romaaniya

romaaniya
Româania
dhvaj kul chinh
raashtragaan: Deşateaptă-te, româaane!
Awaken, Romanian!
 रोमानिया  की स्थिति (dark green)– Europe  (light green & dark grey)– the European Union  (light green)  —  [Legend]
romaaniya ki sthiti (dark green)

– Europe (light green & dark grey)
– the European Union (light green) — [Legend]
rajdhani Bucharest (Bucureşati)
44°a25′aN 26°a06′aE / 44.417°aN 26.1°aE / 44.417; 26.1
sabse bada nagar capital
raajabhaasha(eain) Romanian1
maanavajaateeya varg 89.5% Romanians, 6.6% Hungarians, 2.5% Roma, 1.4% other minority groups
nivaasi Romanian
sarkaar Unitary semi-presidential republic
- President Klaus Johannis
- Prime Minister Victor Ponta
vidhaan mandal Parliament
- uchch sadan Senate
- nimn sadan Chamber of Deputies
Formation
- Transylvania 10th century
- Wallachia 1290
- Moldavia 1346
- First Unification 1599
- Reunification of Wallachia and Moldavia January 24, 1859
- Officially recognised independence July 13, 1878
- Unification with Transylvania December 1, 1918
kshetrafal
- kul 238,391 varg kilometer (82nd)
92,043 varg meal
- jal (%) 3
janasankhya
- 1 January 2009 janaganana &&&&&&&021498616.&&&&&02,14,98,616[1] (52nd)
- 2002 janaganana 21,680,974
- ghanatv 90/varg kimi (104th)
233/varg meal
sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) 2008 praakkalan
- kul US$270.330 billion$[2]
- prati vyakti US$12,579$[2]
sakal ghareloo utpaad (saanketik) 2008 praakkalan
- kul US$199.673 billion$[2]
- prati vyakti US$9,291$[2]
gini (2011) Straight Line Steady.svg 33.2[3]
madhyam
maanav vikaas soochakaank (2013) Green Arrow Up Darker.svg 0.785[4]
uchch · 54vaaain
mudra Leu (L)2 (RON)
samay mandal EET (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+2)
- greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) EEST (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+3)
yaataayaat chaalan disha right
doorabhaash koot 40
Internet teeeladi .ro .eu
1 Other languages, such as Hungarian, German, Turkish, Crimean Tatar, Greek, Romani, Croatian, Ukrainian and Serbian, are official at various local levels.
2 Romanian War of Independence.
3 Treaty of Berlin.

romaaniya (uchchaarit/roʊaaˈaameɪaaniə/ (Speaker Icon.svg sunein);praacheen: Rumania (roomaaniya), Roumania (raumaaniya) ;saaaincha:Lang-rosaaaincha:IPA-ro) kaale saagar ki seema par, karpethiyn chaap ke baahar aur iske bheetar, nichle denyoob par, baalkan praayadveep ke uttar mein, dakshinpoorvi aur madhya Europe mein sthit ek desh hai[5]. lagbhag poora denyoob delta isi kshetr ke bheetar sthit hai. iski seema pashchim mein Hungary aur Serbia se, uttar poorv mein Ukraine aur maaldova ke ganaraajya se aur dakshin mein bulgeriya se judi hai.

is kshetr ke itihaas mein dekiyns, roman saamraajya, bulgaariya saamraajya, Hungary ke saamraajya aur otoman saamraajya ka shaasan raha. ek raashtra-raajya ke roop mein, desh ka nirmaan 1859 mein moldaaviya aur valaakiya ke vilay se hua aur 1878 mein iski svatantrata ko maanyata praapt hui. baad mein, 1918 mein, traansilveniya, bukovina aur besarbiya bhi ismein shaamil ho gaye. dviteeya vishv yuddh ke ant mein, iske pradeshon ke kuchh hisson (mote taur par vartamaan ka maaldova) par soviyt sangh ka kabja tha aur romaaniya varsaaya ki sandhi ka ek sadasya ban gaya. 1989 mein lauh parade ke patan ke saath, romaaniya ne raajanaitik aur aarthik sudhaaron ki shrrunkhala shuroo kar di. kraanti ke baad ki aarthik samasyaaon ke ek dashak baad, romaaniya ne aarthik sudhaar kiye jaise 2005 mein flat kar ki dar ko kam kar diya aur 1 January 2007 ko Europeeya sangh mein shaamil ho gaya. haalaanki romaaniya ka aay star Europeeya sangh mein sabse kam staron mein se ek rahata hai, sudhaar ne vikaas ki gati ko badhaaya hai. romaaniya ab ek uchch madhyam aay varg ki arthavyavastha se yukt desh hai.

romaaniya Europeeya sangh ke sadasya raajyon mein nauvaan sabse bada kshetr hai aur iski janasankhya saatavein sthaan par adhiktam (21.5 million logon ke saath)[6] hai. iski rajdhani aur sabse bada shahar bukerest hai (saaaincha:Lang-rosaaaincha:IPA-ro), jo 1.9 million logon ke saath Europeeya sangh ka chhatha sabse bada shahar hai. 2007 mein, traansilveniya mein ek shahar sibiyu, ko Europe ki saanskrutik rajdhani chuna gaya.[7] romaaniya 29 March 2004 ko naato mein bhi shaamil ho gaya aur yeh laitin sangh ka ek sadasya hai, saath hi OSCE ke fraankofoniye ka bhi sadasya hai aur CPLP ka ek sahayogi sadasya hai. romaaniya ek arddh raashtrapati sanghaatmak raajya hai.

