ritvik ghatak

ঋaaতaa্aaবaaিaaক ঘaaটaaক ritvik ghatak
ritvik ghatak ke yuva kal ke tasveer
janm	4 November 1925 dhaaka, poorvi Bengal (vartamaan Bangladesh)
mrutyu	6 fravari 1976(1976-02-06) (umr 50) Kolkata, Bhaarat
upajeevika	film lekhak evam nirmaata

ritvik ghatak (baangla: ঋaaতaa্aaবaaিaaক (কaaুaaমaaাaaর) ঘaaটaaক, Hritik (Kumar) ghotok ; 4 November 1925 – se 6 fravari 1976) ek bangaali bhaarateeya film nirmaata aur patakatha lekhak the. bhaarateeya film nirdeshakon ke beech ghatak ka sthaan satyajeet re aur mrunaal sen ke samaan hai.

anukram

praarambhik jeevan

ritvik ghatak ka janm poorvi Bengal mein dhaaka mein hua tha (ab Bangladesh).^[1] ve aur unka parivaar pashchim Bengal mein Calcutta mein sthaanaantarit ho gaye (ab Kolkata) jiske turant baad poorvi Bengal se laakhon sharanaarthiyon ka is shahar mein aagaman shuroo ho gaya, ve log vinaashakaari 1943 ke Bengal ke akaal aur 1947 mein Bengal ke vibhaajan ke kaaran vahaan se palaayan karne lage the. sharanaarthi jeevan ka unka yeh anubhav unke kaam mein bakhoobi nazar aata hai, jisne saanskrutik vichhedan aur nirvaasan ke liye ek adhibhaavi roopak ka kaam kiya aur unke baad ke rachanaatmak kaaryon ko ek sootr mein piroya. 1971 ke Bangladesh mukti yuddh ne bhi, jiske kaaran aur adhik sharanaarthi Bhaarat aaye, unke kaaryon ko samaan roop se prabhaavit kiya.

rachanaatmak kairiyr

1948 mein, ghatak ne apna pehla naatak kaalo saayaar (the Dirk lek) likha aur aitihaasik naatak naabanna ke punaruddhaar mein hissa liya. 1951 mein, ghatak, Indian peepals theatre association (IPTA) ke saath jude. unhonne naatakon ka lekhan, nirdeshan aur unamein abhinay kiya aur bertolt bresht aur gogol ko bangala mein anuvaadit kiya. 1957 mein, unhonne apne antim naatak jvaala (the barning) ko likha aur nirdeshit kiya.

ghatak ne film jagat mein nimaai ghosh ke chinnaamool (1950) ke saath abhineta aur sahaayak nirdeshak ke roop mein pravesh kiya. chinnaamool ke do varsh baad ghatak ki pehli poorn film naagrik (1952) I, donon hi filmein bhaarateeya cinema ke liye meal ka patthar theen.^[2]^[3] ghatak ne shurooaati kaaryon mein naatakeeya aur saahityik pradhaanata par jor diya aur ek vruttachitreeya yathaarthavaad, jo lok rang manchon se li gayi shaili ke pradarshan se yukt hota tha, use breshteeyan film nirmaan ke upakarano ke upayog ke saath sanyojit kiya.

ajaantrik (1958) ghatak ki pehli vyaavasaayik release thi, yeh ek vigyaan katha vishay waali Comedy-drama film thi. nirjeev vastu ko darshaane waali yeh Bhaarat ki kuchh praarambhik filmon mein se ek thi, jismein ek automobile ko kahaani mein ek charitra ke roop mein pesh kiya gaya tha.

film madhumati (1958), patakatha lekhak ke roop mein ghatak ki sabse badi vyaavasaayik safalta thi, yeh punarjanm ke vishay par bani sabse pehli filmon mein se ek thi. yeh ek hindi film thi jo ek anya bangaali nirdeshak biml rai dvaara nirdeshit thi. is film ke liye ghatak ne sarvashthashre kahaani ke filmafeyar puraskaar ka apna pehla naamaankan arjit kiya.

