saankhya darshan

bhaarateeya darshan ke chh: prakaaron mein se saankhya bhi ek hai jo praacheenakaal mein atyant lokapriya tatha prathit hua tha. yeh advait vedaant se sarvatha vipreet maanyataaeain rakhane wala darshan hai. iski sthaapana karne vaale mool vyakti Kapil kahe jaate hain. 'saankhya' ka shaabdik arth hai - 'sankhya sambandhi' ya vishleshan. iski sabse pramukh dhaarana srushti ke prakruti-purush se bani hone ki hai, yahaaain prakruti (yaani panyachamahaabhooton se bani) jad hai aur purush (yaani jeevaatma) chetan. yog shaastron ke oorja srot (ida-piङagala), shaakton ke Shiv-shakti ke siddhaant iske samaanaantar deekhate hain.

bhaarateeya sanskruti mein kisi samay saankhya darshan ka atyant ooaincha sthaan tha. desh ke udaatt mastishk saankhya ki vichaar paddhati se sochate the. mahaabhaaratakaar ne yahaaain tak kaha hai ki jnyaaanan ch loke yadihaasti kinyachit saankhyaagatan tachch mahanmahaatman (shaanti parv 301. 109). vastut: mahaabhaarat mein daarshanik vichaaron ki jo prushthabhoomi hai, usamein saankhyashaastr ka mahatvapoorn sthaan hai. shaanti parv ke kai sthalon par saankhya darshan ke vichaaron ka bade kaavyamaya aur rochak dhang se ullekh kiya gaya hai. saankhya darshan ka prabhaav geeta mein pratipaadit daarshanik prushthabhoomi par paryaapt roop se vidyamaan hai.

iski lokapriyta ka kaaran ek yeh avashya raha hai ki is darshan ne jeevan mein dikhaai padne vaale vaishamya ka samaadhaan trigunaatmak prakruti ki sarvakaaran roop mein pratishtha karke bade sundar dhang se kiya. saankhyaachaaryon ke is prakruti-kaaran-vaad ka mahaan gun yeh hai ki pruthak-pruthak dharm vaale sat, rajas tatha tamas tatvon ke aadhaar par jagat ki vishmata ka kiya gaya samaadhaan bada buddhigmya prateet hota hai. kisi laukik samasya ko ishvar ka niyam na maankar in prakrutiyon ke taalamel bigadne aur jeevon ke purushaarth na karne ko kaaran bataaya gaya hai. yaani, saankhya darshan ki sabse badi mahaanata yeh hai ki ismein srushti ki utpatti Bhagwan ke dvaara naheen maani gayi hai balki ise ek vikaasaatmak prakriya ke roop mein samjha gaya hai aur maana gaya hai ki srushti anek anek avasthaaon (phases) se hokar gujarane ke baad apne vartamaan svaroop ko praapt hui hai. kapilaachaarya ko kai aneeshvaravaadi maanate hain par bhagvadageeta aur satyaarthaprakaash jaise granthon mein is dhaarana ka nishedh kiya gaya hai.

• saankhya drushyamaan vishv ko prakruti-purush moolak maanata hai. usaki drushti se keval chetan ya keval achetan padaarth ke aadhaar par is chidvidaatmak jagat ki santoshaprad vyaakhya naheen ki ja sakti. iseeliye laukaayatik aadi jadvaadi darshanon ki bhaaainti saankhya na keval jad padaarth hi maanata hai aur na anek vedaant sanpradaayon ki bhaaainti vah keval chinmaatr brahm ya aatma ko hi jagat ka mool maanata hai. apitu jeevan ya jagat mein praapt hone vaale jad evam chetan, donon hi roopon ke mool roop se jad prakruti, evam chinmaatr purush in do tatvon ki satta maanata hai.

• jad prakruti satv, rajas evam tamas - in teenon gunon ki saamyaavastha ka naam hai. ye gun "bal ch gunavruttam" nyaaya ke anusaar prati kshan parigaami hain. is prakaar saankhya ke anusaar saara vishv trigunaatmak prakruti ka vaastavik parinaam hai. shankaraachaarya ke vedaant ki bhaaainti bhagavanmaaya: ka vivrt, arthaat asat kaarya athva mithya vilaas naheen hai. is prakaar prakruti ko purush ki hi bhaaainti aj aur nitya maanane tatha vishv ko prakruti ka vaastavik parinaam sat kaarya maanane ke kaaran saankhya sachche arthon mein baahyathaarthavaadi ya vastuvaadi darshan hain. kintu jad baahyathaarthavaad bhogya hone ke kaaran kisi chetan bhokta ke abhaav mein apaarthak ya arthashoonya athva nishprayojan hai, at: usaki saarthakata ke liye saankhya chetan purush ya aatma ko bhi maanane ke kaaran adhyaatmavaadi darshan hai.