parichay

romaaniya sthiti : 43°a6' se 48°a5' u.a. tatha 20°a4' se 31°a0' poo.de.. yeh Europe mahaadveep mein sthit ek svatantr desh hai. iska kshetrafal 91,671 varg meal yahaaain ke lagbhag 85 pratishat nivaasi romaaniya ki bhaasha bolte hain.

romaaniya 'ann ka desh' kaha jaata hai. yahaaain par lohe aur koyale ki kami hai evam pooainji ka abhaav tatha baajaar seemit hai, isliye yahaaain ke 10 pratishat manushya hi udyog dhandhon par aashrit hain. traisilvaniya ke poorvi tatha pashchimi pradeshon mein gehooain tatha makke ki kheti hoti hai. praacheen dhang se kheti hote hue bhi yahaaain gehooain adhik paida hota hai. chukandar, tanbaakoo tatha angoor gaun upaj hai.

romaaniya mein anek khanij padaarth bhi upalabdh hain, jaise khanij tel, sona, taaainba, seesa, chaaaindi, mainganeej, ainteemani, jasta aadi. poorvi maidaanon ke pahaadi pedrash mein khanij tel ka vaarshik utpaadan 60 lakh tan se bhi adhik hota hai. tel ke utpaadan mein sansaar mein romaaniya ka chhatha sthaan hai. nalon dvaara telakshetr kaale saagar par sthit kaunstaanatsa bandargaah se sambaddh hai. kachcha loha traisilbeniya mein milta hai.

romaaniya ke pashchimi pleton mein ok, baanj (beech) beech aadi ke vruksh paae jaate hain. sharaab, kaagaj, aata aur raasaayanik padaarth banaana yahaaain ke pramukh udyog hain.

bukaarest yahaaain ki rajdhani tatha relon ka kendra hai. golaatj dainyoob nadi par sthit bandargaah hai, jahaaain se gehooain tatha tel ka niryaat hota hai. kaunstaanatsa kaale saagar par sthit romaaniya ka mukhya bandargaah hai.

vyutpatti

mukhya lekh : Etymology of Romania

romaaniya ka naam (saaaincha:Lang-ro) se aaya hai saaaincha:Lang-rojo saaaincha:Lang-lat(roman) ka vyutpann hai.[8] ek tathya ki khud romaaniyn apne aap ko Romanus (romaanas) (saaaincha:Lang-ro) ka vyutpann kehte hain, ka ullekh 16 veen shataabdi mein kai lekhakon ke dvaara kiya gaya, is tathya ka ullekh karne vaalon mein traansilveniya, moladaaviya aur valaakiya mein yaatra karne vaale maanavataavaadi itaalavi lekhak bhi shaamil hain.[9][10][11][12] romaaniyaai bhaasha mein likhit sabse puraana upasthit dastaavej ek 1521 patra hai jise "Câampulung (kempulang) se Neacşau (neksoo) ke patra" ke roop mein jaana jaata hai.[13] yeh dastaavej ek romaaniyaai likhit paath mein pehli "rumaaniyn" upasthiti ke liye bhi mahatvapoorn hai. yahaaain par valaakiya ko rumaaniyn bhoomi- Ţaaeara Rumâanească (tera rumaaneska) (Ţaaeara (tera) laatin : Terrabhoomi se) ke roop mein jaana jaata hai. baad ki shataabdiyon mein, romaaniyaai dastaavejon mein ek doosare ke liye do vartani ke roopon ka prayog kiya gaya hai: Româan (roman) aur Rumâan (ruman) .[note 1] satrahaveen shataabdi ke ant mein saamaajik-bhaashaayi vikaas ne vibhedan ki prakriya ko janm diya: "rumâaan (ruman)" roop nimn vargon mein adhik aam hai, jis arth "bandhak vyakti" se hai, jabki româan (roman) roop ka arth ethno-bhaashaayi hai.[14] 1746 mein daasatv ki samaapti ke baad, "rumâaan (ruman)" roop dheere dheere gaayab ho gaya aur vartani nishchit roop se "roman (roman)", "româaanesc (romaanesk)" par aakar sthir ho gayi.[note 2] naam "Româania (romaaniya)" sabhi romaaniyn logon ke liye saamaanya bhoomi hai jiska dastaavejeekaran 19 veen shataabdi ke aarambh mein kiya gaya.[note 3] yeh naam 11 December 1861 ke baad se aadhikaarik taur par upayog kiya ja raha hai.[15]

angreji bhaasha ke srot abhi bhi shabd "Rumania (roomaaniya)" ya "Roumania (raumaaniya) " ka upayog karte hain, jise dviteeya vishv yuddh ke samay fraanseesi vartani "Roumanie (raumaani)" se liya gaya,[16] lekin tab se in shabdon ko bade paimaane par adhikaarik[17] vartani "Romania (romaaniya) " se pratisthaapit kar diya gaya hai.

