ras (kaavya shaastr)

is lekh mein satyaapan hetu atirikt sandarbh athva sroton ki aavashyakta hai. krupaya vishvasaneeya srot jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. srotaheen saamagri ko chunauteedi ja sakti hai aur hataaya bhi ja sakta hai. (June 2016)

shravya kaavya ke pathan athva shravan evam drushya kaavya ke darshan tatha shravan mein jo alaukik aanand praapt hota hai, vahi kaavya mein ras kahalaata hai. ras se jis bhaav ki anubhooti hoti hai vah ras ka sthaayi bhaav hota hai. ras, chhand aur alankaar - kaavya rachana ke aavashyak avayav hain.

ras ka shaabdik arth hai - nichod. kaavya mein jo aanand aata hai vah hi kaavya ka ras hai. kaavya mein aane wala aanand arthaat ras laukik na hokar alaukik hota hai. ras kaavya ki aatma hai. sanskrut mein kaha gaya hai ki "rasaatmakam vaakyam kaavyam" arthaat rasayukt vaakya hi kaavya hai.

ras ant:karan ki vah shakti hai, jiske kaaran indriyaaain apna kaarya karti hain, man kalpana karta hai, svapn ki smruti rahati hai. ras aanand roop hai aur yahi aanand vishaal ka, viraat ka anubhav bhi hai. yahi aanand anya sabhi anubhavon ka atikraman bhi hai. aadmi indriyon par sanyam karta hai, to vishyon se apne aap hat jaata hai. parantu un vishyon ke prati lagaav naheen chhootata. ras ka prayog saar tattv ke arth mein charak, sushrut mein milta hai. doosare arth mein, avayav tattv ke roop mein milta hai. sab kuchh nasht ho jaaya, vyarth ho jaaya par jo bhaav roop tatha vastu roop mein bacha rahe, vahi ras hai. ras ke roop mein jiski nishpatti hoti hai, vah bhaav hi hai. jab ras ban jaata hai, to bhaav naheen rahata. keval ras rahata hai. usaki bhaavata apna roopaantar kar leti hai. ras apoorv ki utpatti hai. naatya ki prastuti mein sab kuchh pehle se diya rahata hai, gyaat rahata hai, suna hua ya dekha hua hota hai. iske baavajood kuchh naya anubhav milta hai. vah anubhav doosare anubhavon ko peechhe chhod deta hai. akele ek shikhar par pahuaincha deta hai. ras ka yeh apoorv roop aprameya aur anirvachaneeya hai.^[1]

vibhinn sandarbhon mein ras ka arth

ek prasiddh sookt hai- rasau vai s:. arthaat vah paramaatma hi ras roop aanand hai. 'kumaarasambhav' mein paani, taral aur drav ke arth mein ras shabd ka prayog hua hai. 'manusmruti' madira ke liye ras shabd ka prayog karti hai. maatra, khuraak aur ghoont ke arth mein ras shabd prayukt hua hai. 'vaisheshik darshan' mein chaubees gunon mein ek gun ka naam ras hai. ras chhah maane gaye hain- katu, aml, madhur, lavan, tikt aur kashaaya. svaad, roochi aur ichha ke arth mein bhi kaalidaas ras shabd ka prayog karte hain. prem ki anubhooti ke liye 'kumaarasambhav' mein ras shabd ka prayog hua hai. 'raghuvansh', aanand aur prasannata ke arth mein ras shabd kaam mein leta hai. 'kaavyashaastr' mein kisi kavita ki bhaavabhoomi ko ras kehte hain. rasapoorn vaakya ko kaavya kehte hain.

bhartruhari saar, tatv aur sarvottam bhaag ke arth mein ras shabd ka prayog karte hain. 'aayurved' mein shareer ke sanghatak tatvon ke liye ras shabd prayukt hua hai. saptadhaatuon ko bhi ras kehte hain. paare ko raseshvar athva rasaraaj kaha hai. paarasamani ko rasaratn kehte hain. maanyata hai ki paarasamani ke sparsh se loha sona ban jaata hai. rasajnyaaata ko rasagrah kaha gaya hai. 'uttararaamacharit' mein iske liye rasajnya shabd prayukt hua hai. bhartruhari kaavyamarmajnya ko rasasiddh kehte hain. 'saahityadarpan' pratyaksheekaran aur gunaagun vivechan ke arth mein ras pareeksha shabd ka prayog karta hai. naatak ke arth mein rasaprabandh shabd prayukt hua hai.