• moolat: do tatv maanane par bhi saankhya parinaamini prakruti ke parinaamasvaroop teis avaantar tatv bhi maanata hai. tatv ka arth hai 'satya gyaan'. iske anusaar prakruti se mahat ya buddhi, usase ahankaar, taamas, ahankaar se panch-tanmaatr (shabd, sparsh, roop, ras tatha gandh) evam saatvik ahankaar se gyaarah indriya (panch jnyaaaneindriya, panch karmeindriya tatha ubhayaatmak man) aur ant mein panch tanmaatron se kramash: aakaash, vaayu, tejas, jal tatha pruthvi naamak panch mahaabhoot, is prakaar teis tatv kramash: utpann hote hain. is prakaar mukhyaamukhya bhed se saankhya darshan 25 tatv maanata hai. jaisa pehle sanket kar chuke hain, praacheenatam saankhya ishvar ko 26vaaain tatv maanata raha hoga. iske saakshya mahaabhaarat, Bhagwat ityaadi praacheen saahitya mein praapt hote hain. yadi yeh anumaan yathaarth ho to saankhya ko moolat: ishvaravaadi darshan maanana hoga. parantu paravarti saankhya ishvar ko koi sthaan naheen deta. isi se paravarti saahitya mein vah nireeshvaravaadi darshan ke roop mein hi ullikhit milta hai.

• saankhya darshan ke 25 tatv

aatma (purush)

ant:karan (4) : man, buddhi, chitt, ahankaar

jnyaaanendriyaaain (5) : naasika, jihva, netr, tvacha, karn

karmendriyaaain (5) : paad, hast, upasth, paayu, vaak

tanmaatraayein (5) : gandh, ras, roop, sparsh, shabd

mahaabhoot (5) : pruthvi, jal, agni, vaayu, aakaash

saankhya darshan praacheenakaal mein atyant lokapriya tatha prathit hua tha. bhaarateeya sanskruti mein kisi samay saankhya darshan ka atyant ooaincha sthaan tha. desh ke udaatt mastishk saankhya ki vichaar paddhati se sochate the. mahaabhaaratakaar ne yahaaain tak kaha hai ki jnyaaanan ch loke yadihaasti kinyachit saankhyaagatan tachch mahanmahaatman (shaanti parv 301. 109). vastut: mahaabhaarat mein daarshanik vichaaron ki jo prushthabhoomi hai, usamein saankhyashaastr ka mahatvapoorn sthaan hai. shaanti parv ke kai sthalon par saankhya darshan ke vichaaron ka bade kaavyamaya aur rochak dhang se ullekh kiya gaya hai. saankhya darshan ka prabhaav geeta mein pratipaadit daarshanik prushthabhoomi par paryaapt roop se vidyamaan hai. vastut: saankhya darshan kisi samay atyant lokapriya ho gaya tha.

iski lokapriyta ke aur chaahe jo bhi kaaran hon par ek to yeh avashya raha prateet hota hai ki is darshan ne jeevan mein dikhaai padne vaale vaishamya ka samaadhaan trigunaatmak prakruti ki sarvakaaran roop mein pratishtha karke bade sundar dhang se kiya. saankhyaachaaryon ke is prakruti-kaaran-vaad ka mahaan gun yeh hai ki pruthak-pruthak dharm vaale satvon, rajas tatha tamas tatvon ke aadhaar par jagat ke vaishamya ka kiya gaya samaadhaan bada nyaayayukt tatha buddhigmya prateet hota hai.

"saankhya" shabd ki nishpatti "sankhya" shabd ke aage anu pratyaya jodne se hoti hai aur sankhya shabd ki vyutpatti samaachakshङ dhaatu khyaan darshanaaaङ pratyaya taap hai, jiske anusaar iska arth samyak khyaati, saadhu darshan athva satya gyaan hai. saankhyaachaaryon ki yeh samyak khyaati, unka yeh satya gyaan vyaktaavyakt roop dvividh achit tatv se purush roop chit tatv ko pruthak jaan lene mein nihit hai. oopar-oopar se prapanch mein sana hua dikhaai padne par bhi purush vastut: usase achhoota rahata hai. usamein aasakt ya lipt dikhaai padne par bhi vastut: anaasakt ya nirlipt rahata hai--saankhyaachaaryon ki yeh sabse badi daarshanik khoj unheen ke shabdon mein satvapurushaanyataakhyaati, vivek khyaati, vyaktaavyaktajnyaavijnyaaan, aadi naamon se vyavahrut hoti hai. isi vivek gyaan se maanav jeevan ke param purushaarth ya lakshya ki siddhi maanate hain. is prakaar "sankhya", shabd saankhyaachaaryon ki sabse badi daarshanik khoj ka vaastavik svaroop prakat karne wala sankshipt naam hai jiske sarvapratham vyaakhyaata hone ke kaaran unki vichaaradhaara atyant praacheen kaal mein "saankhya" naam se abhihit hui.