itihaas

mukhya lekh : History of Romania

praagitihaas aur dharohar

mukhya lekh : Prehistoric Balkans, Dacia, aur Roman Dacia

sabse puraane aadhunik maanav avashesh Europe mein "asthiyon se yukt gufaaon (Cave With Bones)" mein milte hain, jo vartamaan mein romaaniya mein hai.[18] ye avashesh lagbhag 42,000 saal puraane hain aur Europe ke sabse puraane homo sepiyns ke avashesh hain, ye mahaadveep mein pravesh karne vaale aise pehle logon ka pratinidhitv karte hain.[19] lekin vartamaan romaaniya ke raajya kshetr mein rahane vaale logon ke sabse puraane likhit pramaan hirodotas ke itihaas ki pustak IV mein mile hain, jo 440 BCE mein likhi gayi thi, jahaan ve gete janajaatiyon ke baare mein likhte hain.[20]

dekiyn jise is gete ka ek bhaag maana jaata hai, ye thrakiyns ki ek shaakha the, ye dekiya mein rahate the (aadhunik romaaniya, maaldova aur uttari bulgeriya se sambandhit) dekiyn saamraajya 82 E.poo. ke aaspaas raaja burebista ke kaal mein apne adhiktam vistaar par pahuainch gaya aur jaldi hi padausi roman saamraajya ke daayare mein aa gaya. 87 E. mein dekiyns ke dvaara mojiya ke roman praant par aakraman ke baad, roman logon ne yuddhon ki ek shrrunkhala shuroo kar di (dekiyn yuddh) jismein ant mein samraat traajan ko 106 E. mein vijay praapt hui aur saamraajya ke kendra ko roman dekiya ke praant mein roopaantarit kar diya gaya.[21]

is praant mein bahut adhik ayask paae jaate th aur vishesh roop se sona aur chaandi paryaapt maatra mein the.[22] jisne rom ko ek bhaari aupaniveshik praant bana diya.[23] isse asabhya laitin aa gayi aur teevr romaaneekaran ki avadhi shuroo hui, jisne proto romaaniyn logon ko janm diya.[24][25] fir bhi, teesari shataabdi E. mein, pravaasi aabaadi jaise goths ke aakraman ke baad, roman saamraajya par 271 E. mein dekiya ko baahar nikaalne ka dabaav ban gaya, is prakaar se yeh chhod diya jaane wala pehla praant ban gaya.[26][27]

kai pratispardhi siddhaant utpann hue jo aadhunik romaaniyn logon ki utpatti ki vyaakhya karte hain. bhaashaai aur bhoo-aitihaasik vishleshan ingit karta hai ki romaaniyn denyoob ke uttari aur dakshini donon ke ek pramukh jaateeya samooh ke roop mein paae jaate hain.[28] aage ki charcha ke liye, dekhein orijin of romaaniyns arthaat romaaniyn ki utpatti.

madhya yug

mukhya lekh : Romania in the Early Middle Ages aur Romania in the Middle Ages
braan kaastal ko 1212 mein banaaya gaya aur yeh kai mithkon ke baad drekula ke kaastal ke roop mein jaana jaane laga, aisa kaha jaata tha ki yeh impelar ke vled III ka ghar tha.

roman sena aur prashaasan ke dvaara dekiya ko chhod diye jaane ke baad, kshetr par goth ke dvaara aakraman kiya gaya,[29] uske baad, chauthi shataabdi mein hoon ne in par aakraman kiya[30]. iske baad khaanaabadosh janajaatiyon ne iska anusaran kiya, ismein shaamil the gepid,[31][32] avars,[33] bulgars,[31] pechenegs,[34] aur kyumans.[35]

madhya yug mein, romaaniyn log teen alag alag riyaasaton mein rahate the: valaakiya (saaaincha:Lang-ro -"romaaniyaai bhoomi"), moldaaviya (saaaincha:Lang-ro) aur traansilveniya. 11 veen sadi tak traansilveniya Hungary ke raajya ka ek svaayatt bhaag ban gaya,[36] aur 16 veen sadi se[37] 1711 tak,[38] traansilveniya ki riyaasat ke roop mein svatantr ho gaya. anya romaaniyaai riyaasaton mein kai chhote raajya viksit hue jinka svatantrata ka ansh alag alag tha, lekin keval chaudahaveen shataabdi mein hi badi riyaasatein valaakiya (1310) aur moldaaviya (lagbhag 1352) viksit huin jinhonne otoman saamraajya ke saath yuddh ka saamana kiya.[39][40] vled III the impelar (Vlad III the Impaler) ne otoman saamraajya ke sambandh mein ek svatantr neeti ko banaae rakha aur, 1462 mein, the naait ataik (raat ke hamle) ke dauraan mahamad II ko hara diya.[41]

1541 tak poora baalkan praayadveep aur Hungary ka adhikaansh bhaag turk praant ban gaye. iske vipreet, moldaaviya, valaakiya aur traansilveniya, turk aadhiptya ke arntagat aa gaye, lekin inhone poori tarah se aantarik svaayattata ko sanrakshit rakha aur 18 veen shataabdi tak, kuchh baahari svatantrata ko bhi banaaye rakha. is avadhi ke dauraan romaaniyaai bhoomi dheere dheere saamanti vyavastha ke kaaran gaayab hone lagi; moldaaviya, matei basaarab, vled III the impelar (Vlad III Impaler) mein kuchh shaasakon jaise Stefan the great, vesel lupoo aur dimeetri kantemeer aur valaakiya mein konsatenatin brankovenu) (Constantin Brâancoveanu), traansilveniya mein gebreel bethlen; fnaariot yug; aur rusi saamraajyon ki utpatti ek raajanaitik aur sainya prabhaav ke roop mein ubhari.[42]

