saatavaahan

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (September 2014)

saatavaahanpraacheen Bhaaratka ek raajavansh tha. isne isaapoorv 230 se lekar teesari sadi (isa ke baad) tak kendreeya dakshin Bhaaratpar raaj kiya. yeh maurya vanshke patan ke baad shaktishaali hua tha. inka ullekh 8veen sadi isaapoorv mein milta hai par ashokki mrutyu (san 232 isaapoorv) ke baad saatavaahanon ne khud ko svatantr ghoshit kar diya tha.

praacheen Bhaarat mein maurya vansh ke antargat pehli baar raajanaitik evam saanskrutik ekta sthaapit karne ka prayaas kiya. baad mein chalakar saatavaahan vansh ne is prayaas ko aage badhaaya. yadyapi itihaasakaar saatavaahanon ko dakkan mein mauryon ka uttaraadhikaari hain tathaapi is vansh ke udaya ko ashok ke bauddh raajya ke virooddh saamaanya jain tatha hindu prakriya ke roop mein bhi samjha jaana chaahiye. saatavaahan vansh ki sthaapana maurya vansh ke paraabhav se lagbhag pachaas varsh pehle hui. unka saamraajya dakshin Bhaarat ka sabse praacheen aur bada saamraajya tha. uttar Bhaarat nirntar badalate raajavansheeya paridrushya (jahaan mauryon ke patan ke baad chhote-chhote antaraal par shung, kanv tatha kushaan vansho ki sthaapana hui) ke viprit saatavaahanon ne dakkan mein atoot, avibhaajya tatha deerghakaal tak sthaai roop se chalne vaale ek saamraajya ki sthaapana ki jisne lagbhag saadhe chaar sau varshon tak shaasan kiya.

is kaal ke vishay mein jitni jaankaari hamein praapt hui hai usase hamein saatavaahanon ki vilkshanata tatha vibhinn kshetron mein unki advitiya gatividhiyon ka gyaan hota hai. yadi puraanon ke vaktavyon par vishvaas kiya jaae to dakkan ke is saamraajya ki seemaaen uttar Bhaarat tak faili hui thi. magadh is saamraajya ka ek hissa tha, dakshini Bhaarat mein bhi failaav tha tatha poorvi se pashchimi samundr tak iski seemaaen vistrut thi. uttar tatha dakshin Bhaarat ki maalav, bhoj, pathanik, rathik, aandhr, paarind tatha draavid aadi vibhinn prakaar ki prajaatiyon ke samanvaya se is saamraajya ka nirmaan hua tha tatha is drushti se kshetrafal mein maurya saamraajya se kam hote hue bhi saatavaahan saamraajya usase kaheen adhik sugathit tha. ye saatavaahanon dvaara madhya Bhaarat tatha dakkan mein pradatt lambe evam shaantipoorn shaasan kaal ka hi parinaam tha ki kala evam sthaapatya ka vikaas hua jinke udaaharan ham pashchim Bhaarat ki shilaaon mein taraashi hui guhaaon tatha poorvi Bhaarat ke stoopon evam vihaaron mein pa sakte hai. is kaal mein sanskruti ka bhi atyadhik vikaas hua tatha prakrut bhaasha ka aakarshan raajadarabaaron tak pahuaincha. yadyapi saatavaahan raajya ek hindu saamraajya tha tathapi unke aadheen bauddh dharm ka advitiya vikaas hua. vyaapaar, vaanijya evam jal parivhan ke kshetron mein bhi atyaadhik unnati hui.

