saaranaath
| saaranaath | |||
| — shahar — | |||
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| samay mandal: aaiesati (yooteesi+5:30) | |||
| desh |
 Bhaarat
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| raajya | uttar pradesh | ||
| jila | Varanasi | ||
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vibhinn code
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nirdeshaank: 25°a22′a52″aN 83°a01′a17″aE / 25.3811°aN 83.0214°aE
saaranaath, kaashi athva Varanasi ke 10 kilometer poorvottar mein sthit pramukh bauddh teerthasthal hai. gyaan praapti ke pashchaat Bhagwan buddh ne apna pratham upadesh yaheen diya tha jise "dharm chakr pravartan" ka naam diya jaata hai aur jo bauddh mat ke prachaar-prasaar ka aarambh tha. yeh sthaan bauddh dharm ke chaar pramukh teerthon mein se ek hai (anya teen hain: lumbini, bodhagaya aur kusheenagar). iske saath hi saaranaath ko jain dharm evam hindu dharm mein bhi mahatva praapt hai. jain granthon mein ise 'sinhapur' kaha gaya hai aur maana jaata hai ki jain dharm ke gyaarahavein teerthankar shreyaansanaath ka janm yahaaain se thodi door par hua tha. yahaan par saaranganaath mahaadev ka mandir bhi hai jahaan saavan ke maheene mein hinduon ka mela lagta hai.
saaranaath mein ashok ka chaturmukh sinhastambh, Bhagwan buddh ka mandir, dhaamekh stoop, chaukhandi stoop, raajakeeya sangraahalaya, jain mandir, cheeni mandir, moolangadhakuti aur naveen vihaar ityaadi darshaneeya hain. Bhaarat ka raashtreeya chinh yaheen ke ashok stambh ke mukut ki dvivimeeya anukruti hai. muhammad gori ne saaranaath ke pooja sthalon ko nasht kar diya tha. san 1905 mein puraatatv vibhaag ne yahaan khudaai ka kaam praarambh kiya. usi samay bauddh dharm ke anuyaayon aur itihaas ke vidvaanon ka dhyaan idhar gaya. vartamaan mein saaranaath ek teerth sthal aur paryatan sthal ke roop mein lagaataar vruddhi ki or agrasar hai.
anukram
parichay
pehle yahaaain ghana van tha aur mrug-vihaar kiya karte the. us samay iska naam 'rishipttan' aur 'mrugadaaya' tha. gyaan praapt karne ke baad Gautam buddh ne apna pratham upadesh yaheen par diya tha. samraat ashok ke samay mein yahaaain bahut se nirmaan-kaarya hue. sinhon ki moorti wala Bhaarat ka raajachihn saaranaath ke ashok ke stambh ke sheersh se hi liya gaya hai. yahaaain ka 'dhamek stoop' saaranaath ki praacheenata ka aaj bhi bodh karaata hai. videshi aakramanon aur paraspar ki dhaarmik kheenchaataani ke kaaran aage chalakar saaranaath ka mahatva kam ho gaya tha. mrugadaaya mein saaranganaath mahaadev ki moorti ki sthaapana hui aur sthaan ka naam saaranaath pad gaya.
praacheen naam
iska praacheen naam rishiptan (isiptan ya mrugadaav) (hirnon ka jungle) tha. rishiptan se taatparya 'rishi ka patan' se hai jiska aashay hai vah sthaan jahaaain kisi ek buddh ne Gautam buddh bhaavi sanbodhi ko jaanakar nirvaan praapt kiya tha.[1] mrugon ke vichran karne vaale sthaan ke aadhaar par iska naam mrugadaav pada, jiska varnan nigrodhamrug jaatak mein bhi aaya hai.[2] aadhunik naam 'saaranaath' ki utpatti 'saaranganaath' (mrugon ke naath) arthaat Gautam buddh se hui. jiska sambandh bodhistv ki ek katha se bhi joda jaata hai. vodhistv ne apne kisi poorvajanm mein, jab ve mrugadaav mein mrugon ke raaja the, apne praanon ki bali dekar ek garbhavati harini ki jaan bachaai thi. isi kaaran is van ko saarang (mrug)-naath ya saar-naath kehne lage. dayaaraam saahani ke anusaar Shiv ko bhi pauraanik saahitya mein saaranganaath kaha gaya hai aur mahaadev Shiv ki nagari kaashi ki sameepata ke kaaran yeh sthaan shivopaasana ki bhi sthali ban gaya. is tathya ki pushti saaranaath mein, saaranaath naamak shivmandir ki vartamaanata se hoti hai.