16 veen sadi ke ant mein moladaaviya, valaakiya aur traansilveniya

1600 mein, valaakiya, moldova aur traansilveniya ki riyaasaton par ek saath valaakiya ke Rajkumar, Michael the brev (mihaai vitejul), ben of olteniya ka shaasan tha, lekin keval ek hi saal ke baad, ek ostriyaai sena general jiorjiyo baasta ke dvaara mihaai ke maare jaane ke baad sanlayan ki sambhaavana khtm ho gayi. mihaai vitejul, jo ek saal se bhi kam samay ke liye traansilveniya ke Rajkumar rahe, unhonne pehli baar teenon riyaasaton ko milaane ka iraada banaaya tha aur unhonne aaj ke romaaniya ki tulana mein ek hi kshetr mein ek hi raajya ki neenv rakhi.[43]

unki mrutyu ke baad, maatahat sahaayak raajyon ke roop mein, moldova aur valaakiya ne aantarik svaayatta ko aur ek baahari svatantrata ko poora kar liya tha, jo antat: 18 veen sadi mein kho gayi. 1699 mein, traansilveniya hebsbarg ke ostriya ke saamraajya ka kshetr ban gaya, jiske baad mahaan Turkey yuddh mein turk par ostriya ki vijay hui. apni baari mein ostriyaai logon ne, teji se apne saamraajya ko vistrut kiya: 1718 mein, valaakiya ka ek mahatvapoorn bhaag jo olteniya kahalaata tha, use ostriya ke raajatantr mein shaamil kiya gaya aur yeh keval 1739 mein vaapas aaya. 1775 mein ostriya ke saamraajya mein moldaaviya ka utari pashchimi bhaag shaamil tha, jo baad mein bukovina kahalaaya, jabki riyaasat ka aadha poorvi bhaag (besarbiya kahalaata tha) 1812 mein roos ke kabje mein aa gaya.[42]

svatantrata aur raajatantr

mukhya lekh : Early Modern Romania, National awakening of Romania, Romanian Principalities, Romanian War of Independence, aur Kingdom of Romania
pratham vishv yuddh se pehle ve praant jahaan romaaniyn rahate the.

traansilveniya mein ostro-hangeriyn shaasan ki avadhi ke dauraan aur moldaaviya aur valaakiya par turk aadhiptya ke dauraan, kshetr mein adhikaansh romaaniyn doosari shreni ke naagrikon ki shreni mein the, (ya yahaaain tak ki gair-naagrik),[44] jahaan unhonne janasankhya ke bahumat ka nirmaan kiya.[45][46] kuchh traansilveniya ke shaharon mein jaise brasov (Braşaov) (us samay kronsated ke traansilveniyaai seksan gadh) mein, romaaniyaai logon ko yahaan tak ki shahar ki deevaaron ke bheetar rahane ki anumati naheen thi.[47]

1848 ki asafal kraanti ke baad, mahaan shaktiyon ne romaaniyaai logon ki adhikaarik roop se ek raajya mein badal jaane ki ichha ko samarthan naheen diya, jisse romaaniya par ek dabaav ban gaya ki vah turk ke viruddh akele aage badhe. moldaaviya aur valaakiya donon mein nirvaachakon ne 1859 mein ek hi vyakti –elegjeindaru ioan kyuja (Alexandru Ioan Cuza)– ko Rajkumar (romaaniyn mein Domnitor (domaneetar) ) chuna.[48] is prakaar, romaaniya ek niji sangh ban gaya, haalaanki is romaaniya mein traansilveniya ko shaamil naheen kiya gaya tha. yahaan uchch varg aur abhijaat varg mukhya roop se Hungary rahe aur 19 veen sadi mein romaaniyaai raashtravaad anivaarya roop se Hungary ke khilaaf ho gaya. pichhle 900 varshon mein, ostriya-Hungary ne, vishesh roop se 1867 ke dohare raajatantr mein, Hungary ko bhaari niyantran mein rakha, yahaan tak ki traansilveniya ke bhaagon mein bhi jahaan romaaniya ka sthaaneeya bahumat hai.

1866 mein takhtaapalat d'éaatat mein, kyooja ko nirvaasit kar diya gaya aur hohenajolarn-sigmaaringen (Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen) ke Rajkumar kaarl ne unhein pratisthaapit kar diya, jo romaaniya ke Rajkumar Carol ke roop mein jaane gaye. roosi-Turkey yuddh ke dauraan, romaaniya roos ke paksh mein lada,[49] 1878 ki barlin ki sandhi mein romaaniya ko mahaan shaktiyon ne ek svatantr raajya ka darja diya.[50][51] badle mein, romaaniya ne besarbiya ke teen dakshini jilon ko roos ko saunp diya aur dobruja ko le liya. 1881 mein, riyaasat ek saamraajya mein badal gayi aur Rajkumar raaja Carol I ban gaya.