saatavaahanon ke vishay mein jaankaari dene vaale evam sroton ka nitaant abhaav hai. unase sambandhit shilaalekhon ki sankhya bahut kam hai aur is prastut shilaalekhon mein diye gaye sandarbhon mein bhi saatavaahanon ke vishay mein poorn jaankaari nahi milti. unke vishay mein hamaare paas poorvi dakkan se praapt unnees shilaalekh hi hain. jo is vansh ke tees raajaaon tatha saadhe chaar sau varshon ke lambe shaasan kaal ke vishay mein jaankaari dene ke liye kisi bhi drushtikon se prayog nahi hai. yadyapi puraatatv vibhaag ne praacheen Hyderabad raajya (jo arvaacheen telangaana pradesh ka hissa tha tatha aadhunik aandhr pradesh ki rajdhani hai evam jise saatavaahanon ko udgam kshetr maana jaata hai) mein paithaan, maaski tatha pondaapur mein khudaai karavaai parantu yahaaain se adhik saakshya nahi mile. is vishay mein saatavaahan vashan ke raajaaon dvaara prachalit sikke jo poorvi tatha pashchimi dakkan evam madhya pradesh se mile hain, se hamein is vansh ke vishay mein mahatvapoorn jaankaari milti hai. Thomas, raipasan, kanighm, Bhagwan laal indra ji tatha Scott jaisai vidvaanon nein in sikkon se mahatvapoorn jaankaari praapt ki hai. parantu in sikkon ke bhangit tatha kuchh sikkon ke jaali hone ke kaaran kai vivaad uth khade hue hain. is vishay mein saahityik stroton ne to aur bhi adhik niraash kiya hai. maulik puraanon mein kaalaantar mein jude ansho ke kaaran inmein saatavaahanon ke vishay mein di gayi soochanaaen ab vishvasaneeya nahi rah gayi hain. saath hi vibhinn puraanon mein saatavaahanon ke sandarbh mein martakya na hone ke kaaran sthiti or bhi sandehaaspad ho gayi hai. yadyapi gunaadhya dvaara rachit bruhad katha ko saatavaahan raajya sanrakshan mein likha hua maana jaata hai tathaapi yeh kruti ab mool roop mein nahi milti tatha ia par aadhaarit uske baad ke sanskaranon mein di gayi soochanaaon ki vyavastha vibhinn vidvaanon alag-alag ki hai. isi prakaar leelaavati jo ki saatavaahan shaasak kaal ke sainik abhiyaanon evam vijyon se sambandhit hai, par bhi adhik adhik vishvaas nahi kiya ja sakta. is kaaranavash saatavaahan kaal ke vishay mein abhi hamaari jaankaari seemit hai.

saatavaahanon ke abhyudaya tatha unke mool nivaas sthaan ko le kar vibhinn vidvaanon mein gahra matabhed hai. shilaalekh tatha sikkon mein varnit saatavaahan aur shaatakarni shaasakon ko puraanon mein aandhr, aandhr-mrutya tatha aandhr jaateeya naamon se pukaara gaya hai. is aadhaar par vidvaan is nirnaya par pahuainche hai ki saatavaahan athva shaatakarani raaja aandhron ke samatulya the. raipasan, smith tatha bhandaarakar ke anusaar sayaatavaahan shaasak aandhr desh se sambandhit the. aandhr logon ke vishay mein puraan kehte hai ki ve log praacheen telagu pradesh jo ki godaavari tatha Krishna nadi ke madhya mein sthit tha, ke nivaasi the. etareya braahman mein unka ullekh aisi jaati ke roop mein hua hai jo aaryon ke prabhaav se mukt thi. indika mein maigasthaneej unki shakti evam samruddhi ka ullekh kiya h. ashok ke shilaalekhon mein unka varnan aise logon ke roop mein hua hai jo ki uske saamraajya ke prabhaav mein the. parantu maurya saamraajya ke patan ke baad unka kya hua iska pata nahi chalta. sambhavat: unhonan apne aapko svatantr ghashit kar diya. oopar varnit itihaasakaar yadyapi aandhrapradesh ko saatavaahanon ka mool nivaas sthaan maanate hai tathaapi unki shakti ke kendra ko lekar in vidvaanon mein matabhed hain. jahaaain smith shri kaakulam ko saatavaahanon athva aandhron ki rajdhani maanate hain. parantu saatavaahan ke aandhron ke saath sambandh ko lekar vidvaanon mein matabhed hai. saamavaahan vansh ke shilaalekhon mein ia kaal ke shaasakon ko nirntar roop se saatavaahan athva shaatakarni kaha gaya hai. saahityik granthon mein inke liye yadaakada shaali vaahan shabd ka bhi prayog hua hai. parantu is sandarbh mein aandhr shabd ka prayog is vansh ke kisi bhi shilaalekh mein nahi hai. doosari or shilaalekhon, sikkon tatha saahityik sroton ke aadhaar par pashchimi Bhaarat ko inka mool nivaas sthaan maana gaya hai. is tathya ka pramaan naanaaghaat (puna jila) tatha saacheen (Madhya Pradesh) ke aarambhik shilaalekhon se bhi milta hai. is aadhaar par dau॰ gopaalachaari ne pratishthaan (aadhunik paithaan jo ki praacheen Hyderabad raajya ke Aurangabad mein sthit hai) tatha uske aaspaas ke kshetr ke saatavaahanon ka mool nivaas sthaan maana hai. iske atirikt vee0esa0 sukoothaanakar ne bellaari jile ko; echa0see0raaya0 chaudhari ne anya desh ke dakshini hisse ko tatha vee0vee0 miraashi ne ven ganga nadi ke donon kinaaron se lage baraar pradesh ko saatavaahanon ka mool nivaas sthaan maana hai. is aadhaar par saatavaahanon tatha aandhron ka samatulya evam sajaatiya hona sandehaaspad hi hai. is vishay mein vidvaanon ne yeh sujhaaya hai ki saatavaahanon ne apne aarambhik jeevan ki dakkan se shuruaat ki tatha kuchh hi samay mein aandhr pradesh ko bhi jeet liya. kaalaantar mein jab shak tatha ameer aakramanon ke kaaran saatavaahan saamraajya ke pashchimi tatha uttari kshetr unke haathon se jaate rahe tab kadaachit unki shakti godaavari tatha Krishna nadi ke madhya kshetr arthaat aandhr pradesh tak seemit ho gayi tatha ab saatavaahanon ko aandhron ke naam se jaana jaane laga.