gananaarthak "sankhya" shabd se bhi "saankhya" shabd ki nishpatti maani jaati hai. mahaabhaarat mein saankhya ke vishay mein aae hue ek shlok mein ye donon hi prakaar ke bhaav prakat kiye gaye hain. vah is prakaar hai- sankhyaan prakurvate chaiv prakrutin ch prachakshate. tattvaani ch chatuvinshad ten saankhya: prakeertita:^[1]. iska shabdaarth yeh hai ki jo sankhya arthaat prakruti aur purush ke vivek gyaan ka upadesh karte hain, jo prakruti ka prabhaav pratipaadan karte hain tatha jo tatvon ki sankhya chaubees nirdhaarit karte hain, ve saankhya kahe jaate hain. kuchh logon ki aisi dhaarana hai ki jnyaaanaarthak "sankhya" shabd se ki jaane waali gaun saankhya mein prakruti evam purush ke vivek gyaan se hi jeevan ke param lakshya kaivalya ya moksh ki siddhi maani gayi hai, at: us gyaan ki praapti hi mukhya hai aur is kaaran se usi par saankhya ka saara bal hai. saankhya (purush ke atirikt) chaubees tatv maanata hai, yeh to ek saamaanya tathya ka kathan maatr hai, at: gaun hai.

udayaveer shaastri ne apne "saankhya darshan ka itihaas" naamak granth mein^[2] saankhya shaastr ke Kapil dvaara praneet hone mein Bhagwat 3-25-1 par shreedhar svaami ki vyaakhya ko uddhrut karte hue is prakaar likha hai- antim shlok ki vyaakhya karte hue vyaakhyaakaar ne spasht likha hai- tatvaanaan sankhyaata ganak: saankhya-pravartak ityarth:. isse nishchit ho jaata hai ki yahi Kapil saankhya ka prarvatak ya praneta hai. shreedhar svaami ke ganak: shabd par shaastri ji ne neeche diye gaye futanot mein is prakaar likha hai- madhya kaal ke kuchh vyaakhyaakaaron ne "saankhya" pad mein "sankhya" shabd ko gananaaparak samajhakar is prakaar ke vyaakhyaan kiye hain. vastut: iska arth tatv gyaan hai. parantu gaharaai se vichaar karne par yeh baat utani saamaanya ya gaun naheen hai jitni aapaatat: prateet hoti hai. aisa prateet hota hai ki bahut praacheen kaal mein daarshanik vikaas ki praarambhik avastha mein jab tatvon ki sankhya nishchit naheen ho pai thi, tab saankhya ne sarvapratham is drushyamaan bhautik jagat ki sookshm meemaansa ka prayaas kiya tha jiske falasvaroop uske mool mein vartamaan tatvon ki sankhya saamaanyat: chaubees nirdhaarit ki thi. inmein bhi pratham tatv jise unhonne "prakruti" ya "pradhaan" naam diya, shesh teis ka mool siddh kiya gaya. chit purush ke saannidhya se isi ek tatv "prakruti" ko kramash: teis avaantar tatvon mein parint hokar samast jad jagat ko utpann karti hui maana tha. is prakaar tatv sankhya ke nirdhaaran ke peechhe saankhyon ki bahut badi bauddhik saadhana chhipi hui prateet hoti hai. aakhir sookshm buddhi ke dvaara deergh kaal tak bina chintan aur vishleshan kiye tatvon ki sankhya ka nirdhaaran kaise sambhav hua hoga?