1878-1914 ki avadhi romaaniya ke liye sthirta aur pragati ki avadhi thi. doosare baalkan yuddh ke dauraan, romaaniya bulgaariya ke khilaaf grees, Serbia, montenegro aur Turkey mein shaamil ho gaya. aur bukerest ki shaanti sandhi (1913) mein romaaniya ne dakshini dobruja ka praapt kar liya.[52]

vishv yuddh aur greater romaaniya

(1916-1945)
mukhya lekh : Romanian Campaign (World War I), Greater Romania, aur Romania during World War II
20 veen sadi ke dauraan romaaniyaai kshetr: baingani 1913 se pehle puraane saamraajya ingit karta hai, gulaabi greater romaaniya kshetron ko ingit karta hai, jo pratham vishv yuddh ke baad mil gaye aur dviteeya vishv yuddh ke baad aise hi bane rahe aur naarangi un kshetron ko ingit karta hai jo pratham vishv yuddh ke baad mil gaye aur dusare baalkan yuddh ke baad kabja kar liye gaye, lekin dviteeya vishv yuddh ke baad kho gaye. chhote hartaja kshetr bhi baingani lekin seemaankit hain, ye 1913 se pehle puraane saamraajya ka bhaag the, lekin dviteeya vishv yuddh ke baad kho gaye.

August 1914 mein jab pratham vishv yuddh hua, romaaniya ne tatasthata ki ghoshana kar di. do saal baad, sahayogiyon (khaaskar France, jo ek naya morcha kholne ke liye betaab tha) ke dabaav mein, 14/27 1916 August ko, romaaniya sahayogi dal mein shaamil ho gaya aur ostriya-Hungary par yuddh ki ghoshana kar di. is kaarravaai ke liye, gupt sainik sammelan ki sharton ke tahat, romaaniya ko sabhi romaaniyaai logon ke liye apni raashtreeya ekta ke lakshya ke liye samarthan ka vaada kiya gaya.[53]

romaaniyaai sainya abhiyaan ka ant romaaniyaake liye ek vinaash ke roop mein hua, kyonki kendreeya shaktiyon ne desh ke do tihaai hisse par vijay praapt kar li ya chaar maah ke bheetar iski sena ke adhikaansh bhaag ko maar daala. fir bhi, 1917 mein aakramanakaari baalon ke ruk jaane ke baad moldaaviya romaaniya ke haathon mein hi raha. yuddh ke ant tak, ostriya-Hungary aur roosi saamraajya gir kar vightit ho gaya; 1918 mein besarbiya, bukovina aur traansilveniya ne romaaniya ke saamraajya ke saath mil jaane ki ghoshana ki. 1914 se 1918 tak samakaaleen seemaaon ke bheetar, sainikon aur naagrikon, ki hone waali kul mauton ki sankhya, anumaanat: 748,000 thi.[54] 1920 tak traainon ki sandhi mein, Hungary ne romaaniya ke paksh mein traansilveniya par ostro-Hungary raajatantr ke sabhi daavon ko chhod diya.[55] bukovina ke saath romaaniya ke vileya ki pushti 1919 mein sent jarman ki sandhi mein hui,[56] aur besarbiya ke saath 1920 mein peris ki sandhi mein hui.[57]

romaaniyaai abhivyakti Româania Mare (romaaniya mayor) (shaabdik anuvaad "mahaan romaaniya", lekin adhik saamaanyataya "greater romaaniya") ka sandarbh saamaanyat: yuddh ke dauraan ki avadhi mein aur vistaar se, romaaniyaai raajya se hai, vah romaaniya praant jo us samay par kavar ho raha hai (naksha dekhein). romaaniya ne us samay apni adhiktam kshetreeya seema praapt ki (lagbhag 3,00,000 kimi2/1,20,000 varg meal),[58] isne sampoorn romaaniyn bhoomi ko vileya kar liya.[58]

Romania1941.png

dviteeya vishv yuddh ke dauraan, romaaniya ne fir se tatasth rahane ki koshish ki, lekin 28 June 1940 ko ise ek soviyt chetaavani di gayi ki gair-anupaalan ki sthiti mein us par hamla kiya ja sakta hai.[59] Moscow aur barlin ke dabaav ke chalte, romaaniyaai prashaasan aur sena ko yuddh se bachane ke liye besarbiya aur uttari bukovina se peechhe hatna padau॰[60] isne, anya kaarakon ke saath sanyojan mein, sarkaar ko aksheeya shaktiyon mein shaamil hone ke liye prerit kiya. iske baad, dakshini dobruja ko bulgaariya ko de diya gaya, jabki aksheeya madhyasthata ke parinaamasvaroop Hungary ko uttari traansilveniya praapt hua.[61] sattaavaadi raaja Carol II ko 1940 mein raashtreeya leejan raajya ke dvaara hata diya gaya, is dauraan shaktiyaan sanyukt roop se ion entoneskyu (Ion Antonescu) aur aayaran guard (Iron Guard) ke paas theen. maheene ke bheetar, entoneskyu (Antonescu) ne aayaran guard ko kuchal daala aur agale varsh mein romaaniya aksheeya shaktiyon ki taraf se yuddh mein shaamil ho gaya. yuddh ke dauraan romaaniya naaji Germany ke liye tel ka sabse mahatvapoorn srot tha,[62] jisne sahayogi dal dvaara kai bam hamlon ko aakarshit kiya. soviyt sangh ke aksheeya aakraman ke maadhyam se, romaaniya ne general aayan entonneskyu ke netrutv mein soviyt roos se besarbiya aur uttari bukovina ko vaapas le liya. entonneskyu shaasan ne vidhvans mein ek pramukh bhoomika nibhaayi,[63] jiske baad roman aur yahoodiyon ke narasanhaar aur utpeedan ki naaji niti ki seema kuchh kam ho gayi aur praathamik roop se poorvi pradeshon mein romaaniya ne soviyt sangh (traansanistriya) se maaldoviya mein kabja vaapas le liya.[64]