saatavaahanon ki utpati ke vishay mein bhi hamein jaankaari nahi hai. kuchh vidvaanon ne unki tulana ashok ke shilaalekhon mein varnit sateeyaputronse tatha kuchh ne plini dvaara varnit setai se ki hai. kuchh anya vidvaanon ne shabd bhaasha vigyaan ke aadhaar par shaatakarni tatha saatavaahan shabdon ko paribhaashit kiya hai chaahe in shabdon ki mahatta kuchh bhi rahi ho parantu saatavaahan vansh ke shilaalekhon ke aadhaar par yeh lagbhag nishchit hai ki saatavaahan bhi shung tatha kanv shaasakon ki tarah braahman the. is baat ka pramaan Nasik shilaalekh se bhi mil jaata hai jismein gautami putr shri shaatakarni ko ek braahman (advitiya braahman) tatha khatiya-dap-maan-madan arthaat kshatriyon ka maan mardan karne wala aadi upaadhiyon se sushebhit kiya hai. isi shilaalekh ke lekhak ne gautameeputr ki tulana parashuraam se ki hai. saath hi daatreeshataputalika mein bhi shaaleevaahanon ko mishrit braahman jaati tatha naagajaati se utpann maana gaya hai.

saatavaahanon ke kaalakram ko lekar vidvaanon mein gahre matabhed hain. aitreyaya braahman jo ki paaainch sau i0poorv mein likha gaya tha usamein aandhron ko aise dasyu bataaya gaya hai jo ki aarya paridhi se baahar the tatha jo vishvaamitr ke vanshaj the. is aadhaar par dau॰adee0aara0 bhandaarakar ne 500 i0poorv ko saatavaahanon ki aarambhik sthiti maana hai. dau॰avee0e0 smith ke anusaar aandhr pehle adheenasth the parantu usaki mrutyu ke pashchaat ve simukh ke netrutv mein svatantr ho gaye tatha yeh ghatna teesari shataabdi i0poorv mein hui. is vishay mein smith ne puraanon ka hi aadhaar maana hai jinke anusaar aandhron ke kul tees shaasakon ne lagbhag 460varshon tak shaasan kiya. dau॰aagopaalachaari ne bhi is tathya ko sveekaarate hue yeh maana hai ki saatavaahan vansh ki sthaapana lagbhag 235i0poorv tatha usaka patan lagbhag 255 isvi mein hua. kaling ke shaasak khaarakhel ke raajyakaal mein utkeern haathi gumfa shilaalekh ke aadhaar par raipasan saatavaahan vansh ka aarambh 220 i0poorv tatha 211 i0poorv ke beech maanate hai parantu saatavaahanon ke yaasan kaal ko lekar vibhinn puraanon mein bhi mataantar hai. ek or jaha matsyapuraan unka kul yaasan kaal 460varsh bataata hai vaheen doosari or braahmanapuraan mein yeh avadhi 456 varsh bataai gayi hai.

vaayupuraan ke anusaar saatavaahanon ne 411 varshon tak shaasan kiya jabki vishnupuraan unki shaasan avadhi 300 varsh maanata hai. doosari aar dau॰ aara0 jee0 bhandaarakar saatavaahan vansh ki sthaapana 72.73 i0poorv ko maanate hain. puraanon mein varnit ek vaktavya ke aadhaar par unhonne yeh maana hai ki, ''shung mrutya'' kanv shaasak shung shaasakon ke sevak the tatha peshavaaon ki bhaanti unke saath-saath shaasan karte the tatha simuk athva shishuk naamak saatavaahan vansh ke sansthaapak ne kanv raaja sushraman ko maarkar kanv tatha shung dono vansho ka ant kar diya tatha unke saamraajya ko apne aadheen kar liya. parantu yeh tathya avishvasaneeya hai kyokin ham yeh bhali-bhaanti jaante hai ki shung tatha kanv vansh ke shaasakon ne kabhi sanyukt roop se shaasan nahi kiya tatha kanv vansh ke sansthaapak vaasudev kanv ne antim shung shaasak devabhooti ki hatya kar shaasan ki baagdor sambhaali thi. vaayupuraan ke us vaktavya jiske aadhaar par dau॰abhandaarakar ne galat vyaakhya ki hai, ko dau॰araaya chaudhari ne sahi dhng se paribhaashit kiya hai. unke anusaar yeh gandyaash maatra itna hi bataata hai ki simuk ne jab kanv vansh ka ant kar saatavaahan vansh ki sthaapana ki to usane un shung upashaasakon bhi samaapt kar diya jo ki kanv vansh ke haathon shung shaasakon ke paraajit hone ke baad bhi bache rah gaye the. ataev saatavaahan shaasakon ne 29 i0poorv (72i0poorv -45varsh) mein kanv vansh ka ant kar swayam shaasan ki baagdor sambhaali. parantu is sab kaarakon ke hote hue bhi is sambhaavana se inkaar nahi kiya ja sakta ki simuk jisne 23varshon tak shaasan kiya vah kuchh samay pehle hi arthaat pehli shataabdi i0poo0 ke madhya mein hi sinhaasanaaroodh ho gaya hoga.