ritvik ghatak ne poorn-lanbaai waali aath filmon ka nirdeshan kiya. unki sabse prasiddh filmein, meghe dhaaka taara (baadalon se chhaaya hua sitaara) (1960), komal gandhaar (E-flat) (1961) aur suvarnarikha (svarn rekha) (1962), Calcutta par aadhaarit ek trayi thi jismein sharanaarthi-jeevan ki haalat ko sambodhit kiya gaya jo vivaadaaspad saabit hui aur komal gandhaar (E-flat) aur suvarnarikha ke vaanijyik vifalta ke baad unhonne 1960 ke dashak ki yaadon par filmein banaana chhod diya. teenon filmon mein, unhonne ek buniyaadi kahaani aur kabhi-kabhi ek paraspar virodhi yathaarthavaadi kahaani ka istemaal kiya, jispar unhonne kai mithk sandarbhon ko darj kiya tha, vishesh roop se madar deelivrr ka jise unhonne drushyon aur dhvani ke ghane uparishaayi ke maadhyam se prastut kiya.

1966 mein ghatak sankshipt roop se Pune mein sthaanaantarit ho gaye, jahaan unhonne bhaarateeya film aur television sansthaan (FTII) mein shikshan kiya. efateeaaiaai (FTII) mein bitaae gaye varshon ke dauraan unhonne do chhaatr filmon feeyar aur raundevoo ke nirmaan mein yogadaan kiya.

1970 ke dashak mein ghatak film nirmaan mein tab vaapas laute, jab 1973 mein ek baanglaadeshi nirmaata ne mahaakaavya titaash ekti nodeer naam (titaas ek nadi ka naam hai) ko vittaposhit kiya. atyadhik sharaab ke sevan aur uske falasvaroop hone vaale rogon ke kaaran unke kharaab svaasthya ki vajah se unke liye filmein banaana mushkil ho gaya. unki aakhiri film aatmakathaatmak thi jiska naam tha jukti tokko aar goppo (yukti, bahas aur kahaani) (1974), jismein unhonne mukhya charitra neelkantho (neelakanth) ki bhoomika nibhaai.^[4] unke naam par kai adhoori feature aur laghu filmein theen.

ghatak ke pita suresh chandra ghatak ek jila magistrate aur saath hi saath ek kavi aur naatakakaar the aur usaki maan ka naam indubaala devi tha. ve unke 11 veen aur sabse chhoti santaan the. unke bade bhaai maneesh ghatak apne samay ke ek kattarpanthi lekhak, angreji ke professor aur ek saamaajik kaaryakarta the, jo IPTA rangamanch aandolan mein uske sunahare dinon ke dauraan gahre roop se shaamil the aur baad mein unhonne uttar Bengal ke tebhaaga aandolan ka netrutv kiya. lekhika aur kaaryakarta mahaashveta devi maneesh ghatak ki beti hain. ghatak ki patni surama ek school shikshika theen aur unke putr ritbaan ek film nirmaata hai.

asar aur prabhaav

unki mrutyu ke samay (February 1976), ghatak ka praathamik prabhaav, poorv chhaatron ke maadhyam se hota hua prateet hua. haalaanki efateeaaiaai mein unka film shikshan kaaryakaal sankshipt tha, kabhi unke chhaatr rahe mani kaul, John Abraham aur vishesh roop se Kumar shaahani ne ghatak ke vichaaron aur siddhaanton ko bhaarateeya kalaatmak cinema ki mukhya dhaara mein aage badhaaya, jinka vistrut varnan unki kitaab cinema end I mein milta hai. efateeaaiaai mein unke anya chhaatron mein shaamil hai bahuprashansit film nirmaata Saeed Akhtar mirja aur adoor gopaalakrushnan.^[5]

ghatak poori tarah se bhaarateeya vyaavasaayik film ki duniya ke baahar the. vyaavasaayik cinema ki koi bhi visheshata (gaayan aur nrutya, naatakeeyata, sitaare, chakaachaundh) unke kaam mein najar naheen aati hai.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]} unki filmein aam janta ke bajaaye chhaatron aur buddhijeeviyon dvaara dekhi jaati thi. unke chhaatron mein bhi kalaatmak cinema ya svatantr cinema parampara mein kaam karne ki pravrutti hai.

