samaajavaad

samaajavaad (Socialism) ek aarthik-saamaajik darshan hai. samaajavaadi vyavastha mein dhan-sampatti ka svaamitv aur vitran samaaj ke niyntran ke adheen rahate hain. aarthik, saamaajik aur vaichaarik pratyaya ke taur par samaajavaad niji sampatti par aadhaarit adhikaaron ka virodh karta hai. usaki ek buniyaadi pratijnyaa yeh bhi hai ki sampada ka utpaadan aur vitran samaaj ya raajya ke haathon mein hona chaahiye. raajaneeti ke aadhunik arthon mein samaajavaad ko pooainjeevaad ya mukt baajaar ke siddhaant ke vipreet dekha jaata hai. ek raajaneetik vichaaradhaara ke roop mein samaajavaad yurop mein athaarahaveen aur unneesaveen sadi mein ubhare udyogeekaran ki anyonyakriya mein viksit hua hai.

british raajaneetik vigyaani hairauld lauski ne kabhi samaajavaad ko ek aisi topi kaha tha jise koi bhi apne anusaar pahan leta hai. samaajavaad ki vibhinn kismein lauski ke is chitran ko kaafi seema tak roopaayit karti hai. samaajavaad ki ek kism vightit ho chuke soviyt sangh ke sarvasattaavaadi niyantran mein charitaarth hoti hai jismein maanaveeya jeevan ke har sambhav pahaloo ko raajya ke niyantran mein laane ka aagrah kiya gaya tha. usaki doosari kism raajya ko arthavyavastha ke niyman dvaara kalyaanakaari bhoomika nibhaane ka mantra deti hai. Bhaarat mein samaajavaad ki ek alag kism ke sootreekaran ki koshish ki gayi hai. raamamanohar lohiya, jaya prakaash Narayan aur Narendra Dave ke raajaneetik chintan aur vyavahaar se nikalne vaale pratyaya ko 'gaaaindheevaadi samaajavaad' ki sanjnyaa di jaati hai.

samaajavaad angreji aur fraanseesi shabd 'soshalijm' ka hindi roopaantar hai. 19veen shataabdi ke poorvaardh mein is shabd ka prayog vyaktivaad ke virodh mein aur un vichaaron ke samarthan mein kiya jaata tha jinka lakshya samaaj ke aarthik aur naitik aadhaar ko badalna tha aur jo jeevan mein vyaktigat niyantran ki jagah saamaajik niyantran sthaapit karna chaahate the.

samaajavaad shabd ka prayog anek aur kabhi kabhi paraspar virodhi prasangon mein kiya jaata hai; jaise samoohavaad araajakataavaad, aadikaaleen kabaayali saamyavaad, sainya saamyavaad, isaai samaajavaad, sahakaaritaavaad, aadi - yahaaain tak ki naatsi dal ka bhi poora naam 'raashtreeya samaajavaadi dal' tha.

samaajavaad ki paribhaasha karna kathin hai. yeh siddhaant tatha aandolan, donon hi hai aur yeh vibhinn aitihaasik aur sthaaneeya paristhitiyon mein vibhinn roop dhaaran karta hai. moolat: yeh vah aandolan hai jo utpaadan ke mukhya saadhanon ke samaajeekaran par aadhaarit vargaviheen samaaj sthaapit karne ke liye prayatnasheel hai aur jo majadoor varg ko iska mukhya aadhaar banaata hai, kyonki vah is varg ko shoshit varg maanata hai jiska aitihaasik kaarya vargavyavastha ka ant karna hai.

aadikaaleen saamyavaadi samaaj mein manushya paarasparik sahayog dvaara aavashyak cheejon ki praapti aur pratyek sadasya ke aavashyakataanusaar unka aapas mein baintavaara karte the. parantu yeh saamyavaad praakrutik tha; manushya ki sachet kalpana par aadhaarit naheen tha. aarambh ke isaai paadariyon ki rahan-sahan ka dhang bahut kuchh saamyavaadi tha, ve ek saath aur samaan roop se rahate the, parantu unki aay ka srot dharmaavalanbiyon ka daan tha aur unka aadarsh janasaadhaaran ke liye naheen, varan keval paadariyon tak seemit tha. unka uddeshya bhi aadhyaatmik tha, bhautik naheen. yahi baat madhyakaaleen isaai saamyavaad ke sambandh mein bhi sahi hai. peeroo (Peru) desh ki praacheen inka (Inka) sabhyata ko 'sainya saamyavaad' ki sanjnyaa di jaati hai, parantu usaka aadhaar sainya sangathan tha aur vah vyavastha shaasak varg ka hitsaadhan karti thi. nagarapaalikaaon dvaara lokasevaaon ke saadhanon ko praapt karna, athva desh ki unnati ke liye aarthik yojanaaon ke prayog maatr ko samaajavaad naheen kaha ja sakta, kyonki yeh aavashyak naheen ki inke dvaara pooainjeevaad ko thes pahuainche. naatsi dal ne bankon ka raashtreekaran kiya tha parantu pooainjeevaadi vyavastha akshunn rahi.