simuk

simuk (235 i0poo0 - 212 i0poo0) saatavaahan vansh ka sansthaapak tha tatha usane 235 i0poo0 se lekar 212i0poo0 tak lagbhag 23 varshon tak shaasan kiya. yadyapi uske vishay mein hamein adhik jaankaari nahi milti tathaapi puraanon se hamein yeh gyaat hota hai ki kanv shaasakon ki shakti ka naash kar tatha bache hue shung mukhiyaaon ka daman karke usane saatavaahan vansh ki neenv rakhi. puraanon mein use simek ke atirikt shishuk, sindhuk tatha shiprak aadi naamon se bhi pukaara gaya hai. jain anushrutiyon ke anusaar simuk ne apne shaasan kaal mein jain tatha bauddh mandiron ka nirmaan karavaaya, parantu apne shaasan kaal ke antakaal mein vah pathabhrasht tatha krur ho gaya jis kaaranavash use padachyut kar usaki hatya kar di.

kaanha tatha Krishna (212i0poo0 - 195i0poo0)

simuk ki mrutyu ke pashchaat usaka chhota bhaai kaanha (Krishna) raajagaddi par baitha. apne 18 varshon ke kaaryakaal mein kaanha ne saamraajya vistaar ki neeti ko apnaaya. Nasik ke shilaalekh se yeh pata chalta hai ki kaanha ke samay mein saatavaahan saamraajya pashchim mein Nasik tak fail gaya tha. shaatakarni-p (pratham) kaanha ke uparaant shaatakarni pratham gaddi par baitha. puraanon ke anusaar vah kaanha putr tha. parantu dau॰ gopaalachaari simuk ko shaatakarni pratham ka pita maanate hain. kuchh vidvaanon ne yeh maana hai ki iska shaasan kaal maatra do varsh raha parantu neelakanth shaastri ne usaka shaasan kaal 194 i0poo0 se lekar 185 i0poo0 maana hai. jo bhi ho yeh suspasht hai ki usaka shaasan kaal bahut lamba nahi tha. parantu chhota hote hue bhi shaatakarni pratham ka kaaryakaal kuchh drushtikonon se bada mahatvapoorn hai. saatavaahan shaasakon mein vah pehla tha jisne is vansh ke shaasakon mein priya evam prachalit, ''shaatakarni'' shabd se apna naamakaran kiya. naanaaghaat shilaalekh ke anusaar shaatakarni ne apne saamraajya ka khub vistaar kiya tatha apne kaarya kaal mein do ashvamegh yagya tatha ek raajasuya yagya kiya. usaki raani nayanika ke ek shilaalekh se hamein yeh gyaat hota hai ki shaatakarni pratham ne pashchimi maalava ke saath-saath anup (narmada ghaati ka kshetr) tatha Vidarbh (baraar) pradeshon bhi jeet liya. yadi shaatakarni pratham hi vah shaasak hai jiska ullekh saanchi stoop ke toran mein hua hai to yeh bhi is baat ko pramaanit karta hai ki uske samay mein madhya Bhaarat saatavaahanon ke adhikaar mein tha. vah apne chhaate se kaarya kaal me samraat ban gaya tatha usane dakshin pathapati tatha apratiht chakr aadi upaadhiyaaain dhaaran ki. naanaaghaat lekh tatha haathi gumfa lekhon mein prayukt lipi ki samaanata ke aadhaar par hi yeh sujhaaya gaya hai ki kadaachit isi shaatakarni shaasakon ke shaasan kaal ke doosare varsh mein kaling ke mahaan shaasak khaarakhel ne yuddh kshetr mein haraaya tha. shaatakarni pratham ki patni nayanika athva naaganika angeeya kul ke ek mahaarathi tranakaairo ki putri thi.