August 1944 mein, entonneskyoo ko romaaniya ke raaja Michael I ke dvaara giraftaar kar liya gaya. romaaniya ne paksh badal diya aur sahayogi dal mein shaamil ho gaya, lekin naaji Germany ki haar mein iski bhoomika ko 1947 mein peris shaanti sammalen ke dvaara maanyata praapt naheen hui.[65] yuddh ke ant tak, romaaniyaai sena ko 300,000 hataahaton ka saamana karna pada tha.[66] yahoodi narasanhaar ke peediton ki sankhya 1939 ki seemaaon ke bheetar 469,000 thi, jismein besarbiya aur bukovina ke 325,000 peedit bhi shaamil the.[67]

saamyavaad

(1945-1989)
mukhya lekh : Communist Romania

[[chitr:Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg‎aIMAGE_OPTIONSThe coat of arms of the [[]] desh mein abhi bhi tainaat red army baalon ke saath aur di-fekto niyantran ke saath, communist se prabhaavit sarkaar ne nae chunaav bulaaye, jismein chunaavi dhokhaadhadi aur dhamakiyon ke maadhyam se 80% voton ke saath vijay praapt ki.[68] is tarah se unhonne apne aap ko teji se pramukh raajaneetik shakti ke roop mein sthaapit kar liya.

1947 mein, saamyavaadiyon ne raaja Michael I par dabaav daala ki vah desh chhod de aur romaaniya ko ek janavaadi ganaraajya ghoshit kar diya.[69][70] romaaniya 1950 ke ant tak pratyaksh sainya vyavasaaya aur ke soviyt sangh ke aarthik niyantran ke arntagat bana raha. is avadhi ke dauraan, romaaniya ke vishaal praakrutik sansaadhan lagaataar vyarth hote rahe,[71] inhein shoshak prayojanon ke liye mishrit soviyt romaaniyn companyon (sovaroms) ke dvaara vyarth kiya jaata raha.[71][72]

1940 ke dashak ke ant se 1960 ke dashak ke shuroo tak communist sarkaar ne aatank ke ek raajya ki sthaapana ki, ise mukhya roop se sekyureetet (nayi gupt police) ke maadhyam se kiya gaya . is avadhi ke dauraan unhonne "raajya ke dushmanon" ko nasht karne ke liye kai abhiyaan shuroo kiye, jismein manamaane raajanaitik aur aarthik kaaranon ke liye asankhya logon ko mar diya gaya ya jail mein daal diya gaya.[73] saja mein shaamil tha nirvaasan, aantarik nirvaasan aur majaboor shram shiviron aur jailon par najar; asantosh ko teji se daba diya gaya. is avadhi mein ek paayatesti jail mein ek kukhyaat prayog kiya gaya, jismein raajaneetik virodhiyon ke ek samooh ko yaatana ke maadhyam se pun: shikshit kiya gaya. aitihaasik record mein logon ki ek badi sankhya ke khilaaf galat vyavahaar, mauton aur yaatana ki ghatnaaon ke sainkadon hajaaron udaaharan milte hain, ye log ya to aam naagrik the ya raajanaitik virodhi.[74]

1965 mein, Nicolae Ceauşaescu satta mein aaye aur unhonne svatantrata ki neetiyon ko laagoo karna shuroo kiya, jaise ekamaatr varsaaya sandhi ka desh hote hue soviyt ki ninda ki-chekoslovaakiya ke 1968 ke aakraman ka netrutv kiya aur 1967 ke chhah din ke yuddh ke baad ijaraail ke saath kootaneetik sambandh jaari rakhe; Germany ke sangheeya ganaraajya ke saath aarthik (1963) aur kutaneetik (1967) sambandh sthaapit kiye.[75] iske alaava, arab deshon ke saath ghanishth sambandh (aur PLO)) ki vajah se romaaniya ne ijaraail-ijipt aur ijaraail-PLO shaanti prakriyaaon mein mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaayi.[76] lekin jaise jaise 1977 aur 1981 ke beech romaaniya ka videshi rin bahut teji se badh gaya (3 billion ameriki dollar se badh kar 10 billion ho gaya),[77] antarraashtreeya vitteeya sangathan ka prabhaav jaise IMF ya vishv bank ka prabhaav badha, jisse nikole sisesoo (Nicolae 'Ceauşaescu) ki nirankush neetiyon ke prati virodh badh gaya. ant mein unhonne videshi rin ki poorn pratipoorti ki ek pariyojana shuroo ki, iske liye aisi neetiyaan laagoo ki jinse romaaniyaai logon aur thak chuki romaaniyaai arthavyavastha mein sudhaar hua, saath hi police raajya ke praadhikran ka bhi bahut vistaar hua aur vyaktitv ke ek panth ko adhyaaropit kiya gaya. isse sisesoo (Ceauşaesku) ki lokapriyta mein kaafi kami hui aur antat: use hata diya gaya aur 1989 ki khooni romaaniyn kraanti khtm ho gayi.