bharatanaatyam mein shrungaar ki abhivyakti

ras nau hain -

vaatsalya ras ko dasavaaain evam bhakti ko gyaarahavaaain ras bhi maana gaya hai. vatsal tatha bhakti inke sthaayi bhaav hain.bhakti ras ko 11vaan ras maana gaya hai . vivek saahani dvaara likhit granth "bhakti ras- pehla ras ya gyaarahavaaain ras" mein is ras ko sthaapit kiya gaya hai ..

naatyashaastr mein bharat muni ne ras ki vyaakhya karte huye kaha hai -

vibhaavaanubhaavavyabhichaarisanyogaadraras nishpatti:.

arthaat vibhaav, anubhaav, vyabhichaari bhaav ke sanyog se ras ki nishpatti hoti hai. suprasiddh saahitya darpan mein kaha gaya hai hrudaya ka sthaayi bhaav, jab vibhaav, anubhaav aur sanchaari bhaav ka sanyog praapt kar leta hai to ras roop mein nishpann ho jaata hai.

reetikaal ke pramukh kavi Dave ne ras ki paribhaasha in shabdon mein ki hai :

jo vibhaav anubhaav aroo, vibhchaarinu kari hoi.

thiti ki pooran vaasana, sukavi kahat ras hoi.

is prakaar ras ke chaar ang hain sthaayi bhaav, vibhaav, anubhaav aur sanchaari bhaav.

sthaayi bhaav

sahrudaya ke ant:karan mein jo manovikaar vaasana ya sanskaar roop mein sada vidyamaan rahate hain tatha jinhein koi bhi virodhi ya avirodhi daba naheen sakta, unhein sthaayi bhaav kehte hain.

ye maanav man mein beej roop mein, chirkaal tak achanchal hokar nivaas karte hain. ye sanskaar ya bhaavana ke dyotak hain. ye sabhi manushyon mein usi prakaar chhipe rahate hain jaise mitti mein gandh avichhinn roop mein samaai rahati hai. ye itne samarth hote hain ki anya bhaavon ko apne mein vileen kar lete hain.

inki sankhya 11 hai - rati, haas, shok, utsaah, krodh, bhaya, jugupsa, vismaya, nirved, vaatsalya aur ishvar vishyak prem.

vibhaav

vibhaav ka arth hai kaaran. ye sthaayi bhaavon ka vibhaavan karte hain, unhein aasvaad yogya banaate hain. ye ras ki utpatti mein aadhaarbhoot maane jaate hain.

vibhaav ke do bhed hain:

aalanban vibhaav

bhaavon ka udgam jis mukhya bhaav ya vastu ke kaaran ho vah kaavya ka aalanban kaha jaata hai.

aalanban ke antargat aate hain vishay aur aashray.

vishay

jis paatr ke prati kisi paatr ke bhaav jaagrut hote hain vah vishay hai. saahitya shaastr mein is vishay ko aalanban vibhaav athva 'aalanban' kehte hain.

aashray

jis paatr mein bhaav jaagrut hote hain vah aashray kahalaata hai.

uddeepan vibhaav

sthaayi bhaav ko jaagrat rakhane mein sahaayak kaaran uddeepan vibhaav kahalaate hain.

udaaharan svaroop (1) veer ras ke sthaayi bhaav utsaah ke liye saamane khada hua shatru aalanban vibhaav hai. shatru ke saath sena, yuddh ke baaje aur shatru ki darpoktiyaan, garjana-tarjana, shastr sanchaalan aadi uddeepan vibhaav hain.

uddeepan vibhaav ke do prakaar maane gaye hain:

aalanban-gat (vishyagat)

arthaat aalanban ki uktiyaan aur cheshthaaen

baahya (barhigt)

arthaat vaataavaran se sambandhit vastuen. praakrutik drushyon ki ganana bhi inheen ke anrtagat hoti hain.

anubhaav

rati, haas, shok aadi sthaayi bhaavon ko prakaashit ya vyakt karne waali aashray ki cheshtaaen anubhaav kahalaati hain.

ye cheshtaaen bhaav-jaagruti ke uparaant aashray mein utpann hoti hain isliye inhein anubhaav kehte hain, arthaat jo bhaavon ka anugaman kare vah anubhaav kahalaata hai.

anubhaav ke do bhed hain - ichhit aur anichhit.

aalanban evam uddeepan ke maadhyam se apne-apne kaaranon dvaara utpann, bhaavon ko baahar prakaashit karne waali saamaanya lok mein jo kaarya cheshtaaen hoti hain, ve hi kaavya naatak aadi mein nibddh anubhaav kahalaati hain. udaaharan svaroop virh-vyaakul naayak dvaara siskiyaan bharna, milan ke bhaavon mein ashru, sved, romaanch, anuraag sahit dekhna, krodh jaagrut hone par shastr sanchaalan, kathor vaani, aankhon ka laal ho jaana aadi anubhaav kahe jaaenge.