itihaas
buddh ke pratham upadesh (lagbhag 533 E.poo.) se 300 varsh baad tak ka saaranaath ka itihaas agyaat hai: kyonki utkhanan se is kaal ka koi bhi avashesh naheen praapt hua hai. saaranaath ki samruddhi aur bauddh dharm ka vikaas sarvapratham ashok ke shaasanakaal mein drushtigt hota hai. usane saaranaath mein dharmaraajika stoop, dhamekh stoop evam Singh stambh ka nirmaan karavaaya. ashok ke uttaraadhikaariyon ke shaasan-kaal mein pun: saaranaath avanati ki or agrasar hone laga. E.poo. doosari shati mein shung raajya ki sthaapana hui, lekin saaranaath se is kaal ka koi lekh naheen mila. pratham shataabdi E. ke lagbhag uttar Bhaarat ke kushaan raajya ki sthaapana ke saath hi ek baar pun: bauddh dharm ki unnati hui. kanishk ke raajyakaal ke teesare varsh mein bhikshu bal ne yahaaain ek bodhistv pratima ki sthaapana ki. kanishk ne apne shaasan-kaal mein na keval saaranaath mein varan Bhaarat ke vibhinn bhaagon mein bahut-se vihaaron evam stoopon ka nirmaan karavaaya. ek sthaaneeya kinvadanti ke anusaar bauddh dharm ke prachaar ke poorv saaranaath shivopaasana ka kendra tha. kintu, jaise gaya aadi aur bhi kai sthaanon ke itihaas se pramaanit hota hai baat iski ulti bhi ho sakti hai, arthaat bauddh dharm ke patan ke pashchaat hi Shiv ki upaasana yahaaain prachalit hui ho. jaan padta hai ki jaise kai praacheen vishaal nagaron ke upanagar ya nagarodyaan the (jaise praacheen vidisha ka saaainchi, ayodhya ka saaket aadi) usi prakaar saaranaath mein moolat: rishiyon ya tapasviyon ke aashram sthit the jo unhonne kaashi ke kolaahal se bachane ke liye, kintu fir bhi mahaan nagari ke saannidhya mein, rahane ke liye banaae the.
saaranaath ke itihaas mein sabse gauravapoorn samay guptakaal tha. us samay yeh Mathura ke atirikt uttar Bhaarat mein kala ka sabse bada kendra tha. harsh ke shaasan-kaal mein hven tsaang Bhaarat aaya tha. usane saaranaath ko atyant khushahaal bataaya tha. harsh ke baad kai sau varsh tak saaranaath vibhinn shaasakon ke adhikaar mein tha lekin inke shaasanakaal mein koi vishesh upalabdhi naheen ho pai. Mehmood gajanavi (1017 E.) ke Varanasi aakraman ke samay saaranaath ko atyadhik kshati pahuainchi. pun: 1026 E. mein samraat maheepaal ke shaasan kaal mein sthirpaal aur basantapaal naamak do bhaaiyon ne samraat ki prerana se kaashi ke devaalayon ke uddhaar ke saath-saath dharmaraajika stoop evam dharmachakr ka bhi uddhaar kiya. gaahadvaal vesh ke shaasan-kaal mein govindachandr ki raani Kumar devi ne saaranaath mein ek vihaar banavaaya tha. utkhanan se praapt ek abhilekh se bhi iski pushti hoti hai. iske pashchaat saaranaath ki vaibhav ka ant ho gaya.