2006 mein, romaaniya mein communist taanaashaahi ke adhyayan ke liye raashtrapati aayog ne do million logon par communist daman ke pratyaksh peediton ki sankhya ka anumaan lagaaya.[78][79] is sankhya mein ve log shaamil naheen the jo communist jailon mein apne ilaaj ke parinaam svarup svatantrata mein maare gaye, na hi ve log shaamil the jo desh ki gambhir aarthik paristhitiyon ke kaaran mar gaye.

vartamaan lokatantr

mukhya lekh : History of Romania since 1989

kraanti ke baad, aayan liskyu ke netrutv mein raashtreeya mukti morcha ne aanshik bahudaleeya lokatantr aur mukt baajaar ke tareeke apanaae.[80][81] yuddh poorv kshetr ke kai mukhya raajanaitik dal jaise krishchiyn democratic national peejeints party, national libral party aur romaaniyaai social democrat party ko punarjeevit kiya gaya. kai pramukh raajaneetik railiyon ke baad, April 1990 mein, vishvavidyaalaya square mein haal hi mein aayojit sansadeeya chunaavon ke parinaam svarup ek virodh baithak hui, bukerest par poorv saamyavaadiyon aur sekyureetet ke sadasyon se bane hone ka aarop lagaaya gaya. virodh karne vaale log chunaav ke parinaamon ko pehchaan naheen paae, unhein alokataantrik samajhte rahe aur poorv uchch shreni ke communist party ke sadasyon ko raajaneetik jeevan se apavarjan ke liye kaha. virodh teji se badha aur isne ek bade paimaane par pradarshan ka roop le liya, (jo golaaniaad ke roop mein jaana jaata hai.) shaantipoorn pradarshan bhadak kar hinsa mein badal gaya aur jiyoo ghaati se koyala khanikon ke hinsak hastakshep ke parinaamasvaroop ek aisi ghatna ka janm hua jise June 1990 ke mineriaad ke roop mein yaad kiya jaata hai.[82]

iske baad morche ke vightan se kai raajanaitik dal utpann hue, jismein romaaniyn democrat social party (baad mein social democratic party), the democratic party aur (alaayans for romaaniya) shaamil hain. 1990 se 1996 tak niyantrit romaaniya ke kai gathabandhan aur sarkaarein theen aur aayan liskyu raajya pramukh the. tab se sarkaar mein teen lokataantrik parivartan hue: 1996 mein, lokataantrik-udaaravaadi vipaksh aur iske neta emil konsateinteeneskyu ke paas shaktiyaan aa gayeen; 2000 mein social democrat satta mein aa gaya aur leeskyu ek baar fir se raashtrapati bana gaye; aur 2004 mein traayan baseskyu ko raashtrapati chuna gaya, saath hi ek chunaavi gathabandhan tha jo Justice end truth alaayans kahalaata tha. sarkaar ek bade gathabandhan se bani thi jismein kanjarvetiv party aur ethanik hangeriyn party bhi shaamil thi.

sheet yuddh ke baad romaaniya ne pashchimi Europe ke saath ghanishth sambandhon ko viksit kiya, ant mein 2004 mein NATO mein shaamil ho gaya aur bukerest ke 2008 ke shikhar sammalen mein mejabaani ki.[83] desh ne 1993 mein Europeeya sangh ki sadasyata ke liye aavedan kiya aur 1995 mein Europeeya sangh ka ek sahayogi raajya ban gaya, 2004 mein sveekrut desh ban gaya aur 1 January 2007 ko ek sadasya ban gaya.[84]

inhein bhi dekhein: Accession of Romania to the European Union

sheet yuddh ke baad ki avadhi mein aur muft yaatra samjhaute ke baad aur saath hi 1990 ke baad aarthik mandi ke kaaran jeevan ki kathinaai ke chalte, romaaniya mein pravaasiyon ki sankhya bahut adhik badh gayi hai, anumaanat: yeh sankhya 2 million logon se adhik hai. mukhya utpravaas lakshya hain pen, Italy, Germany, ostriya, Britain, Canada aur amareeka hain.[85]

bhoogol

mukhya lekh : Geography of Romania
romaaniya ka sthalaakrutik naksha

2,38,391 varg kilometer (92,043 varg meal)ke satah kshetr ke saath, romaaniya dakshineepoorvi Europe mein sabse bada desh hai aur Europe mein baarahavaan sabse bada desh hai.[86] Serbia aur bulgaariya ke saath romaaniya seema ka ek bada hissa denyoob se hi bana hai. denyoob prut nadi se juda hua hai, jo moldova ke ganaraajya ke saath seema banaata hai.[86] denyoob bah kar kaale saagar mein jaati hai aur romaaniya ke kshetr mein denyoob delta ka nirmaan karti hai, jo Europe mein doosra sabse bada aur sabse achhi tarah se sanrakshit delta hai, saath hi jaiv mandal ka sanrakshit kshetr aur jaiv vividhta ki drushti se vishv ka heritej sthal hai.[87] anya mahatvapoorn nadiyaan hain siret, jo moldaaviya se hokar uttar dakshin mein bahti hai, olt, jo oriyantal kaarpethiyn parvat se olateniya ko bahti hai aur myoors, jo traansilveniya mein se hokar poorv se pashchim ki or bahti hai.[86]