vedashri tatha satashri (athva shakti shri)

shaatakarni pratham ki mrutyu ke pashchaat uske do alpavyask putr vedashri tatha satashri sinhaasan par baithe. parantu alpavyask hone ke kaaran prashaasan ki saari baagdor unki maan nayanika ke haathon mein aa gayi jisne apne pita ki sahaayata se shaasan chalaaya. aisa prateet hota hai ki vedashri ki alpaayu mein hi mrutyu ho gayi tatha satashri ne uske uttaraadhikaari ke roop mein shaasan sambhaala. parantu puraan is vishay mein ekamat hai ki shaatakarni pratham ke pashchaat poornotsang naamak raaja saatavaahan sinhaasan par aaseen hua. chaahe chaturth saatavaahan shaasak ka naam kuchh bhi raha ho, yeh to nishchit hai ki is shaasak ke shaasan kaal mein hi pushyamitr shung ne antim maurya shaasak brahadrath ko maar kar magadh raajya par adhikaar kar liya tha. matsyapuraan mein skandastambhi ka ullekh saatavaahan vansh ke paaainchavein shaasak ke roop mein keya hai parantu adhiktar vidvaan is naam ko kalpit maanate hain.

shaatakarni dvitiya

shaatakarni dvitiya ne lagbhag 166 i0poo0 se lekar 111 i0poo0 tak shaasan kiya. yeh kadaachit vahi shaasak tha jiska varnan heetheegumfa tatha bheelasa shilaalekhon mein hua hai. yeh prateet hota hai ki iske shaasan kaal mein saatavaahanon ne poorvi maalava ko pushyamitr shung ke ek uttaraadhikaari se chheen liya.

puraanon ke anusaar shaatakarni dvitiya ke pashchaat lambodar raajasinhaasan par aaseen hua. lambodar ke pashchaat usaka putr apeelak gaddi par baitha. apeelak jo ki aathavaaain saatavaahan shaasak tha, in donaan ke madhya ka kaal saatavaahanon ke sandarbh mein andhakaar yug maana gaya hai jismein keval kuntal shaatakarni ke kaal ko hi apavaad maana ja sakta hai. kuntal shaatakarni, apeelak ke pashchaat saatavaahanon ka agala mahatvapoorn shaasak tha. kaamasootr mein vaatsaayan ne kuntal shaatakarni ka ullekh karte hue likha hai ki usane apni ungaliyon ko kainchi ke roop mein prayog kiya tatha iske prahaar se usaki pataraani malayavati ki mrutyu ho gayi. kaavyaminmaasha mein raajeshvar ne kunatal shaatakarni ka varnan karte hue kaha hai ki usane apne ranivaas mein rahane waali apni raaniyon ko yeh aadesh diya tha ki ve keval praakrut bhaasha ka prayog karein.

haal (20 i0poo0 - 24 i0poo0)

haal saatavaahanon ka agala mahatpoorn shaasak tha. yadyapi usane keval chaar varsh hi shaasan kiya tathaapi kuchh vishyon usaka shaasan kaal bahut mahatvapoorn raha. aisa maana jaata hai ki yadi aarambhik saatavaahan shaasakon mein shaatakarni pratham yoddha ke roop mein sabse mahaan tha to haal shaantidoot ke roop mein agrani tha. haal saahityik abhiroochi bhi rakhata tha tatha ek kavi samraat ke roop mein prakhyaat hua. uske naam ka ullekh puraan, leelaavati, saptashati, abhidhaan chintaamani aadi granthon mein hua hai. yeh maana jaata hai ki praakrut bhaasha mein likhi gaatha saptashati athva satasai (saat sau shlokon se poorn) ka rachiyta haal hi tha. bruhadakatha ke lekhak gunaadhya bhi haal ka samakaaleen tha tatha kadaachit paishaachi bhaasha mein likhi is pustak ki rachana usane haal hi ke sanrakshan mein ki thi. kaalaanatar mein buddhasvaami ki bruhadakatha'yalok-sangrah, kshemendr ki bruhadakatha-manjari tatha somadev ki kathaasaritsaagar naamak teen granthon ki utpati gunaadhya ki bruhadakatha se hi hui.