saaranaath ka utkhanan
saaranaath ke sandarbh ke aitihaasik jaankaari puraatattvavidon ko us samay hui jab kaasheenaresh chet Singh ke deevaan jagat Singh ne dharmaraajika stoop ko ajnyaaanavash khudava daala. is ghatna se janta ka aakarshan saaranaath ki or badha. is kshetr ka sarvapratham seemit utkhanan Colonel kaikeinji ne 1815 E. mein karavaaya lekin unako koi mahattvapoorn safalta naheen mili. is utkhanan se praapt saamagri ab Calcutta ke bhaarateeya sangrahaalaya mein surakshit hai. kaikeinji ke utkhanan ke 20 varsh pashchaat 1835-36 mein kaningham ne saaranaath ka vistrut utkhanan karavaaya. utkhanan mein unhonne mukhya roop se dhamekh stoop, chaukhandi stoop evam madhyakaaleen vihaaron ko khod nikaala. kaningham ka dhamekh stoop se 3 foot neeche 600 E. ka ek abhilikhit shilaapatt (28 ¾ inch X 13 inch X 43 inch aakaar ka) mila. iske atirikt yahaaain se badeen sankhya mein bhavanon mein prayukt pattharon ke tukade evam moortiyaaain bhi mileen, jo ab Calcutta ke bhaarateeya sangrahaalaya mein surakshit hain. 1851-52 E. mein major kitoi ne yahaaain utkhanan karavaaya jismein unhein dhamekh stoop ke aaspaas anek stoopon evam do vihaaron ke avashesh mile, parantu is utkhanan ki report prakaashit na ho saki. kitoi ke uparaant Edward Thomas tatha pro॰ fitj Edward haarn ne khoj kaarya jaari rakha. unke dvaara utkhanit vastueain ab bhaarateeya sangrahaalaya Calcutta mein hain. is kshetr ka sarvapratham vistrut evam vaigyaanik utkhanan H.bi. oratal ne karavaaya. utkhanan 200 varg foot kshetr mein kiya gaya. yahaaain se mukhya mandir tatha ashok stambh ke atirikt badi sankhya mein moortiyaaain evam shilaalekh mile hain. pramukh moortiyon mein bodhistv ki vishaal abhilikhit moorti, aasanasth buddh ki moorti, avalokiteshvar, bodhistv, manjushri, neelakanth ki moortiyaaain tatha taara, vasundhara aadi ki pratimaaeain bhi hain.
puraatattv vibhaag ke director general jaan maarshal ne apne sahayogiyon stenakono aur dayaaraam saahani ke saath 1907 mein saaranaath ke uttar-dakshin kshetron mein utkhanan kiya. utkhanan se uttar kshetr mein teen kushaanakaaleen mathon ka pata chala. dakshin kshetr se visheshakar dharmaraajika stoop ke aaspaas tatha dhamekh stoop ke uttar se unhein anek chhote-chhote stoopon evam mandiron ke avashesh mile. inmein se kumaaradevi ke abhilekhon se yukt kuchh moortiyaaain vishesh mahattv ki hain. utkhanan ka yeh kaarya baad ke varshon mein bhi jaari raha. 1914 se 1915 E. mein H. haaragreevs ne mukhya mandir ke poorv aur pashchim mein khudaai karavaai. utkhanan mein mauryakaal se lekar madhyakaal tak ki anek vastueain mili.
is kshetr ka antim utkhanan dayaaraam saahani ke nirdeshan mein 5 satron tak chalta raha. dhamekh stoop se mukhya mandir tak ke sampoorn kshetr ka utkhanan kiya gaya. is utkhanan se dayaaraam saahani ko ek 1 foot 9 ½ inch lambi, 2 foot 7 inch chaudi tatha 3 foot gahari ek naali ke avashesh mile.
uparyukt utkhananon se nimnalikhit smaarak prakaash mein aae hain-
chaukhandi stoop
dhamekh stoop se aadha meal dakshin yeh stoop sthit hai, jo saaranaath ke avashisht smaarakon se alag hain. is sthaan par Gautam buddh ne apne paaainch shishyon ko sabse pratham upadesh sunaaya tha jiske smaarakasvaroop is stoop ka nirmaan hua. hvenasaaaing ne is stoop ki sthiti saaranaath se 0.8 ki॰ami॰ dakshin-pashchim mein bataai hai, jo 91.44 mi. ooaincha tha. iski pehchaan chaukhandi stoop se theek prateet hoti hai. is stoop ke oopar ek ashtapaarshveeya burji bani hui hai. iske uttari darvaaje par pade hue patthar par faarasi mein ek lekh ullikhit hai, jisse gyaat hota hai ki todaramal ke putr govarddhan san 1589 E. (996 hijri) mein ise banavaaya tha. lekh mein varnit hai ki humaayooain ne is sthaan par ek raat vyateet ki thi, jiski yaadagaar mein is burj ka nirmaan sambhav hua.