jabki anya yathaarthavaadi nirdeshak jaise satyajeet re apne jeevan kaal mein hi Bhaarat se baahar darshak banaane mein safal rahe, is maamale mein ghatak itne bhaagyashaali naheen rahe. unke jeevan kaal ke dauraan, unki filmein mukhyat: Bhaarat mein hi saraahi gayi. satyajeet re ne apne sahayogi ko badhaava dene ke liye yatha sambhav prayaas kiye, lekin re ki udaar prashansa bhi ghatak ke liye antararaashtreeya khyaati juta paane mein asamarth rahi. udaaharan ke liye, ghatak ki film naagorik (1952) shaayad bangaali kalaatmak filmon mein sabse pehli thi, jiske teen varsh baad re ki paather paanchaali I, lekin ghatak ki film 1977 mein unki mrutyu ke pashchaat hi release ho pai.^[2]^[3] unki pehli vyaavasaayik release ajaantrik (1958) bhi nirjeev vastuon ko, is film mein ek automobile, kahaani ke charitra ke roop mein chitrit karne waali pehli bhaarateeya filmon mein se ek thi, harbi filmon ke kai varsh pehle.^[6] ghatak ki baadi theke paaliye (1958)) ki kahaani fraankois trufaaut ki baad ki film di 400 bloj (1959) ke samaan thi, lekin ghatak ki film gumanaami mein rahi jabki trufaaut ki film aage chal kar French new vev ki sarvaadhik prasiddh filmon mein se ek bani. ghatak ki antim filmon mein se ek, A rivr nemd titaas (1973), ek haaiparalink praaroop mein kahi jaane waali sabse pehli filmon mein se ek thi, jismein paraspar judi kahaaniyon mein kai paatron ka ek sangrah dikhaaya gaya aur yeh Robert oltman ki film Nashville (1975) se do varsh pehle bani.

ghatak ki ekamaatr pramukh vyaavasaayik safalta film madhumati (1958) thi, jo ek hindi film hai aur unhonne iski patakatha likhi thi. punarjanm ke vishay waali yeh sabse pehli filmon mein se ek thi aur yeh maana jaata hai ki yeh film baad ke kai bhaarateeya cinema, bhaarateeya television aur shaayad vishv cinema mein punarjanm ke vishay ka srot bani rahi. yeh ameriki film di reeinkaaraneshan of Peter praaud (1975) aur hindi film karj (1980) ke liye prerana srot bani, jinmein se donon hi filmein punarjanm se sambandhit thi aur apni-apni sanskrutiyon par prabhaavashaali rahi.^[7] vishesh roop se karj ko kai baar punarnimit kiya gaya: kannad film yug purush (1989), tamil film enaakul oroovan (1984) aur haaliya Bollywood film karj (Karzzzz) (2008) ke roop mein. karj aur di reeinkaaraneshan of Peter praaud ne sanbhavat: ameriki film chaansej aar (1989) ko prerit kiya.^[7] sabse haaliya film jo seedhe madhumati se prerit hui vah hai hit Bollywood film om shaanti om (2007) hai, jiske kaaran biml Roy ki beti rinki Bhattacharya ne is film par saahityik chori ka aarop lagaaya aur uske nirmaata ke khilaaf kaanooni kaarravaai ki dhamaki di.^[8]^[9]