haal ke pradhaan senaapati vijyaanand ne apne svaami ke aadeshaanusaar Sri Lanka par aakraman kar use jeet liya. is vijay abhiyaan se vaapis lautate samay vah kuchh samay ke liye sapt godaavari bheemam naamak sthaan par rooka. vahaaain vijyaanand ne Sri Lanka ke raaja ki ati roopavaan putri leelaavati ki charcha suni jiska varnan usane apne raaja haal se kiya. haal ne prayaas kar leelaavati se vivaah kar liya. kivdanti hai ki haal ne poorvi dakkan mein kuchh sainik abhiyaan kiye parantu saakshyon ke abhaav mein adhiktar vidvaan ise galat maanate hain. yadyapi haal tak ke saatavaahan shaasakon ke shaasanakaal mein raajanaitik kshetr ke atirikt saahityik tatha aarthik kshetron mein bhi atyaadhik vikaas hua tatha vyapaar-vaanijya shaharon ke vikaas evam jalaparivhan ki unnati hui jo ki pratham shataabdi i0 ke doosare mundalak athva puridransen ke shaasan kaal mein apne utkarsh ki paraakaashtha par pahuainch gayi, tathaapi aane vaale lagbhag pachaas varsh saatavaahan saamraajya ke liye bade hi kathin saabit hue. aisa prateet hua maano ke pashchim kshatrapon ke roop mein hue videshi aakraman ke saath hi saatavaahan saamraajya ka patan hone ko hai. kushaan uttar-pashchim mein apna prasaar kar rahe the tatha unke dabaav mein shak tatha pahalaav shaasak madhya tatha pashchimi Bhaarat ki or aakarshit hokar saatavaahanon se sangharsh karne ko aatur the. kshaharaat vansh ke pashchimi kshatrapon ne apne ko pashchima rajputana, Gujarat tatha kaathiyaavaad mein sthaapit kar liya tha. in shak shaasakon ne 35 i0 se lekar lagbhag 90i0 tak saatavaahan raajya par aakraman kiye. unhonne saatavaahanon se poorvi tatha payichma maalava pradeshon ko jeeta; uttari konkan (aparaant) uttari Maharashtra, jo ki saatavaahan shakti ka kendra tha tatha banavaasi (vaijayanti) tak faile dakshini Maharashtra par bhi apna prabhutv jama liya. kshaharaat vansh ka pehla shaasak ghoomak tha jiski jaankaari ke strot kuchh sikkein hai jo ki adhikaanshat: Gujarat kaathiyaavaad ke tateeya pradesh tatha yadaakada maalava se paae hain. ghoomak ka uttaraadhikaari nahapaan tha jiski jaankaari hamein uske bahusankhya sikkon par raaja (athva raajan) ki upaadhi dhaaran ki hai. vaheen shilaalekhon usaki upaadhi kshatrap tatha mahaakshatrap mili. Nasik, kaarale tatha junaar (uttari Maharashtra) ke uske shilaalekh; SK bahusankhya sikkein tatha uske jaamaata shak ashavadaat ke dvaara uttari tatha dakshini Bhaarat mein diye gaye daan sab ke sab ye pramaanit karte hain ki nahapaan ke samay mein kshaharaat vansh ka saamraajya kaafi vistut tha tatha usane saatavaahan shaasakon se kaafi bada pradesh chheen kar hi apne saamraajya ko itna vishaal banaaya tha. nahapaan tatha uske jaamaata shak ashavadat ne maalava, narmada ghaati, uttari konkan, baraar ka pashchima bhaag evam aur dakshini Maharashtra ko jeetkar pashchimi dakkan mein saatavaahan shakti ko lrabhr ukhaad fainka. ve saatavaahan raaja jo nahapaan ke haathon paraajit hue kadaachit sundar shaatakarni, chakor shaatakarni tatha shivsaati the jinka ki kaaryakaal bahut hi chhota tha (inmein se pehle do ka shaasan kaal maatra dedh varsh tha) parantu yeh paristhitiyaan adhik samay tak nahi chali tatha gautami putr shri shaatakarni ke saatavaahan shaasak bante hi is kshaharaat-saatavaahan sangharsh mein naya mod aaya.