Alexander kaningham ne 1836 E. mein is stoop mein rakhe samaadhi chinhon ki khoj mein iske keindreeya bhaag mein khudaai ki, is khudaai se unhein koi mahattvapoorn vastu naheen mili. san 1905 E. mein shri oratel ne iski fir se khudaai ki. utkhanan mein inhein kuchh moortiyaaain, stoop ki athakoni chauki aur chaar gaj ooainche chabootare mile. chabootare mein prayukt oopar ki intein 12 inch X10 inch X2 ¾ inch aur 14 ¾ X10 inch X2 ¾ inch aakaar ki theen jabki neeche prayukt intein 14 ½ inch X 9 inch X2 ½ inch aakaar ki theen.[18]
is stoop ka 'chaukhandi' naam puraana jaan padta hai. iske aakaar-prakaar se gyaat hota hai ki ek chaukor kursi par thos inton ki kramash: ghatati hui teen manjile banaai gayi theen. sabse oopar manjil ki khuli chhat par sambhavat: koi pratima sthaapit thi. guptakaal mein is prakaar ke stoopon ko 'trimedhi stoop' kehte the. utkhanan se praapt saamagriyon ke aadhaar par yeh nishchit ho jaata hai ki guptakaal mein is stoop ka nirmaan ho chuka tha.
dharmaraajika stoop
is stoop ka nirmaan ashok ne karavaaya tha. durbhaagyavash 1794 E. mein jagat Singh ke aadamiyon ne kaashi ka prasiddh muhalla jagataganj banaane ke liye iski inton ko khod daala tha. khudaai ke samay 8.23 mi. ki gaharaai par ek prastar paatr ke bheetar sangaramaramar ki manjoosha mein kuchh haddiya: evam suvarnapaatr, moti ke daane evam ratn mile the, jise unhonne vishesh mahattv ka na maankar ganga mein pravaahit kar diya. yahaaain se praapt maheepaal ke samay ke 1026 E. ke ek lekh mein yeh ullekh hai ki sthirpaal aur basantapaal naamak do bandhuon ne dharmaraajika aur dharmachakr ka jeernoddhaar kiya.
1907-08 E. mein maarshal ke nirdeshan mein khudaai se is stoop ke kramik parinirmaanon ke itihaas ka pata chala. is stoop ka kai baar parivrddhan evam sanskaar hua. is stoop ke mool bhaag ka nirmaan ashok ne karavaaya tha. us samay iska vyaas 13.48 mi. (44 foot 3 inch) tha. ismein prayukt keelaakaar inton ki maap 19 ½ inch X 14 ½ inch X 2 ½ inch aur 16 ½ inch X 12 ½ inch X 3 ½ inch thi. sarvapratham parivrddhan kushaan-kaal ya aaranbhik gupt-kaal mein hua. is samay stoop mein prayukt inton ki maap 17 inch X10 ½ inch X 2 ¾ ich thi. doosra parivrddhan hoonon ke aakraman ke pashchaat paaainchavi ya chhathi shataabdi mein hua. is samay iske chaaron or 16 foot (4.6 meter) chauda ek pradakshina path joda gaya. teesari baar stoop ka parivrddhan harsh ke shaasan-kaal (7veen sadi) mein hua. us samay stoop ke girne ke dar se pradakshina path ko inton se bhar diya gaya aur stoop tak pahuainchane ke liye seedhiyaaain laga di gain. chautha parivrddhan Bengal naresh maheepaal ne Mehmood gjnavi ke aakraman ke das varsh vaad karaaya. antim punaruddhaar lagbhag 1114 E. se 1154 E. ke madhya hua. iske pashchaat musalmaanon ke aakraman ne saaranaath ko nasht kar diya.
utkhanan se is stoop se do moortiyaaain mileen. ye moortiyaaain saaranaath se praapt moortiyon mein mukhya hain. pehli moorti kanishk ke raajya sanvatsar 3 (81 E.) mein sthaapit vishaal bodhistv pratima aur doosari dharmachakrapravartan mudra mein Bhagwan buddh ki moorti. ye moortiyaaain saaranaath ki sarvashreshth kalaakrutiyaaain hain.