nirdeshak ke roop mein ghatak ke kaam ne bhi baad ke kai bhaarateeya film nirmaataaon par prabhaav daala, jinmein bangaali film udyog aur anyatr ke log bhi shaamil the. udaaharan ke liye, meera Nair ne apne film nirmaata banane ke kaaran ke roop mein ghatak aur re ka naam uddhrut kiya.^[10] ek nirdeshak ke roop mein ghatak ka prabhaav Bhaarat ke baahar bahut der se faila; jiski shuruaat 1990 ke dashak mein hui, ghatak ki filmon ko punarsthaapit karne ki ek pariyojana aur antararaashtreeya pradarshaniyon (aur baad ke deeveedi release) ne der se hi sahi teji se vaishvik darshak utpann kiye. 1998 mein Asiaee film patrika sinemaaya dvaara karaae gaye sarvakaalik mahaan film ke liye aalochakon ke matadaan mein, suvarnarekha ko soochi mein 11vaan sthaan diya gaya.^[11] 2002 mein sarvakaalik mahaan film ke liye aalochakon aur nirdeshakon ki drushti aur dhvani (saait end saaund) matadaan mein meghe dhaaka taara ko soochi mein 231 sthaan par aur gandhaar komal ko 346 sthaan par rakha gaya.^[12] 2007 mein, british film sansthaan dvaara karavaae gaye 10 sarvashreshth baanglaadeshi filmon ke liye ek darshakon aur aalochakon ke matadaan mein A rivr nemd titaas ne soochi mein pratham sthaan haasil kiya.^[13]

kaarya

filmein

nirdeshak aur patakatha lekhak

naagorik (naagrik) (1952)
ajaantrik (ayaantrik, dayaneeya bhraanti) (1958)
baadi theke paaliye (bhagoda) (1958)
meghe dhaaka taara (baadalon se chhaaya hua sitaara) (1960)
komol gandhaar (E-flat) (1961)
suvarnarekha (1962/1965)
titaash ekti naadir naam (titaash ek nadi ka naamak) (1973)
jukti tokko aar goppo (kaaran, bahas aur ek kahaani) (1974)

patakatha lekhak

musaafir (1957)
madhumati (1958)
svaralipi (1960)
kumaari mon (1962)
deeper naam tiya rong (1963)
raajakanya (1965)

abhineta (actor)

tothaapi (1950)
chinnaamool (1951)
kumaari mon (1962)
suvarnarekha (1962)
tits ekti naadir naam (1973)
jukti, tokko, aar goppo (1974)

laghu filmein aur vruttachitr

di life of di aadivaasij (1955)
plesej of historik intarest in Bihar (1955)
seejar (1962)
feeyar (1965)
raundevooj (1965)
civil difens (1965)
kal ke vaigyaanik (1967)
ye kyon (kyon /ek prashn) (1970)
aamaar lenin (mera lenin) (1970)
puruliyr chhaaoo (puruliya ka chhaaoo nrutya) (1970)
durbaar gaati padma (ashaant padm) (1971)

adhoori filmein aur vruttachitr

bedeni (1951)
koto ojaanaare (1959)
bogolaar bongodorshon (1964-65)
ronger golaam (1968)
raamakinkar (1975)

shooting se pehle band kar di gayi patakathaaen

okaal bosonto (1957)
amrutokumbher sondhaane (1957)
arjan sardaar (1958)
bolidaan (1963)
aronyk (1963)
shyaam se neha laagi (1964)
sansaar simaanate (1968)
padda naadir maajhi
notoon fosol
raaja
sei bishnupriya
prinses kolaaboti
lojja

rangamanch

chondrogupto (dvijenadralaal re), abhineta
achalaayoton (Tagore) (1943), nirdeshak aur abhineta
kaalo saayor (ghatak) (1947-1948), abhineta aur nirdeshak
kolonko (Bhattacharya) (1951), abhineta
dolil (ghatak) (1952), abhineta aur nirdeshak
koto dhaane koto chaal (ghatak) (1952)
officer (gogol) (1953), abhineta,
ispaat (ghatak) (1954-1955), amanchit
khoreer gondi (bartolt bresht)

|bresht)

gaililiyo chorit (bresht)
jaagoron (ateendr mojumadaar), abhineta
jolonto (ghatak)
jaala (ghatak)
daakaghor (Tagore)
dheoo (beeroo mukhopaadhyaaya)
dheinki svarge gelo dhaan bhone (ghatak/paanoo paul)
naatir pooja (Tagore)
nobonno (Bhattacharya)
neeladorapan (dinonbondhoo mitra), abhineta
nicher mahal (gorki), amanchit
netaajeeke neeye (ghatak)
poritraan (Tagore)
faalguni (Tagore)
bidyaasaagor (bonofool)
bisrjan (Tagore)
vangaabaandor (paanoo paul), abhineta
votar vet (paanoo paul), abhineta
musaafiron ke liye (gorki), abhineta
maikabeth (sheksapiyr), abhineta
raaja (Tagore)
saanko (ghatak), abhineta
sei meye (ghatak), nideshak
streer patro (Tagore)
hojoboraala (sukumaar rai)