uparyukt vivechan se aisa nishchaya hota hai ki saankhya darshan ka "saankhya" naam donon hi prakaaron se uske buddhivaadi tarkapradhaan hone ka soochak hai. saankhyon ka achit prakruti tatha chit purush, donon hi moolabhoot tatvon ko aagam ya shruti pramaan se siddh maanate hue bhi mukhyat: anumaan pramaan ke aadhaar par siddh karna bhi isi baat ka parichaayak hai. aaj kal upalabdh saankhya pravachan sootr evam saankhyakaarik, in donon hi maulik saankhya granthon ko dekhne se spasht gyaat hota hai ki inmein saankhya ke donon hi maulik tatvon- prakruti evam purush ki satta hetuon ke aadhaar par anumaan dvaara hi siddh ki gayi hai^[3]. purush ki anekata mein bhi yuktiyaaain hi di gayi hain^[4]. satkaaryavaad ki sthaapana bhi tarkon ke hi aadhaar par ki gayi hai. (saan. soo. 1. 114-121, 6. 53; tatha saankhyakaarika 9). is prakaar saankhya shaastr ka shravan, jo vivek gyaan ka moolaadhaar hai, tark pradhaan hai. manan, anukaal tarkon dvaara shaastrokt tathyon tatha siddhaanton ka chintan hai hi. is prakaar jis sankhya ya vivek gyaan ke kaaran saankhya darshan ka "saankhya" naam pada, usaka vishesh sambandh tark aur buddhivaadita se hai. is buddhivaad ke kaaran avaantar kaal mein saankhya darshan ke kuchh siddhaant vaidik sanpradaaya se bahut kuchh svatantr roop se viksit hue jiske kaaran baadaraayan vyaas tatha shankaraachaarya aadi aachaaryon ne iska khandan karte hue avaidik sanpradaaya, tak kah daala. yeh sanpradaaya apne mool mein to avaidik naheen prateet hota aur apne paravarti roop mein bhi sarvatha avaidik naheen hai.

prasiddh bhaashyakaar vijnyaaanabhikshu ne bhi saankhya ko aagam ya shruti ka sat tarkon dvaara kiya jaane wala manan hi maana hai. unhonne apne saankhya pravachan-sootr-bhaashya ki avataranika mein yahi baat is prakaar kahi hai- jo "ekoऽdviteeya:" ityaadi purush vishyak ved vachan jeev ka saara abhiyaan door karke use mukt karaane ke liye us purush ko sarv prakaar ke vaishamrya- roopabhed se rahit bataate hain unheen ved vachanon ke arth ke manan ke liye apekshit sad yuktiyon ka upadesh karne ke liye saankhyakarta naaraayanaavataar Bhagwan Kapil aavirbhoot hue the.

vigyaan bhikshu ke poorv pravachanon se spasht hai ki ve saankhya shaastr ko vedaanusaari maanate hain. unka spasht mat hai ki "ekoऽdviteeya." ityaadi ved vachanon ke arth ka hi vah sad yuktiyon evam tarkon dvaara samarthan karta hai, usaka pratipaadan aur vivechan karke use bodhagamya banaata hai. vigyaan bhikshu ne vastut: lok mein prachalit poorv parampara ka hi anusaran karte hue apna poorvokt mat prakat kiya hai. atyant praacheen kaal se hi mahaabhaarat, geeta, raamaayan, smrutiyon tatha puraanon mein sarvatr saankhya ka na keval uchch gyaan ke roop mein ullekh bhar hua hai, apitu uske siddhaanton ka yatr-tatr vistrut vivran bhi hua hai. geeta mein bhi saankhya darshan ke trigunaatmak siddhaant ko badi sundar reeti se apnaaya gaya hai. "trigunaatmika prakruti nitya parinaamini hai. uske teenon gun hi sada kuchh na kuchh parinaam utpann karte rahate hain, purush akarta hai" -saankhya ka yeh siddhaant geeta ke nishkaam karmayog ka aavashyak ang ban gaya hai (geeta 13/27, 29 aadi). isi prakaar anyatr bhi saankhya darshan ke anek siddhaant anya darshanon ke siddhaanton ke poorak roop se praacheen sanskrut vaadmaya mein drushtigochar hote hain. in sab baaton se aisa prateet hota hai ki yeh darshan apne mool mein vaidik hi raha hai, avaidik naheen, kyonki yadi satya isse vipreet hota to vedapraan is desh mein saankhya ke itne adhik prachaar-prasaar ke liye uparyukt kshetr na milta. is aneeshvaravaad, prakruti purush dvaitavaad, (prakruti) parinaamavaad aadi tathaakathit ved viruddh siddhaanton ke kaaran ved baahya kehkar iska khandan karne vaale vedaant bhaashyakaar shankaraachaarya ko bhi brahmasootr 2. 1. 3 ke bhaashya mein likhna hi pada ki "adhyaatmavishyak anek smrutiyon ke hone par bhi saankhya yog smrutiyon ke hi niraakaran mein prayatn kiya gaya. kyonki ye donon lok mein param purushaarth ke saadhan roop mein prasiddh hain, shisht mahaapurushon dvaara gruheet hain tatha "tatkaaranan saankhya yogaabhishnnan jnyaaatva devan muchyate sarvapaashai: ya (Shweta. 6. 13) ityaadi shrot lingon se yukt hain." swayam bhaashyakaar ke apne saakshya se bhi spasht hai ki unke poorvavarti sootrakaar ke samay mein bhi anek shisht purush saankhya darshan ko vaidik darshan maanate the tatha param purushaarth ka saadhan maankar usaka anusaran karte the. in sab tathyon ke aadhaar par saankhya darshan ko moolat: vaidik hi maanana sameecheen hai. haaain, apne paravarti vikaas mein yeh avashya hi kuchh moolabhoot siddhaanton mein ved viruddh ho gaya hai jaise uttaravarti saankhya vaidik parampara ke viruddh nireeshvar hai, usaki prakruti svatantr roop se svat: samast vishv ki srushti karti hai. parantu is darshan ka mool praacheenatam chhaandogya evam vruhadaaranyak upanishdon mein praapt hota hai. isi se iski praacheenata suspasht hai.