saadhaaran anubhaav : arthaat (ichhit abhinay) ke chaar bhed hain. 1.aangik 2.vaachik 3. aahaarya 4. saatvik. aashray ki shareer sambandhi cheshtaaen aangik ya kaayik anubhaav hai. rati bhaav ke jaagrat hone par bhoo-vikshep, kataaksh aadi prayatn poorvak kiye gaye vaagvyaapaar vaachik anubhaav hain. aaropit ya krutrim vesh-rachana aahaarya anubhaav hai. parantu, sthaayi bhaav ke jaagrat hone par svaabhaavik, akrutrim, ayatnaj, angavikaar ko saatvik anubhaav kehte hain. iske liye aashray ko koi baahya cheshta naheen karni padti. isliye ye ayatnaj kahe jaate hain. ye svat: praadurbhoot hote hain aur inhein roka naheen ja sakta.

saatvik anubhaav : arthaat (anichhit) aath bhed hain - stambh, sved, romaanch, svarabhang, vepathu (kamp), vaivarnya, ashru aur pralaya.

sanchaari ya vyabhichaari bhaav

jo bhaav keval thodi der ke liye sthaayi bhaav ko pusht karne ke nimitt sahaayak roop mein aate hain aur turant lupt ho jaate hain, ve sanchaari bhaav hain.

sanchaari shabd ka arth hai, saath-saath chalana arthaat sancharanasheel hona, sanchaari bhaav sthaayi bhaav ke saath sancharit hote hain, inmein itna saarmathya hota hai ki ye pratyek sthaayi bhaav ke saath uske anukool bankar chal sakte hain. isliye inhein vyabhichaari bhaav bhi kaha jaata hai.

sanchaari ya vyabhichaari bhaavon ki sankhya 33 maani gayi hai - nirved, glaani, shanka, asooya, mad, shram, aalasya, deenata, chinta, moh, smruti, dhruti, vreeda, chaapalya, harsh, aaveg, jadta, garv, vishaad, autsukya, nidra, apasmaar (mirgi), svapn, prabodh, amarsh (asahanasheelata), avahittha (bhaav ka chhipaana), ugrata, mati, vyaadhi, unmaad, maran, traas aur vitrk.

bharatamuni (2-3 shati E.) ne kaavya ke aavashyak tatv ke roop mein ras ki pratishtha karte hue shrungaar, haasya, raudr, karun, veer, adbhut, beebhats tatha bhayaanak naam se uske aath bhedon ka spasht ullekh kiya hai tatha katipya panktiyon ke aadhaar par vidvaanon ki kalpana hai ki unhonne shaant naamak navein ras ko bhi sveekruti di hai. inheen nau rason ki sanjnyaa hai navaras. vibhaavaanubhaav-sanchaareebhaav ke sanyog se in rason ki nishpatti hoti hai. pratyek ras ka sthaayeebhaav alag-alag nishchit hai. usi ki vibhaavaadi sanyog se paripoorn honevaali nirvighn-prateeti-graahya avastha ras kahalaati hai. shrungaar ka sthaayi rati, haasya ka haas, raudr ka krodh, karun ka shok, veer ka utsaah, adbhut ka vismaya, beebhats ka jugupsa, bhayaanak ka bhaya tatha shaant ka sthaayi sham ya nirved kahalaata hai. bharat ne aath rason ke devata kramash: vishnu, pramath, rudr, yamaraaj, Indra, brahma, mahaakaal tatha kaaladev ko maana hai. shaant ras ke devata Narayan aur usaka varn kundetu bataaya jaata hai. pratham aath rason ke kramash: shyaam, sit, rakt, kapot, gaur, peet, neel tatha Krishna varn maane gaye hain.