moolagandh kuti vihaar
yeh vihaar dharmaraajika stoop se uttar ki or sthit hai. poorvaabhimukh is vihaar ki kursi chaukor hai jiski ek bhuja 18.29 mi. hai. saataveen shataabdi mein Bhaarat-bhraman par aae cheeni yaatri hven tsaang ne iska varnan 200 foot ooainche moolagandh kuti vihaar ke naam se kiya hai. is mandir par bane hue nakkaasheedaar gole aur natodar dhalaai, chhote-chhote stambhon tatha sudanr kalaapoorn kataavon aadi se yeh nishchit ho jaata hai ki iska nirmaan guptakaal mein hua tha. parantu iske chaaron or mitti aur choone ki bani hui pakki farshon tatha deevaaro ke baahari bhaag mein prayukt ast-vyast nakkaasheedaar pattharon ke aadhaar par kuchh viddhaanon ne ise 8veen shataabdi ke lagbhag ka maana hai.
aisa prateet hota hai ki is mandir ke beech mein bane mandap ke neeche praarambh mein Bhagwan buddh ki ek sone ki chamakeeli aadamakd moorti sthaapit thi. mandir mein pravesh ke liye teenon dishaaon mein ek-ek dwaar aur poorv disha mein mukhya pravesh dwaar (Singh dwaar) tha. kaalaantar mein jab mandir ki chhat kamzor hone lagi to usaki suraksha ke liye bheetari dakshinaapath ko deevaarein uthaakar band kar diya gaya. at: aane jaane ka raasta keval poorv ke mukhya dwaar se hi rah gaya. teenon darvaajon ke band ho jaane se ye kothariyon jaisi ho gayi, jise baad mein chhote mandiron ka roop de diya gaya. 1904 E. mein shri oratal ko khudaai karaate samay dakshin waali kothari mein ekaashmak patthar se nirmit 9 ½ X 9 ½ foot ki mauryakaaleen vedika mili. is vedika par us samay ki chamakadaar paalish hai. yeh vedika praarambh mein dharmaraajika stoop ke oopar haarnika ke chaaron or lagi theen. is vedika par kushaanakaaleen braahmi lipi mein do lekh ankit hain- 'aachaaya(ryya)naaain sarvaastivaadi naan parigrahetaavaam' aur 'aachaaryaanaan sarvaastivaadinaan parigraahe'. in donon lekhon se yeh gyaat hota hai ki teesari shataabdi E. mein yeh vedika sarvaastivaadi sanpradaaya ke aachaaryon ko bheint ki gayi thi.
ashok stambh
mukhya mandir se pashchim ki or ek ashokakaaleen prastar-stambh hai jiski ooainchaai praarambh mein 17.55 mi. (55 foot) thi. vartamaan samay mein iski ooainchaai keval 2.03 meter (7 foot 9 inch) hai. stambh ka oopari sira ab saaranaath sangrahaalaya mein hai. neenv mein khudaai karte samay yeh pata chala ki iski sthaapana 8 foot X16 foot X18 inch aakaar ke bade patthar ke chabootare par hui thi. is stambh par teen lekh ullikhit hain. pehla lekh ashok kaaleen braahmi lipi mein hai jismein samraat ne aadesh diya hai ki jo bhichhu ya bhikshuni sangh mein foot daaleinge aur sangh ki ninda kareinge: unhein safed kapde pahanaakar sangh ke baahar nikaal diya jaaega. doosra lekh kushaan-kaal ka hai. teesara lekh gupt kaal ka hai, jismein sammitiya shaakha ke aachaaryon ka ullekh kiya gaya hai.
dhamekh stoop (dharmachakr stoop)
yeh stoop ek thos golaakaar burj ki bhaaainti hai. iska vyaas 28.35 meter (93 foot) aur ooainchaai 39.01 meter (143 foot) 11.20 meter tak iska ghera sundar alankrut shilaapatton se aachhaadit hai. iska yeh aachhaadan kala ki drushti se atyant sundar evam aakarshak hai. alankaranon mein mukhya roop se svastik, nandyaavart sadrush vividh aakrutiyaaain aur fool-patti ke kataav ki belein hain. is prakaar ke vallari pradhaan alankaran banaane mein guptakaal ke shilpi paarangat the. is stoop ki neenv ashok ke samay mein padi. iska vistaar kushaan-kaal mein hua, lekin guptakaal mein yeh poornat: taiyaar hua. yeh saakshya pattharon ki sajaavat aur un par gupt lipi mein ankit chinhon se nishchit hota hai.