is darshan ke do hi maulik granth aaj upalabdh hain- pehla chhah adhyaayon wala "saankhya-pravachan-sootr" aur doosra sattar kaarikaaon wala "saankhyakaarika". in do ke atirikt ek atyant laghukaaya sootragranth bhi hai jo "tatv samaas" ke naam se prasiddh hai. shesh samast saankhya vaadmaya inheen teenon ki teeka aur upateeka maatr hai. inmein saankhya sootron ke upadeshta parampara se Kapil muni maane jaate hain. kai kaaranon se upalabdh saankhya-pravachan-sootron ko vidvaan log kapilkrut naheen maanate. itni baat avashya hi nishchit hai ki in sootron ko kapilopadisht maanane par bhi iske anek sthalon ko swayam sootron ke hi ant:-saakshya ke bal par prakshipt maanana padega. saankhyaakaarikaaeain, ishvarakrushn dvaara rachit hain, jinka samay bahumat se E. truteeya shataabdi ka madhya maana jaata hai. vastut: inka samay isse paryaapt poorv ka prateet hota hai. Kapil ke shishya aasuri ka koi granth naheen bataaya jaata, parantu inke prathit shishya aachaarya panchashikh ke naam se anek sootron ke vyaasakrut yogabhaashya aadi praacheen granthon mein uddhrut hone se spasht prateet hota hai ki inke dvaara rachit koi sootragranth ati praacheen kaal mein prasiddh tha. anek vidvaanon ke mat se yeh prasiddh granth shashthitantr hi tha. udayaveer shaastri ke mat se vartamaan kaal mein upalabdh shadadhyaayi saankhya-pravachan-sootr hi shashthi (saath) padaarthon ka niroopan karne ke kaaran "shashthitantr" ke naam se bhi gyaat tha. unke mat se sambhavat: Kapil muni ke prashishya panchashikhaachaarya ne us par vyaakhya likhi thi aur vah bhi moolagranth ke hi naam par shashthitantr kahi jaati thi. kuchh vidvaanon ke mat se "shashthi tantr" prasiddh saankhyaachaarya vaarshaganya ka likha hua hai. jaigeeshadhya, deval, asit ityaadi anya anek praacheen saankhyaachaaryon ke vishay mein aaj kuchh vishesh gyaan naheen hai.

• saankhyasootr ka sampoorn paath (devanaagari mein)
• saankhyatatv kaumudi (ramaashankar Bhattacharya)
• saankhya darshan(saurabh aatreya)
• Sankhya philosophy (archive)
• Comparison between Indian and Greek cosmology
• Maharshi Vyasa and Sankhya Shastra
• PDF file of Ishwarkrishna's sankhyakarikaa - 200BC (in Sanskrit) available for research purposes only
• Sankya - The Sacred Doctrine
• saankhya ka saar (dinesharaaya Dwivedi)
• paravarti saaainkhya mein 25vein tatv 'purush' ka pravesh

1. ↑ mahaabha. 12. 311. 42
2. ↑ (saankhya darshan ka itihaas, prushth 6)
3. ↑ (saan. soo. 1. 130-137, 140-144, evam saankhyakaarika 15 tatha 17)
4. ↑ (saan. soo. 1. 149; tatha saankhyakaarika 18)