samaajavaad ka bhaavanaatmak dhaaaincha gadhne mein inglaind mein satrahaveen sadi ke dauraan isaaiyat ke daayare mein viksit levalars tatha diggars va solahaveen aur satrahaveen sadi mein madhya yurop mein viksit hone vaale ainaabaipatist jaise raidikl aandolanon ki mahati bhoomika rahi hai. lekin samaajavaad ki aadhunik aur aupachaarik parikalpana fraanseesi vichaarakon sain-simon aur Charles fooriye tatha british chintak raabart oven ki nishpattiyon se niklati hai. samaajavaad ke ye shuruaati vichaarak vyaktivaad aur pratisparddha ki jagah aapasi sahayog par aadhaarit samaaj ki kalpana karte the. unhein vishvaas tha ki maanaveeya svabhaav aur samaaj ka vigyaan gadh kar saamaajik taane-baane ko behtar roop diya ja sakta hai. parantu vaanchhit saamaajik roopon ke thos byoron, unhein praapt karne ki rananeeti tatha maanav prakruti ki samajh ko lekar unke beech kai tarah ke matabhed the. udaaharan ke liye, sain-simon tatha fooriye rooso ke is mat se sahamat naheen the ki manushya ki prakruti apni banaavat mein to achhi, udaatt aur vivekapoorn hai lekin aadhunik samaaj aur niji sampatti ne use bhrasht kar diya hai. iske virodh mein unka tark yeh tha ki maanaveeya prakruti ke kuchh sthir aur nishchit roop hote hain jinka paraspar sahayog ke aadhaar par aapas mein mel karaaya ja sakta hai. oven ka mat sain-simon aur fooriye se bhi alag tha. unka kehna tha ki manushya ki prakruti baahari paristhitiyon se tay hoti hai aur use ichhit roop diya ja sakta hai. isliye samaaj ki paristhitiyon ko is tarah badla jaana chaahiye ki manushya ki prakruti poornata ki or badh sake. unke anusaar agar pratisparddha aur vyaktivaad ki jagah aapasi sahayog aur ekta ko badhaava diya jaaega to samoochi manushyata ka bhala kiya ja sakta hai.

samaajavaad ki raajaneetik vichaaradhaara unneesaveen sadi ke teesare aur chauthe dashakon ke dauraan inglaind, fraans tatha Germany jaise yuropeeya deshon mein lokapriya hone lagi thi. udyogeekaran aur shahareekaran ki tej gati tatha paaramparik samaaj ke avsaan ne yuropeeya samaaj ko sudhaar aur badlaav ki shaktiyon ka akhaada bana diya tha jismein majadoor sanghon aur chaartaravaadi samoohon se lekar aise gut sakriya the jo aadhunik samaaj ki jagah praak-aadhunik saamudaayiktaavaad ki vakaalat kar rahe the.

maarks aur engels dvaara pratipaadit vaigyaanik samaajavaad ka vichaar saamaajik aur raajaneetik uthalaputhal ki isi prushthabhoomi mein viksit hua tha. maarks ne sain-simon, fooriye aur oven ke vichaaron se prerana to li, lekin apne 'vaigyaanik' samaajavaad ke mukaabale unke samaajavaad ko 'kaalpanik' ghoshit kar diya. in poorvavarti chintakon ki tarah maarks samaajavaad ko koi aisa aadarsh naheen maanate ki usaka spasht khaaka kheencha jaae. maarks aur engels samaajavaad ko kisi swayam-bhoo siddhaant ke bajaay pooainjeevaad ki kaaryapranaali se utpann hone waali sthiti ke roop mein dekhte hain. unka maanana tha ki samaajavaad ka koi bhi roop aitihaasik prakriya se hi ubharega. is samajh ke chalte maarks aur engels ko samaajavaad ki vistrut vyaakhya karne ya use paribhaashit karne se bhi gurej tha. unke liye samaajavaad mukhyat: pooainjeevaad ke nakaar mein khada pratyaya tha jise ek lambi kraantikaari prakriya ke jriye apni pehchaan khud gadhni thi. samaajavaad ke vishay mein maarks ki sabse mahattvapoorn rachana 'kriteek of the gotha prograim' hai jismein unhonne samaajavaad ko saamyavaadi samaaj ke do charanon ki madhyavarti avastha ke taur par vyaakhyaayit kiya hai.