romaaniya ka ilaaka mote taur par, pahaadon, parvaton aur taraai pradeshon ke beech samaan roop se vitrit hai, kaarpethiyn parvat romaaniya ke kendra par hai, iski chaudah parvat shrrunkhalaaen 2,000 meter se adhik oonchaai tak pahunchati hain.[86] romaaniya mein uchchatam parvat moldovenu choti hai (2,544 mi/8,346 fut). dakshin-kendreeya romaaniya mein, Băarăagan Plains ki or kaarpethiyn parvat pahaadiyon mein badal jaata hai. romaaniya ki bhaugolik vividhta mein vanaspatiyon aur paudhon ki vividhta paayi jaati hai.[86]

paryaavaran

mukhya lekh : Protected areas in Romania
him nadi ki jheelon ke bheetar retajet raashtreeya udyaan

desh ki ek uchch pratishtata (bhoomi kshetr ka 47%) praakrutik aur arddh praakrutik paaristhitiki tantron se dhaki hui hai.[88] choonki romaaniya mein sabhi vanon ka lagbhag aadha kshetr (desh ka 3%) utpaadan ke bajaay sanrakshan ke liye prabandhit kiya gaya hai, romaaniya ke paas Europe mein anachhue vanon ka sabse bada kshetr hai.[88] romaaniyaai van paaristhitiki pranaaliyon ki akhandata Europeeya vanon ke jantuon ki poori range ke dvaara ingit hoti hai, jismein Europeeya bhoore bhaaloo aur bhediyon ka kramash: 60% or 40% shaamil hai.[89] saath hi romaaniya mein stanadhaariyon (jinmein kaarpethiyn saanbar sabse jyaada jaane jaate hain), pakshiyon, sareesrupon, or ubhayacharon ki lagbhag 400 anoothi prajaatiyaan bhi hain.[90]

yahaan romaaniya ke sanrakshit kshetron ka lagbhag 10,000 kimi2 (3,900 varg meal) (kul kshetr ka lagbhag paanch pratishat) bhaag hai.[91] inmein se denyoob delta reserve baayosfeeyar Europe mein sabse bada aur kam se kam kshatigrast aardrabhoomi parisar hai, jo ke 5,800 kimi2 (2,200 varg meal)kshetr ko kavar karta hai.[92] denyoob delta ki jaiv vividhta ke mahatva ko antararaashtreeya star par maanyata di gayi hai. sitmbar 1990 mein ise ek baayosfeeyar reserve ghoshit kiya gaya, May 1991 mein ek raamasar saait ghoshit kiya gaya aur iske pachaas pratishat se jyaada kshetr ko December 1991 mein vishv heritej soochi mein rakha gaya.[93] apni seemaaon ke bheetar yeh duniya mein sabse vyaapak reed bed pranaaliyon mein se ek hai.[94] yahaan do anya jaivamandal bhandaar hain: retejet national park aur rodna national park.

vanaspati aur jantu (flora aur fona)

mukhya lekh : Flora of Romania aur List of mammals of Romania
denyoob delta mein pelikn

romaaniya mein 3,700 podhon ki prajaatiyon ko pahachaana gaya hai, jismein se 23 ki ghoshana praakrutik smaarak ke roop mein ki gayi hai, 74 prajaatiyaan l

sandarbh

  1. ↑ "Populaţaia stabilă la 1.01.2009" (Romanian mein). INSSE. May 19, 2009. http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20stabila%20la%201%20ianuarie%202009%20si%2018.xls?download=true. abhigman tithi: May 20, 2009.
  2. ↑ a aa i E "Romania". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=968&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=40&pr.y=8. abhigman tithi: 2009-04-22.
  3. ↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)". Eurostat Data Explorer. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12. abhigman tithi: 13 August 2013.
  4. ↑ "2014 Human Development Report Summary". United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf. abhigman tithi: 27 July 2014.
  5. ↑ North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO. (Report). Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  6. ↑ "Romanian Statistical Yearbook" (PDF). Romanian National Institute of Statistics. 2007. http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/en/cp2.pdf. abhigman tithi: 2008-01-20.
  7. ↑ "Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg and Romania for the European Capital of Culture 2007" (pdf). The Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2007. 2004-04-05. http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf. abhigman tithi: 2008-08-31.
  8. ↑ romaaniyaai bhaasha ka vistrut shabdakosh, 1998; romaaniyaai bhaasha ka naya vistrut shabdakosh, 2002
  9. ↑ Andréaas Verres. Acta et Epistolae. I. pp. 243. ""nunc se Romanos vocant""
  10. ↑ Cl. Isopescu (1929). "Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento". Bulletin de la Section Historique XVI: 1–90. ""...si dimandano in lingua loro Romei...se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano,..."".
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  13. ↑ Iorga, N.. Hurmuzachi, Apud. ed. Neacsu's Letter from Campulung. Documente, XI. pp. 843. http://cimec.ro/Istorie/neacsu/rom/scrisoare.htm. abhigman tithi: 2008-08-31.
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  36. ↑ Makkai, Láaszló (2001). "History of Transylvania: III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526)". In Köapeczi, Béala. Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/57.html. abhigman tithi: 2008-08-31.
  37. ↑ Köapeczi, Béala, san (2001). "History of Transylvania: IV. The First Period of the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1606)". Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/97.html. abhigman tithi: 2008-08-31.
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