lagbhag aadhi shataabdi ki uthaapatak tatha shak shaasakon ke haathon maanamardan ke baad gautami putr shri shaatakarni ke netrutv mein apni khoi hui pratishtha ko purnasthaapit kar liya. gautami putr shri shaatakarni saatavaahan vansh ka sabse tahaan yaasak tha jisne lagbhag 25 varshon tak shaasan karte hue na keval apne saamraajya ki khoi pratishtha ko purnasthaapit kiya apitu ek vishaal saamraajya ki bhi sthaapana ki. gautami putr ke samay tatha usaki vijyon ke baarein mein hamein usaki maata gautami baalashri ke Nasik shilaalekhon se sampoorn jaankaari milti hai. uske sandarbh mein hamein is lekh se yeh jaankaari milti hai ki usane kshatriyon ke ahankaar ka maan-mardan kiya. usaka varnan shak, yavan tatha pahalaav shasasakon ke vinaash karta ke roop mein hua hai. usaki sabse badi upalabdhi kshaharaat vansh ke shak shaasak nahapaan tatha uske vanshajon ki uske haathon hui paraajaya thi. jogalathambi (Nasik) samuh se praapt nahapaan ke chaandi ke sikkein jinhe ki gautami putr shaatakarni ne dubaara dhlavaaya tatha apne shaasan kaal ke athaarahavein varsh mein gautami putr dvaara Nasik ke nikat paandu-len mein guhaadaan karna- ye kuchh aise tathya hai jon yeh pramaanit karatein hai ki usane shak shaasakon dvaara chheene gaye pradeshon ko purnavijit kar liya. nahapaan ke saath unka yuddh uske shaasan kaal ke 17vein aur 18vein varsh mein hua tatha is yuddh mein jeet kar rgaatami putr ne aparaant, anoop, Saurashtra, kukar, akar tatha avanti ko nahapaan se chheen liya. in kshetron ke atirikt gautami putr ka rishik (Krishna nadi ke tat par sthit rishik nagar), ayamak (praacheen Hyderabad raajya ka hissa), moolak (godaavari ke nikat ek pradesh jiski rajdhani pratishthaan thi) tatha Vidarbh (aadhunik baraar kshetr) aadi pradeshon par bhi adhiptya tha. uske pratyaksh prabhaav mein rahane wala kshetr uttar mein maalava tatha kaathiyaavaad se lekar dakshin mein Krishna nadi tak tatha poovai mein baraar se lekar pashchim mein konkan tak faila hua tha. usane 'tri-samundr-toya-peet-vaahan' upaadhi dhaaran ki jisse yeh pata chalta hai ki usaka prabhaav poorvi, pashchimi tatha dakshini saagar arthaat Bengal ki khaadi, arab saagar evam hind mahaasaagar tak tha. aisa prateet hota hai ki apni mrutyu ke kuchh samay pehle gautami putr shaatakarni dvaara nahapaan ko haraakar jeete gaye kshetr uske haath se nikal gaye. gautami putr se in pradeshon ko chheenane vaale sanbhavat: seethiyn jaati ke hi karadaamak vansh ke shak shaasak the. iska pramaan hamein olami dvaara bhoogol ka varnan karti usaki pustak se milta hai. aisa hi nishkarsh 150 i0 ke prasiddh roodradaman ke joonaagadh ke shilaalekh se bhi nikaala ja sakta hai. yeh shilaalekh darshaata hai ki nahapaan se vijit gautameeputr shaasakarni ke sabhi pradeshon ko usas roodradaman ne hathiya liya. aisa prateet hota hai ki gautameeputr shaatakarni ne karadaamak shakon se vaivaahik sambandh sthaapit kar roodradaman dvaara hathiyaae gaye apne kshetron ko surakshit karne ka prayaas kiya.