gaurtalab hai ki maarks ki is rachana ka prakaashan unki mrutyu ke aath saal baad hua tha. tab tak maarksavaadi siddhaanton mein ise zyaada mahattv naheen diya jaata tha. is vimarsh ko maarksavaad ke mool siddhaanton mein shaamil karne ka shreya lenin ko jaata hai, jinhonne apni kruti 'state aind revolyooshan' mein maarks ke havaale se samaajavaad ko saamyavaadi samaaj ki rachana mein pehla ya nimnatar charan bataaya. lenin ke baad samaajavaad maarksavaadi shabdaavali mein is tarah vinyast ho gaya ki koi bhi vyakti ya dal kisi khaas vaichaarik dikkat ke bina khud ko samaajavaadi ya saamyavaadi kah sakta tha. is vimarsh ki vibhaajak rekha is baat se tay hoti thi ki kisi dal ya vyakti ke liye kraantikaari gatividhiyon ka taatkaalik aur dooragaami lakshya kya hai. yaani agar koi khud ko samaajavaadi kehta tha to iska matlab yeh hota tha ki vah saamyavaadi samaaj ki rachana ke pehle charan par jor deta hai. yahi vajah hai ki kai samaajavaadi deshon mein shaasan karne vaale dal jab khud ko communist ghoshit karte the to ise asangat naheen maana jaata tha.

beesaveen shataabdi mein samaajavaad ka antarraashtreeya prasaar tatha soviyt shaasan vyavastha ek tarah se sahavarti parightanaaeain maani jaati hain. yeh ek aisa tathya hai jisne samaajavaad ke vichaar aur uske bhavishya ko gaharaai se prabhaavit kiya hai. udaaharanaarth, kraanti ke baad soviyt sangh uske samarthakon aur aalochakon, donon ke liye samaajavaad ka paryaaya ban gaya. soviyt samarthakon ki daleel yeh thi ki utpaadan ke pramukh saadhanon ke samaajeekaran, baajaar ko keindreekrut niyojan ke maatahat karne, tatha videsh vyaapaar va ghareloo vitt par raajya ke niyantran jaise upaaya apnaane se soviyt sangh bahut kam avadhi mein ek audyogik desh ban gaya. jabki uske aalochakon ka kehna tha ki yeh ek prachaarit chhavi thi kyonki viraat naukarashaahi, raajaneetik daman, asamaanata tatha lokatantr ki anadekhi swayam hi samaajavaad ke aadarsh ko khaarij karne ke liye kaafi thi. samaajavaad ke prasaar mein soviyt sangh ki doosari bhoomika ek sangathanakarta ki thi. samaajavaadi kraanti ke prasaar ke liye communist international jaise sangathan ki sthaapana karke usane khud ko samaajavaad ka haraaval siddh kiya. is sangathan ne vishv ki communist paartiyon ka lambe samay tak disha-nirdeshan kiya. soviyt sangh ki bhoomika ka teesara pahaloo yeh tha ki usane poorvi yurop mein kai hamashakl shaasan vyavasthaaeain kaayam ki. antat: soviyt sangh samaajavaad ki prayogashaala isliye bhi maana gaya kyonki roosi kraanti ke baad staalin ke netrutv mein yeh siddhaant prachaarit kiya gaya ki samaajavaadi kraanti ka anya deshon mein prasaar karne se pehle use ek hi desh mein majaboot kiya jaana chaahiye. kai vidvaanon ki drushti mein yeh ek aisa sootreekaran tha jisne raashtreeya samaajavaad ki kai kismon ke ubhaar ko vaidhata dilaayi.

dviteeya vishvayuddh ke baad shuroo hui vi-upanivesheekaran ki prakriya ke dauraan samaajavaad aur raashtravaad ka yeh sanshraya teesari duniya ke deshon mein samaajavaad ke vikaas ka ek praaroop sa ban gaya. cheen, viytanaam tatha kyooba jaise deshon mein samaajavaad ke prasaar ki yeh ek keindreeya pravrutti thi.

soviyt samarthit samaajavaad ke alaava usaka ek anya roop bhi hai jisne pooainjeevaadi deshon ko apratyaksh dhang se prabhaavit kiya hai. masalan, samaajavaad ke tark aur uske aakarshan ko prati-santulit karne ke liye pashchim ke pooainjeevaadi deshon ko apni arthavyavastha ke saaainche ko badal kar use kalyaanakaari roop dena pada. is sandarbh mein skaindeneviyaai deshon, pashchimi yurop tatha aastreleshiya kshetr ke deshon mein keens ke lokopakaari vichaaron se prerit hokar soviyt tarj ke samaajavaad ka vikalp gadhne ka prayaas kiya gaya. maaaing ke prabandhan, aarthik raashtravaad, rojagaar ki guaranty, tatha saamaajik sevaaon ke kshetr ko munaafaakhori ki pravruttiyon se mukt rakhane ki neeti par tike in kalyaanakaari upaayon ne ekabaaragi pooainjeevaad aur samaajavaad ke antar ko hi dhuaindhala kar diya tha. raajya ke is kalyaanakaari model ko ek samay pooainjeevaad ki visangatiyon— bekaari, berojgaari, abhaav, ajnyaaan aadi ka sthaai ilaaj bataaya ja raha tha. is model ki aarthik aur raajaneetik kaamayaabi ka suboot is baat ko maana ja sakta hai ki agar vaamapanthi daayaron mein in upaayon ki prashansa ki gayi to dakshinpanthi raajaneeti bhi unka khula virodh naheen kar saki. doosare vishv-yuddh ki samaapti ke baad teen dashakon tak baajaar keindrit samaajavaad ka yeh model kaafi prabhaavashaali dhang se kaam karta raha.

