ghateeyantr sookshm na the tatha inmein vyaavahaarik kathinaaiyaaain bhi theen. vigyaan ke praadurbhaav ke saath lolak ghadiyaaain tatha tatpashchaat nai ghadiyaaain, jinka ham aaj prayog karte hain, avishkrut hui.
maanak samay (Standard Time)
samay ka sambandh kisi nishchit sthaan ke yaamyottaravrutt se rahata hai. at: vah us sthaan ka sthaaneeya samay hoga. kisi bade desh mein ek jaisa samay rakhane ke liye, desh ke beechobeech sthit kisi sthaan ke ek (udaaharanaarth, Bhaarat) ya ek se adhik (udaaharanaarth, America) yaamyottar vrutt ka maanak yaamyottar vrutt (standard meridian) maan liya jaata hai. iske saapeksh maadhya-soorya ka samay us desh ka maanak samay kahalaata hai.
vishv-samay-maapan
vishv ka samay naapane ke liye grinich ke yaamyottar vrutt ko maanak yaamyottar maan lete hain. iske poorv mein sthit deshon ka samay grinich se, unke deshaantar ke prati 15 degree par ek ghante ke hisaab se, aage hoga tatha pashchim mein peechhe. is prakaar Bhaarat ka maapak yaamyottar grinich ke yaamyottaravrutt se poorv deshaantar 82 hai. at: Bhaarat ka maadhya samay grinich ke maadhya samay se 5 ghante 30 minit adhik hai. isi prakaar kshetreeya samay bhi maan liye gaye hain. grinich ke 180 degree deshaantar ki rekha tithirekha hai. iske aarapaar samay mein 1 din ka antar maan liya jaata hai. tithirekha suvidha ke liye seedhi na maankar tedhi medhi maani gayi hai.
varsh tatha calendar
pruthvi ki gati ke kaaran jab soorya vasantapaat ki ek parikrama kar leta hai, tab use ek aartav varsh kehte hain. yeh 365.24219879 din ka hota hai. yadi ham vasantapaat par sthit kisi sthir bindu athva taare se is parikrama ko naapein, to yeh naakshatr varsh hoga. yeh aartav varsh se kuchh bada hai. rituon se taal mel rakhane ke liye sansaar mein aartav varsh prachalit hai. sansaar mein aajkal gregreriyni calendar prachalit hai, jise Pope gregori trayodash ne 1582 E. mein sanshodhit kiya tha. ismein February ko chhodkar sabhi maheenon ke din sthir hain. saadhaaran varsh 365 din ka hota hai. leep varsh (February 29 din) 366 din ka hota hai, jo isvi san ki shataabdi ke aarambh se pratyek chauthe varsh mein padta hai. 400 se poore kat jaanevaale isvi shataabdi ke varshon ko chhodkar, shesh shataabdi varsh leep varsh naheen hote. aitihaasik ghatnaaon tatha jyotish sambandhi gananaaon ke liye jooliyn din sankhyaaeain (Julian day numbers) prachalit hain, jo 1 January 4713 E. poo. ke madhyaahn se praarambh hote hain.
[ samay ka darshan- kaal-saiddhaantiki ]