dakshin Asia tatha bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ka itihaas
paashaan yug (7000–3000 E.poo.) meharagadh sanskruti (7000–3300 E.poo.)
kaansya yug (3000–1300 E.poo.) sindhu ghaati sabhyata (3300–1300 E.poo.) – praarambhik hadppa sanskruti (3300–2600 E.poo.) – paripakva hadppa sanskruti (2600–1900 E.poo.) – der se hadppa sanskruti (1700–1300 E.poo.) geroo rang ke mitti ke bartanon sanskruti (from 2000 E.poo.) gaandhaar kabr sanskruti (1600–500 E.poo.)
lauh yug (1200–26 E.poo.) vaidik sabhyata (2000–500 E.poo.) – kaale aur laal rang ke bartan sanskruti (1300–1000 E.poo.) – rangeen gre bartan sanskruti (1200–600 E.poo.) – uttari kaala taraashe bartan (700–200 E.poo.) – mahaajanapad (700–300 E.poo.) – magadh mahaajanapad (500–321 E.poo.) haireeanka raajya (684–424 E.poo.) shishunaaga raajya (413–345 E.poo.) ror raajya (450 E.poo.–489 isavi) nand saamraajya (424–321 E.poo.) paandya saamraajya (300 E.poo.–1345 isavi) cher raajya (300 E.poo.–1102 isavi) chol saamraajya (300 E.poo.–1279 isavi) maurya saamraajya (321–184 E.poo.) pallav saamraajya (250 E.poo.–800 isavi) shung saamraajya (185–73 E.poo.) kaanava raajavansh (75–26 E.poo.) maha-megha-vaahan raajavansh (250 E.poo.–400 isavi) saatavaahan saamraajya (230 E.poo.–220 isavi) kooninda raajya (200 E.poo.–300 isavi) hind-skythins raajya (200 E.poo.–400 isavi) hind-yavan raajya (180 E.poo.–10 isavi)
madhya raajya (1–1279 isavi) hind-paarthiyn raajya (21–130 isavi) pashchimi kshatrapon saamraajya (35–405 isavi) kushaan saamraajya (60–240 isavi) hind-saasanid raajya (230–360 isavi) vaakaatak saamraajya (250–500 isavi) kaalaabra raajya (250–600 isavi) gupt saamraajya (280–550 isavi) kadanb raajya (345–525 isavi) pashchim gang raajya (350–1000 isavi) kaamaroop raajya (350–1100 isavi) vishnukund raajya (420–624 isavi) maaitraika raajya (475–767 isavi) hun raajya (475–576 isavi) rai raajya (489–632 isavi) chaalukya saamraajya (543–753 isavi) shaahi saamraajya (500–1026 isavi) maukhari raajya (550–700 isavi) harshavardhan saamraajya (590–647 isavi) poorvi chaalukyon raajya (624–1075 isavi) gurjar pratihaar raajya (650–1036 isavi) paal saamraajya (750–1174 isavi) raashtrakoot saamraajya (753–982 isavi) paramaar raajya (800–1327 isavi) yaadavon raajya (850–1334 isavi) solanki raajya (942–1244 isavi) prateechya chaalukya raajya (973–1189 isavi) lohaara raajya (1003-1320 isavi) hoyasal raajya (1040–1346 isavi) sen raajya (1070–1230 isavi) poorvi ganga raajya (1078–1434 isavi) kaakateeya raajya (1083–1323 isavi) kalachuri raajya (1130–1184 isavi)
der madhyayugeen yug (1206–1596 isavi) Delhi saltanat (1206–1526 isavi) – gulaam saltanat (1206–1290 isavi) – khilji saltanat (1290–1320 isavi) – tuglak saltanat (1320–1414 isavi) – sayyad saltanat (1414–1451 isavi) – lodhi saltanat (1451–1526 isavi) ahom raajya (1228–1826 isavi) Reddy raajya (1325–1448 isavi) vijyanagar saamraajya (1336–1646 isavi) gajapati raajya (1434–1541 isavi) dakkhin ke saltanat (1490–1596 isavi)
praarambhik aadhunik kaal (1526–1858 isavi) mugl saamraajya (1526–1858 isavi) maraatha saamraajya (1674–1818 isavi) durraani saamraajya (1747–1823 isavi) sikh saamraajya (1799–1849 isavi)
anya raajya (1102–1947 isavi) jmorin raajya (1102–1766 isavi) deva raajya (1200–1300 isavi) chitradurg raajya (1300–1779 isavi) gadhvaal raajya (1358–1803 isavi) Mysore raajya (1399–1947 isavi) kalaadi raajya (1499–1763 isavi) coach raajya (1515–1947 isavi) tanadaaimaan raajya (1650–1948 isavi) madurai raajya (1559–1736 isavi) tanjaavur naayak raajya (1572–1918 isavi) maarava raajya (1600–1750 isavi) sikkhon ki mislein (1707–1799 isavi) traavanakor raajya (1729–1947 isavi)
aupaniveshik kaal (1505–1961 isavi) purtagaali Bhaarat (1510–1961 isavi) dach Bhaarat (1605–1825 isavi) denish Bhaarat (1620–1869 isavi) fraanseesi Bhaarat (1759–1954 isavi) company raaj (1757–1858 isavi) british raaj (1858–1947 isavi) Bhaarat ka vibhaajan (1947 isavi)
Sri Lanka ke raajya taimabaapanni ke raajya (543–505 E.poo.) upaatissa nuvaara ka saamraajya (505–377 E.poo.) anuraadhaapura ke raajya (377 E.poo.–1017 isavi) rohun ke raajya (200 isavi) polonaarohava raajya (300–1310 isavi) dambadeniya ke raajya (1220–1272 isavi) yapahuv ke raajya (1272–1293 isavi) kurunegaal ke raajya (1293–1341 isavi) gaamapola ke raajya (1341–1347 isavi) raayagaama ke raajya (1347–1412 isavi) koti ke raajya (1412–1597 isavi) seetaavaakha ke raajya (1521–1594 isavi) candy ke raajya (1469–1815 isavi) purtagaali seelon (1505–1658 isavi) dach seelon (1656–1796 isavi) british seelon (1815–1948 isavi)
raashtra itihaas afgaanistaan Bangladesh bhootaan Bhaarat maaladeev Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka
kshetreeya itihaas asam Bihar baloochistaan Bengal Himachal pradesh Maharashtra uttar pradesh Punjab Orissa sindh dakshin Bhaarat Tibet
vishesh itihaas sikka raajavanshon aarthik indolauji bhaashaai saahitya sena vigyaan tatha praudyogiki samayachakr
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