lekin saatavein dashak mein mandi aur mudraasfeeti ki dohari maar tatha kalyaanakaari pooainjeevaad ke gadh mein badhte saamaajik aur audyogik asantosh ke kaaran is model ke auchitya ko lekar savaal khade hone lage. maarksavaadi shivir ke vidvaan bhi lagaataar yeh kehte aa rahe the ki kalyaanakaari bhangimaaon ne asamaanata aur shoshan ko khatm karne ke bajaay pooainjeevaad ko hi majaboot kiya hai. is model ka ek aapattijanak pahaloo yeh bhi prakat hua ki kaamagaar varg ko jeevan ki buniyaadi suvidhaaeain pradaan karne waali machinery ke dvaara raajya us par niyantran karne ki sthiti mein aa gaya.

baajaar ko kaayam rakhate hue samaajavaad ke kuchh tattvon par amal karne vaale is model ka nav-udaarataavaadi buddhijeevi shuroo se hi virodh karte aaye the. saatavein dashak mein yeh varg jor-shor se kehne laga tha ki samaajavaad na keval arthavyavastha ko jad (nirjeev) bana deta hai balki vyakti ki svatantrata bhi chheen leta hai. navein dashak mein jab soviyt sangh ke saath poorvi yurop ki samaajavaadi vyavasthaaeain ek ke baad ek dhahane lagi to samaajavaad ki is aalochna ko vyaapak vaidhata milne lagi aur samaajavaad ke saath itihaas ke ant ki bhi baatein ki jaane lagi. vijay ke unmaad mein udaaravaadi buddhijeeviyon ne yeh bhi kaha ki manushyata ke liye pooainjeevaad hi ekamaatr vikalp hai lihaaja ab uske vikalp ki baat bhoolakar keval yeh socha jaana chaahiye ki pooainjeevaad ki koi aur shakl kya ho sakti hai.

kaarl maarks (1818-83) ke saathi engils ne apne poorv prachalit aadhunik samaajavaad ke praarambhik dhaaraaon ko kaalpanaalokeeya samaajavaad (Utopian socialism) ka naam diya. in vichaaron ka aadhaar bhautik aur vaigyaanik naheen, naitik tha; inke vichaarak dhyeya ki praapti ke sudhaaravaadi saadhanon mein vishvaas karte the; aur bhaavi samaaj ki vistrut parantu avaastavik kalpana karte the. inmein saaain seemon (Saint-Simon), Charles furiye (Charles Fourier), aur Robert oven aadi ke samaajavaadi vichaar sammilit kiya gaya hai.

{mukhya}vaigyaanik samaajavaad}}

Britain mein febiyn society ki sthaapana san 1883-84 E. mein hui. rauvart oven tatha chaartist aandolan ke prabhaav se yahaaain svatantr majadoor aandolan ki neenv pad chuki thi, febiyn society ne is aandolan ko darshan diya. is sabha ka naam febiys kankatetar febiyn (Fabius Cunctater) ke naam se liya gaya hai. febiys praacheen rom ka ek senaani tha jisne kaartheinj ke prasiddh senaanaayak hanneebal (Hannibal) ke viruddh sangharsh mein dhairya se kaam liya aur gureela neeti dvaara usako kai varshon mein paraast kiya. isi prakaar febiyn samaajavaadiyon ka vichaar hai ki pooainjeevaad ko keval ek muthabhed mein kraantikaari maarg dvaara paraast naheen kiya ja sakta. iske liye paryaapt kaal tak soch-vichaar aur taiyaari ki aavashyakta hai. inka tareeka vikaas aur sudhaaravaadi hai. svatantr majadoor dal ki sthaapana ke poorv ye Britain ke vibhinn raajaneetik dalon mein pravesh kar apna uddeshya poora karna chaahate the. inka mukhya dhyeya charam naitik sambhaavnaaon ke anusaar samaaj ka punarnirmaan tha. ye raajya ko vargashaasan ka yantr na maankar ek saamaajik yantr maanate hain jiske dvaara samaajakalyaan aur samaajavaad ki sthaapana sambhav hai. in vichaarakon ne na keval sansad varan nagarapaalika aur graameen kshetreeya parishdon dvaara bhi samaajavaadi prayogon ka kaaryakram apnaaya. at: inke vichaaron ko lokatantreeya, sansadeeya, bailat baks, chungi, vikaas athva sudhaaravaadi samaajavaad ki sanjnyaa di jaati hai. in vichaarakon mein pramukh Sydney web (Sydney Webb), jaaj barnaad shau, kol (G. D. H. Cole), aini beseint (Anne Besant), graham vaalas (Grahem Wallace) ityaadi hain. in vichaarakon par british parampara, upayogitaavaad, raabart oven, isaai samaajavaad aur chaartist aandolan tatha John stuaart mil ke arthashaastriyon ke vichaaron ka gahra prabhaav hai.