kaningham ne sarvapratham is stoop ke madhya khudaai karaakar 0.91 meter (3 foot) neeche ek shilaapatt praapt kiya tha. is shilaapatt par saataveen shataabdi ki lipi mein 'ye dharmahetu prabhava' manch ankit tha. is stoop mein prayukt intein 14 ½ inch X 8 ½ inch X 2 ¼ inch aakaar ki hain|
dhamek (dhamekh) shabd ki utpatti ke baare mein vidvaanon ka mat hai ki yeh sanskrut ke 'dharmejnyaa' shabd se nikla hai. kintu 11 veen shataabdi ki ek mudra par 'dhamaak jayatu' shabd milta hai. jisse usaki utpatti ka oopar likhe shabd se sambandhit hona sandehaaspad lagta hai. is mudra mein is stoop ko dhamaak kaha gaya hai. ise log badi aadar ki drushti se dekhte the aur iski pooja karte the. kaningham ne 'dhamekh' shabd ko sanskrut shabd 'dharmopadeshak' ka sankshipt roop sveekaar kiya hai. ullekhaneeya hai ki buddh ne sarvapratham yahaaain 'dharmachakr' praarambh kiya tha. at: aisa sambhav hai ki is kaaran hi iska naam dhamekh pada ho.
kalaakrutiyaaain tatha pratimaaeain
saaranaath ke kshetr ki khudaai se guptakaaleen anek kalaakrutiyaan tatha buddh pratimaaen praapt hui hain jo vartamaan sangrahaalaya mein surakshit hain. guptakaal mein saaranaath ki moortikla ki ek alag hi shaili prachalit thi, jo buddh ki moortiyon ke aatmik saundarya tatha shaareerik saushthav ki sammishrit bhaavayojana ke liye bhaarateeya moortikla ke itihaas mein prasiddh hai. saaranaath mein ek praacheen Shiv mandir tatha ek jain mandir bhi sthit hain. jain mandir 1824 E. mein bana tha; ismein shriyaanshadev ki pratima hai. jain kinvadanti hai ki ye teerthankar saaranaath se lagbhag do meal door sthit Singh naamak gram mein teerthankar bhaav ko praapt hue the. saaranaath se kai mahattvapoorn abhilekh bhi mile hain jinmein pramukh kaasheeraaj prakataaditya ka shilaalekh hai. ismein baalaaditya naresh ka ullekh hai jo fleet ke mat mein vahi baalaaditya hai jo mihirkul hoon ke saath veerataapoorvak lada tha. yeh abhilekh shaayad 7veen shati ke poorv ka hai. doosare abhilekh mein harigupt naamak ek saadhu dvaara moortidaan ka ullekh hai. yeh abhilekh 8veen shati E. ka jaan padta hai.
beech mein log ise bhool gaye the. yahaaain ke int-pattharon ko nikaalkar Varanasi ka ek muhalla hi bas gaya. 1905 E. mein jab puraatattv vibhaag ne khudaai aarambh ki tab saaranaath ka jeernoddhaar hua. ab yahaaain sangrahaalaya hai, 'moolagandh kuti vihaar' naamak naya mandir ban chuka hai, bodhivruksh ki shaakha lagaai gayi hai aur praacheen kaal ke mrugadaaya ka smaran dilaane ke liye hare-bhare udyaanon mein kuchh hirn bhi chhod diye gaye hain. sansaar bhar ke bauddh tatha anya paryatak yahaaain aate rahate hain.
chhabideergha
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moolagandh kuti ke andar bhittichitr
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moolagandh kuti ke andar bhittichitr
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pravesh dwaar se saaranaath mein puraataatvik khudaai ke drushya
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dharmaraajika stoop
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ashok stambh ke moolabhaag (nichla hissa) jiske oopar Singh sheersh sthaapit tha
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ashok stambh par braahmi lipi mein lekh
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moolagandh kuti mein Bhagwan buddh ki moorti