pustakein

ritvik ghotoker gaulapo (jismein laghu kahaaniyaan "gaachti", "shikha", "roopakotha", "chokh", "kaumared", "prem", "maar" aur "raaja" bhi shaamil hai)
gaililiyo chorit (bresht dvaara likhe life of gaileeliyo ka bangaali anuvaad)
jaala (naatak)
dolil (naatak)
meghe dhaaka taara (patakatha)
cholochitro, maanus ebong aaro kichhu
cinema end I, ritvik memoriyl trast, Kolkata
on kalcharal frant
roj end roj of feinsej: ritvik ghatak on cinema, seegal pustak pra. limited, Kolkata
ritvik ghatak kahaaniyaan, baangala se raani re dvaara anuvaadit nai Delhi, srushti prakaashak aur vitrak

atirikt pathan

ritvik: surama ghatak, Calcutta, aasha prokaashani
ritvik aur unki filmein: do sanskaranon mein, rajat re dvaara sanpaadit
ritvik Kumar ghatak: rajat re dvaara sanpaadit, shreeshti prokaashaun
ritvikke shesh bhaalobaasha: protiti devi, Bangladesh, saahitya prakaash
ritviktontro: sanjaya mukhopaadhyaaya, Kolkata ritvik cine society
rivik Kumar ghatak: (ek monograaf) haimonti bainarji, raashtreeya film sangrahaalaya, Pune

nots

↑ hood, J. dablyoo.: di eseinsheeyl mistri prushth 20.
↑ ^a ^aa Ghatak, Ritwik (2000), Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema, Ritwik Memorial & Trust Seagull Books, pa॰ ix & 134–36, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 8170461782
↑ ^a ^aa Hood, John (2000), The Essential Mystery: The Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema, Orient Longman Limited, pa॰ 21–4, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 8125018700
↑ hood, J. dablyoo.: di eseinsheeyl mistri, prushth 45.
↑ Chitra Parayath (08/11/2004). "Summer Viewing - The Brilliance Of Ritwik Ghatak". Lokvani. http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=1899. abhigman tithi: 2009-05-30.
↑ Carrigy, Megan (October 2003), "Ritwik Ghatak", Senses of Cinema, http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/ghatak.html, abhigman tithi: 2009-05-03
↑ ^a ^aa Doniger, Wendy (2005), "Chapter 6: Reincarnation", The woman who pretended to be who she was: myths of self-imitation, Oxford University Press, pa॰ 112–136 [135], aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0195160169
↑ ashaanti naigs om shaanti om Mumbai mirror, 7 August 2008.
↑ Shahrukh, faraah par mukadama: lekhak ne daava kiya ki Shahrukh Khan ne om shaanti om ke liye usaki script churaaya
↑ "Why we admire Ray so much". Naachgana. 14 April 2009. http://www.naachgaana.com/2009/04/14/why-we-admire-satyajit-ray-so-much. abhigman tithi: 2009-06-06.
↑ Totaro, Donato (31 January 2003), "The “aSight & Sound” of Canons", Offscreen Journal (Canada Council for the Arts), http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/canon.html, abhigman tithi: 2009-04-19
↑ "2002 Sight & Sound Top Films Survey of 253 International Critics & Film Directors". Cinemacom. 2002. http://www.cinemacom.com/2002-sight-sound.html. abhigman tithi: 2009-04-19.
↑ "Top 10 Bangladesh Films". British Film Institute. 17 July 2007. http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html. abhigman tithi: 2009-03-14.

sandarbh

Carrigy, Megan (October 2003), "Ritwik Ghatak", Senses of Cinema, http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/ghatak.html, abhigman tithi: 2009-05-03
Hood, John W. (2000), The Essential Mystery: Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema, New Delhi: Orient Longman, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 8125018700

baahari kadiyaaain

saaaincha:Ritwik Ghatak Films

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