Germany ka punaraavruttivaad (revisionism) Britain ke febiysavaad tatha Germany ki parivrtit paristhatiyon se prabhaavit hua tha. Germany aur poorv Europeeya samaaj ka svaroop saamantavaadi tatha raajya ka prajaataantrik aur nirankush tha, at: 19veen shataabdi ke uttaraardh tak yahaaain ke samaajavaadi vichaar ugr kraantikaari tatha sangathan shadyantrakaari the. in deshon par maarks ke vichaaron ka prabhaav tha. parantu 19veen shataabdi ke ant mein Germany mein bhi audyogik unnati hui aur raajya ne kuchh vyaktigat tatha raajaneetik adhikaar sveekaar kiye. falat: majadooron ka jeevanastar ooaincha hua tatha unke raajaneetik dal - saamaajik lokatantravaadi party (Social democratic party) ka prabhaav, bhi badha. uske anek sadasya sansad ke sadasya ban gaye. is sthiti mein yeh bal siddhaantat: maarks ke kraantikaari maarg ko sveekaar karte hue bhi vyavahaar mein sudhaaravaadi ho gaya. Eduard barnastaain (Eduard Bernstein 1850-1932) ne is vaastavikta ke aadhaar par maarksavaad ke sanshodhan ka prayatn kiya. barnastaain saamaajik lotantravaadi party ka pramukh daarshanik aur engils ka nikat shishya tha. vah Britain mein kai varsh tak nirvaasit raha aur vahaaain febiysavaad se prabhaavit hua.

maarks ka kathan tha ki paraspar pratiyogita aur aarthik sankaton ke kaaran pooainjeevaadi tatha madhyavarg sankuchit hota jaaega aur majadoor varg nirdhan, vistrut, sangathit tatha kraantikaari banta jaaega jisse sheegra hi samaajavaad ki sthaapana sambhav ho sakegi. sthiti iske vipreet thi, jisko barnastaain ne sveekaar kiya aur is aadhaar par usane kraantikaari kaaryakram ke sthaan mein taatkaalik samaajasudhaar aur samaajavaad ki safalta ke liye vargasangharsh ke sthaan mein shreni-sahayog tatha sansadaatmak aur samvaidhaanik maarg par jor diya. vah maarks ke aitihaasik bhautikvaad ke sthaan par naitik tatha anaarthik (non-economic) tatvon ke prabhaav ko bhi sveekaar karne laga. barnastaain ke vichaaron ko punaraavruttivaad ko naam diya gaya. yadyapi jarman majadoor aandolan vyavahaar mein sudhaaravaadi raha tathaapi kaarl kautaski (Karl Kautsky 1854-1938) ke netrutv mein usane barnastaain ke sanshodhanon ka asveekaar karke maarks ke vichaaron mein vishvaas prakat kiya.

febiysavaadi aur punaraavruttivaadi vichaarak samaajavaad ki sthaapana ke liye raajya ko aavashyak samajhte hain. saamyavaadi vichaarak bhi sankraman kaal ke liye aidam ki shakti ka prayog karna chaahate hain. at: inko samoohavaadi (Collectivist) kaha jaata hai. araajakataavaadi vichaarak bhi pooainjeevaad virodhi aur samaajavaad ke samarthak hain parantu ve raajya, raajaneeti aur dharm ko shoshanavyavastha ka samarthak maanate hain aur aarambh se hi inka ant kar dena chaahate hain. araajakataavaad jeevan aur aacharan ka ek siddhaant hai jo shaasanaviheen samaaj ki kalpana karta hai. yeh samaaj ke aikya ki sthaapana shaasan aur kaanoon dvaara naheen, varan vyakti tatha sthaaneeya aur vyaavasaayik samoohon ke svatantr samjhauton dvaara karna chaahata hai. is vichaar ke anusaar uparyukt samoohon dvaara utpaadan, vitran aadi ki anek maanav aavashyakataaeain poori ho sakti hain.

araajakata shabd ke fraanseesi roopaantar ka prayog pehli baar fraanseesi kraanti ke samay (1789) un kraantikaariyon ke liye kiya gaya tha jo saamanton ki jameen ko jabt karke kisaanon mein baaaintana aur dhanikon ki aay ko seemit karna chaahate the. tatpashchaat san 1840 mein fraanseesi vichaarak prudhon (Proudhon) ne apni pustak ""sampatti kya hai?"" mein is shabd ka prayog kiya. san 1871 ke baad jab antararaashtreeya majadoor sangh mein foot padi tab maarks ke sanghavaadi virodhiyon ko araajakataavaadi kaha gaya. aae din ki bhaasha mein aatankvaad aur araajakataavaad paryaayavaachi shabd hain; parantu vastut: daarshanik araajakataavaadi keval raajakeeya daman ke viruddh hi aatank aur kraantikaari upaayon ke paksh mein hain.

