roman saamraajya
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is lekh mein satyaapan hetu atirikt sandarbh athva sroton ki aavashyakta hai. krupaya vishvasaneeya srot jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. srotaheen saamagri ko chunauteedi ja sakti hai aur hataaya bhi ja sakta hai. |
roman saamraajya (27 E.poo. –- 476 (pashchim); 1453 (poorv)) Europe ke rom nagar mein kendrit ek saamraajya tha. is saamraajya ka vistaar poore dakshini Europe ke alaave uttari Africa aur anaatoliya ke kshetr the. faarasi saamraajya iska pratidvandi tha jo furaat nadi ke poorv mein sthit tha. roman saamraajya mein alag-alag sthaanon par laatini aur yoonaani bhaashaaeain boli jaati thi aur san 130 mein isne isaai dharm ko raajadharm ghoshit kar diya tha.
yeh vishv ke sabse vishaal saamraajyon mein se ek tha. yooain to paaainchavi sadi ke ant tak is saamraajya ka patan ho gaya tha aur istaanbul (kaunstentinopal) iske poorvi shaakha ki rajdhani ban gayi thi par san 1453 mein usmaanon (otoman turk) ne ispar bhi adhikaar kar liya tha. yeh Europe ke itihaas aur sanskruti ka ek mahatvapoorn ang hai.
saamraajya nirmaan
roman saamraajya roman ganatantr ka paravarti tha. okteviyn ne jooliys seejr ke sabhi santaanon ko maar diya tatha iske alaava usane mark entoni ko bhi haraaya jiske baad mark ne khudakushi kar li. iske baad okteviyn ko roman senate ne ogastas ka naam diya. vah ogastas seejr ke naam se sattaaroodh hua. iske baad seejr naam ek paarivaarik upanaam se badhkar ek padavi svaroop naam ban gaya. isse nikle shabd jaar (roos mein) aur kaijr (jarman aur turk) aaj bhi vidyamaan hain.
gruhayuddhon ke kaaran Raman praaton (leejan) ki sankhya 50 se ghatkar 28 tak aa gayi thi. jis praant ki vafaadaari par shak tha unhein saamraajya se seedhe nikaal diya gaya. dainyoob aur elbe nadi par apni seema ko tay karne ke liye okteviyn (ogastas) ne illeeriya, moesiya, painnoniya aur jarmeniya par chadhaai ke aadesh diye. uske prayaason se raain aur dainyoob nadiyaaain uttar mein uske saamraajyon ki seema ban gain.
ogastas ke baad taaiberiys sattaaroodh hua. vah jooliys ki teesari patni ki pehli shaadi se hua putr tha. usaka shaasan shaantipoorn raha. iske baad kailigula aaya jiski san 41 mein hatya kar di gayi. parivaar ka ek maatr vaaris klaaudiys shaasak bana. san 43 mein usane Britain (dakshinaardh) ko roman upanivesh bana diya. iske baad neero ka shaasan aaya jisne san 58-63 ke beech paarthiynon (faarasi saamraajya) ke saath safalta poorvak shaanti samjhauta kar liya. vah rom mein lagi ek aag ke kaaran prasiddh hai. kaha jaata hai ki san 64 mein jab rom aag mein jal raha tha to vah vanshi bajaane mein vyast tha. san 68 mein use aatmahatya ke liye majaboor hona pada. san 68-69 tak rom mein araajakata chhaai rahi aur gruhayuddh hue. san 69-96 tak flaav vansh ka shaasan aaya. pehle shaasak vespesiyn ne Spain mein kai sudhaar kaaryakram chalaae. usane kolosiym (emfeethiyetaram flaaviyn) ke nirmaan ki aadhaarashila bhi rakhi.
san 96-180 ke kaal ko paaainch achhe samraaton ka kaal kaha jaata hai. is samay ke raajaaon ne saamraajya mein shaantipoorn dhang se shaasan kiya. poorv mein paarthiyn saamraajya se bhi shaantipoorn sambandh rahe. hainlaanki faarasiyon se armeniya tatha mesopotaamiya mein unke yuddh hue par unki vijay aur shaanti samjhauton se saamraajya ka vistaar bana raha. san 180 mein kaumodos jo maarkas oreliys sa beta tha shaasak bana. usaka shaasan pehle to shaantipoorn raha par baad mein uske khilaaf vidroh aur hatya ke prayatn hue. isse vah bhayabheet aur iske kaaram atyaachaari banta gaya.
serevan vansh ke samay rom ke sabhi praatavaasiyon ko roman naagarikta de di gayi. san 235 tak yeh vansh samaapt ho gaya. iske baad rom ke itihaas mein sankat ka kaal aaya. poorab mein faarasi saamraajya shaktishaali hota ja raha tha. saamraajya ke andar bhi gruhayuddh ki si sthiti aa gayi thi. san 305 mein kaunsteintaain ka shaasan aaya. isi vansh ke shaasanakaal mein roman saamraajya vibhaajit ho gaya. san 360 mein is saamraajya ke patan ke baad saamraajya dheere dheere kamjor hota gaya. paaainchaveen sadi tak saamraajya ka patan hone laga aur poorvi roman saamraajya poorv mein san 1453 tak bana raha.
shaasak soochi
- ogastas seejar (27 isaapoorv - 14 isvi)
- taaiberiys (14-37)
- keligula (37-41)
- klaudias (41-54)
- neero (54-68)
- flaavi vansh (69-96)
- nerva (96-98)
- traajan (98-117)
- hedrian (117-138)
- entoniyo piyes
- maarkas oreliys (161-180)
- kaumodos (180-192)
- severan vansh (193-235)
- kaunsentaain vansh (305-363)
- veleintaainiyn vansh (364-392)
- thiyodosiyn vansh (379-457)
- pashchimi roman saamraajya ka patan - (395-476)
- poorvi roman saamraajya (393-1453)