sansaar ka pratham araajakataavaadi vichaarak cheeni daarshanik laao tse (Lao Tse) maana jaata hai. praacheen yoonaan ke vichaarak aristeeppas (Aristippus) aur jeeno (Zeno) ke darshan mein bhi in vichaaron ka put hai. Britain ka godavin (Godwin) aur fraanseesi proodhon raajya aur shaasanasansthaaon-nyaayaalaya aadi ka virodh karte the. proodhon ke anusaar sampatti chori ka maal hai. vah shram ke aadhaar par panya vinimay aur lenaden mein ek pratishat byaaj ki dar ke paksh mein tha.

is sambandh mein roos ke teen araajakataavaadiyon ke vichaar mahatvapoorn hain. baakoonin (Bakunin) kraantikaari araajakataavaadi tha, pinras kraupotakin (Kropotkin 1842-1921) vaigyaanik araajakataavaadi tatha lio taalsataaya (Leo Tolstoy) isaai araajakataavaadi. baakoonin raajya ko ek aavashyak durgun aur pichhdepan ka chinh tatha sampatti aur shoshan ka poshak maanata tha. raajya vyakti ki svaadheenata, usaki pratibha aur krayashakti, uske vivek aur naitikta ko seemit karta hai. is prakaar araajakataavaad vyaktivaad ki charam seema hai. baakoonin kraantikaari maarg dvaara raajya aur usaki sansthaaon police, jail, nyaayaalaya aadi ka ant kar svatantr sthaaneeya sansthaaon ki sthaapana ke paksh mein tha. ye samudaaya paarasparik sahayog ke liye apna raashtreeya sangh sthaapit kar sakte the. rooso aur can't (Kant) bhi isi prakaar ke svatantr samudaayon aur sanghon ke samarthak the.

kraupotakin ne vaigyaanik adhyayan dvaara yeh siddh kiya ki samaaj ka vikaas svatantr sahayog ki or hai. shilpik unnati ke kaaran manushya bahut kam shram dvaara apni aavashyakataaon ki poorti kar sakega aur shesh samay svatantr jeevan vyateet karega. manushya svabhaavat: saamaajik, at: sahayogi praani hai. svatantrata aur sahayog ki vruddhi ke saath saath raajya ki aavashyakta kam ho jaaegi.

taalsataaya bhi raajya aur vyaktigat sampatti ka virodhi tha, parantu vah hinsaatmak tatha kraantikaari maarg ka poshak naheen varan isaai aur anhisaatmak tareekon ka samarthak tha. vah buddhisangat isaai tha, andhavishvaasi naheen. Gandhiji ke vichaaron par taalsataaya ki gahari chhaap hai.

araajakataavaadiyon ka vichaar hai ki manushya svabhaav se achha hai aur yadi uske oopar raajya ka niyantran na rahe to vah samaaj mein shaantipoorvak rah sakta hai. raajya ke rahate hue manushya ka bauddhik, naitik aur raagaatmak vikaas sambhav naheen. inke anusaar raajakeeya samaajavaad (samoohavaad) naukarashaaheevaad aur raajakeeya pooainjeevaad hai. ye yuddh aur sainyavaad (militarisrn) ke virodhi aur vikeindreekaran ke paksh mein hain.

araajakataavaad se buddhijeevi aur majadoor, donon hi prabhaavit hue hain. anek lekhak aur daarshanikon ne svaadheenata sambandhi vichaaron ko sveekaar kiya hai. inmein John stuaart mil, harabart speinsar, hairold laaski aur batreind rasal ke naam mukhya hain. is vichaaradhaara ke buddhijeevi samarthak France, Spain, Italy, roos, Germany, sanyukt raajya amareeka aadi anek deshon mein paae jaate the, parantu France aur Britain ke majadoor aandolanon ne bhi in vichaaron ko sanshodhit roop mein sveekaar kiya. iske fraanseesi svaroop ka naam sindikvaad (Syndicalism) aur british ka gild samaajavaad (Guild Socialism) hai.

sindikvaad aur gild samaajavaad ka janm unneesaveen shataabdi ke ant aur beesaveen ke aarambh mein hua. us samay tak febiys aur punaraavruttivaad mein majadooron ka vishvaas kam hone laga tha. lokatantr majadooron ki samasyaaeain sulajhaane mein asafal raha, aarthik sankat vikt roop dhaaran karne laga aur yuddh ki sambhaavana badhne lagi. saath hi majadooron ki sankhya mein vruddhi hui, unka sangathan majaboot hua aur ve apni maaaingon ko poora karaane ke liye bade paimaane par hadtaal karne lage. in paristhitiyon mein sansadaatmak aur samvaidhaanik tareekon ke sthaan mein majadoor varg ko sakriya virodh ke siddhaanton ki aavashyakta hui. is kami ko uparyukt vichaaradhaaraaon ne poora kiya.

sindikvaad anya samaajavaadiyon ki bhaaainti samaajavaadi vyavastha ke paksh mein hai parantu araajakataavaadiyon ki tarah vah raajya ka ant kar sthaaneeya samudaayon ke haath mein saamaajik niyantran chaahata hai. vah is niyantran ko keval utpaadak varg (majadoor) tak hi seemit rakhana chaahata hai. araajakataavaadiyon ki bhaaainti sindikaavaadi bhi raashtreeya tatha antararaashtreeya sanghon ke samarthak aur raajya, raajaneetik dal, yuddh aur sainyavaad ke virodhi hain.

dhyeya ki praapti ka sindikaavaadi maarg kraanti hai, parantu is kraanti ke liye bhi vah raajaneetik dal ko anaavashyak samajhta hai kyonki iske dvaara majadooron ki kraantikaari ichha ke kamjor ho jaane ka bhaya hai. iska hadtaalon mein atoot vishvaas hai. sorel ke anusaar isaai pauraanik punarutthaan (Resurrection) ki bhaaainti yeh bhi majadooron par jaadoo ka asar karti hai aur unke andar aikya aur kraanti ki bhaavanaaon ko protsaahan deti hai. ye vichaarak masheenon ki todfod, baaikaat, pooainjeepati ki paidaavaar ko badnaam karna, kaam taalana aadi ke paksh mein bhi hain. ant mein ek aam hadtaal dvaara pooainjeevaadi vyavastha ka ant kar ye sindikvaadi samaaj ko sthaapana karna chaahate hain.

in vichaaron se anek laateeni (Latin) desh France, Italy, Spain, madhya aur dakshin amareeka prabhaavit hue hain. inka asar sanyukt raajya amareeka mein bhi tha, parantu vahaaain vikeindreekaran par jor naheen diya gaya kyonki us desh mein bade paimaane ke udyog ek vaastavikta the. roosi vichaarak prince kraupotakin ne isse prerana praapt ki aur Britain ne isko sanshodhit roop mein sveekaar kiya.

gild samaajavaad sindikvaad ki pratilipi maatr naheen, usaka british paristhitiyon mein abhyanukoolan (adaptation) hai. gild samaajavaad ke oopar svaadheenata ki parampara aur febiysavaad ka bhi prabhaav hai. iska naam Europe ke madhyakaaleen vyaavasaayik sangathanon se liya gaya hai. us samay se sangh aarthik aur saamaajik jeevan par haavi the aur vibhinn sanghon ke pratinidhi nagaron ka shaasan chalaate the. gild samaajavaadi uparyukt sangh vyavastha se prerana grahan karte the. ve raajaneetik kshetr aur udyog dhandhon mein lokatantraatmak siddhaant aur svaayattashaasan sthaapit karna chaahate the. ye vichaarak udyogon ke raashtreeyakaran maatr se santusht naheen kyonki isse naukarashaahi ka bhaya hai parantu ve raajya ka ant bhi naheen karna chaahate. raajya ko adhik lokatantraatmak aur vikeindrit karne ke baad ve usako desharaksha aur bhokta (consumer) ke hitsaadhaan ke liye rakhana chaahate hain. unke anusaar raajakeeya sansad mein keval kshetreeya hi naheen, vyaavasaayik pratinidhitv bhi hona chaahiye. ye raajya aur udyogon par majadooron ka niyantran chaahate hain at: sindikvaad ke nikat hain parantu raajyavirodhi na hone ke kaaran inka jhukaav samoohavaad ki or bhi hai. ye asafalata ke bhaya se kraantikaari maarg ko sveekaar naheen karte lekin keval vaidhaanik maarg ko bhi aparyaapt samajhte hain aur majadooron ke sakriya aandolan, hadtaal aadi ka bhi samarthan karte hain.

pratham mahaayuddh ke poorv aur uske beech mein is vichaaradhaara ka prabhaav badha. yuddh ke samay majadooron ne raksha-udyogon par niyantran ki maaaing ki aur uske baad majadoor sanghon ne swayam makaan banaane ke theke liye, parantu kuchh kaal baad sarkaari sahaayata na milne par ye prayog asafal hue. gild samaajavaad ke pramukh samarthakon mein aarthar peinti (Arther Penty), haabsan (Hobson), oreinj (Orange) aur kol (Cole) ke naam ullekhaneeya hain. Britain ka majadoor dal aur majadoor aandolan is vichaaradhaara se vishesh prabhaavit hue hain.

peris kamyoon ke chunaav ka jashn manaate log (28 March 1871); samaajavaadi vichaaron ko sabse pehle charitaarth karne ka kaam peris kamyoon ne hi kiya.

mukhya lekh saamyavaad dekhiye.

maarks ne san 1848 mein apne "saamyavaadi ghoshanaapatr" mein jis kraanti ki bhavishyavaani ki thi vah anshat: satya hui aur us varsh aur uske baad kai varsh tak Europe mein kraanti ki jvaala failati rahi; parantu jis samaajavaadi vyavastha ki usako aasha thi vah sthaapit na ho saki, pratyut kraantiyaaain daba di gain aur patan ke sthaan mein pooainjeevaad ka vikaas hua. France aur prasha ke beech yuddh (1871) ke samay paraajaya ke kaaran peris mein pratham samaajavaadi shaasan (peris kamyoon) sthaapit hua parantu kuchh hi dinon mein usako bhi daba diya gaya. peris kamyoon ki pratikriya hui aur majadoor aandolanon ka daman kiya jaane laga jiske falasvaroop maarks dvaara sthaapit antararaashtreeya majadoor sangh bhi titr bitr ho gaya. majadoor aandolanon ke saamane prashn tha ki ve samaajavaad ki sthaapana ke liye kraantikaari maarg apanaaeain athva sudhaaravaadi maarg grahan karein. in paristhitiyon mein katipya sudhaaravaadi vichaaradhaaraaon ka janm hua. inmein isaai samaajavaad, febiysavaad aur punaraavruttivaad mukhya hain.

isaai samaajavaad ke mukhya prachaarak Britain ke jaan melakam ludalo (John Malcohm Luldow 1821-1911), France ke bishp klaad faushe (Claude Fauchet) aur Germany ke Victor aaime hyoobar (Victor Aime Huber) hain. pooainjeevaadi shoshan dvaara majadooron ki durdasha dekhkar in vichaarakon ne is vyavastha ki aalochna ki aur majadooron mein sahakaari aandolan ka prachaar kiya. unhonne utpaadak tatha bhokta sahakaari samitiyon ki sthaapana bhi ki. isaai samaajavaad ka prabhaav Britain, France aur Germany ke atirikt aastriya tatha Belgium mein bhi tha.

mukhya lekh bhaarateeya samaajavaad dekhiye.

• peris kamyoon
• saamyavaad
• pooainjeevaad
• febiyn samaajavaad
• shreni samaajavaad
• punaraavruttivaad ya sanshodhanavaad
• isaai samaajavaad
• araajakataavaad

hamesha duniya mein jitni bhi kraanti hui usame pashchim ke vichaarako ke vichaaro ko hi aadhaar banaaya gaya ! duniaa mein sabse pehla saamyavaad vichaarak pleto tha kintu uske saamyavaad mein bhi kuchh kamiya thi jaise parivaar ka saamyavaad aur uske baad arastu bhi ek saamyavaadi tha jo ki pleto ka hi shisya tha usane jo vichaar saamyavaad aur kraanti ke liye diye vo apni tarah ke aadhunik the usane raajya ko ek naya aadarasaavaadi siddhaant diya arastu ke anusaar kraanti ke liye hathiyaaron ki jarurat nahi vah to lokatantr mein maton ke dvaara laaya ja sakta he aur maton ka prayog karke samaajavaad ki sthaapana karna aasaan hota hai arastu ko pleto apne vidyaalaya ka dimaag kha karta tha aur saamyavaadi vichaarak ko liya jaaye to maarks aur engels ko pratham sthaan diya jaata hai agar vo na hote to aaj saamyavaad kiya hai ham nahi jaan paate maarks ek mahaan neta hota agar usaki kraantiyaaain safal ho jaati magar usaki kraanti vidroh hi bankar rah gayi vo ek aisa sakhs tha jo kabhi bhi ek mulk mein nahi ruk paaya vo jahaan bhi gaya vahaan ki sarkaar ne use bhaga diya usane FRANCE mein kraanti karne ki koshish ki lekin vo vifal ho gayi aur fir use vahaan se bhaagna pada !

maarks

maarks likhta he ki duniya mein shuroo se hi varg nahi the pehle duniaa mein koi bhi varg nahi tha dheere dheere logon ne sampatti arjit karna shuroo kiya aur baad mein jinke paas sampatti jiyaada ho gayi to unhonne kamjor logon par apna hukum chalana shuroo kar diya aur vo khud ko unka maalik samajh baithe aur kamajoro ko gulaam fir baad mein saamantavaadi yug aaya aur saamanto ne greeb kisaano ka khoon choos kar unase kaam karavaana shuroo kiya kisaano ko do vakt ki roti bhi naseeb nahi hoti thi aur fir baad mein poonjeevaad ka dor aaya jisme poonjeevaadi logo ne fir greebo ka khoon choosana shuroo kar diya aur sampatti ka aadhe se jiyaada ans apne kabje mein karar apne ko khuda bana baithe maarks ki mahaan keerti thi communist mainifesto

mahaan samaajavaadi kaarl maarks agar shaasak ban jaate to aaj hame ye din na dekhne padte