bharat ne pratham aath rason mein shrungaar, raudr, veer tatha veebhats ko pradhaan maankar kramash: haasya, karun, adbhut tatha bhayaanak ras ki utpatti maani hai. shrungaar ki anukruti se haasya, raudr tatha veer karm ke parinaamasvaroop karun tatha adbhut evam veebhats darshan se bhayaanak utpann hota hai. anukruti ka arth, abhinvagupt (11veen shati) ke shabdon mein aabhaas hai, at: kisi bhi ras ka aabhaas haasya ka utpaadak ho sakta hai. vikrut veshaalankaaraadi bhi haasyotpaadak hote hain. raudr ka kaarya vinaash hota hai, at: usase karun ki tatha veerakarm ka karta praaya: ashakya kaaryon ko bhi karte dekha jaata hai, at: usase adbhut ki utpatti svaabhaavik lagti hai. isi prakaar beebhatsadarshan se bhayaanak ki utpatti bhi sambhav hai. akele smashaanaadi ka darshan bhayotpaadak hota hai. tathaapi yeh utpatti siddhaant aatyantik naheen kaha ja sakta, kyonki parapaksh ka raudr ya veer ras svapaksh ke liye bhayaanak ki srushti bhi kar sakta hai aur beebhatsadarshan se shaant ki utpatti bhi sambhav hai. raudr se bhayaanak, shrungaar se adbhut aur veer tatha bhayaanak se karun ki utpatti bhi sambhav hai. vastut: bharat ka abhimt spasht naheen hai. unke pashchaat dhananjaya (10veen shati) ne chitt ki vikaas, vistaar, vikshobh tatha vikshep naamak chaar avasthaaeain maankar shrungaar tatha haasya ko vikaas, veer tatha adbhut ko vistaar, beebhats tatha bhayaanak ko vikshobh aur raudr tatha karun ko vikshepaavastha se sambandhit maana hai. kintu jo vidvaan keval druti, vistaar tatha vikaas naamak teen hi avasthaaeain maanate hain unka is vargeekaran se samaadhaan na hoga. isi prakaar yadi shrungaar mein chitt ki dravit sthiti, haasya tatha adbhut mein usaka vistaar, veer tatha raudr mein usaki deepti tatha beebhats aur bhayaanak mein usaka sankoch maan lein to bhi bharat ka kram theek naheen baithata. ek sthiti ke saath doosari sthiti ki upasthiti bhi asambhav naheen hai. adbhut aur veer mein vistaar ke saath deepti tatha karun mein druti aur sankoch donon hain. fir bhi bharatakrut sambandh sthaapan se itna sanket avashya milta hai ki kathit rason mein paraspar upakaarakarta vidyamaan hai aur ve ek doosare ke mitr tatha sahachaari hain.

mitrata ke samaan hi in rason ki prayogasthiti ke anusaar inke virodh ki kalpana bhi ki gayi hai. kis rasavishesh ke saath kin anya rason ka turant varnan aasvaad mein baadhak hoga, yeh virodhabhaavana isi vichaar par aadhaarit hai. karun, beebhats, raudr, veer aur bhayaanak se shrungaar ka; bhayaanak aur karun se haasya ka; haasya aur shrungaar se karun ka; haasya, shrungaar aur bhayaanak se raudr ka; shrungaar, veer, raudr, haasya aur shaat se bhayaanak ka; bhayaanak aur shaant se veer ka; veer, shrungaar, raudr, haasya aur bhayaanak se shaant ka virodh maana jaata hai. yeh virodh aashray aikya, aalanban aikya athva nairantarya ke kaaran upasthit hota hai. prabandh kaavya mein hi is virodh ki sambhaavana rahati hai. muktak mein prasang ki chhand ke saath hi samaapti ho jaane se iska bhaya naheen rahata hai. lekhak ko virodhi rason ka aashray tatha aalanbanon ko pruthak-pruthak rakhakar athva do virodhi rason ke beech donon ke mitr ras ko upasthit karke ya pradhaan ras ki apeksha angaras ka sanchaareevat upasthit karke is virodh se utpann aasvaad-vyaaghaat ko upasthit hone se bacha lena chaahiye.

ras ki aasvaadaneeyata ka vichaar karte hue use brahmaanand sahodar, svaprakaashaanand, vilkshan aadi bataaya jaata hai aur is aadhaar par sabhi rason ko aanandaatmak maana gaya hai. bhattanaayak (10veen shati E.) ne satvodraik ke kaaran mamatv-paratv-heen dasha, abhinvagupt (11veen shati E.) ne nirvighn prateeti tatha aanandavardhan (9 sh. uttar) ne karun mein maadhurya tatha aardrata ki avasthit bataate hue shrungaar, vipralanbh tatha karun ko uttarottar prakarshamaya bataakar sabhi rason ki aanandasvaroopata ki or hi sanket kiya hai. kintu anukoolavedaneeyata tatha pratikoolavedaneeyata ke aadhaar par bhaavon ka vivechan karke rudrabhatt (9 se 11veen shati E. beech) raamachandr gunachandr (12veen sh.E.), haripaal, tatha dhananjaya ne aur hindi mein aachaarya raamachandr shukl ne rason ka sukhaatmak tatha du:khaatmak anubhootivaala maana hai. abhinvagupt ne in sabse pehle hi "abhinvabhaarati" mein "sukhadu:khasvabhaavon ras:" siddhaat ko prastut kar diya tha. sukhaatmak rason mein shrungaar, veer, haasya, adbhut tatha shaant ki aur du:khaatmak mein karun, raudr, beebhats tatha bhayaanak ki ganana ki gayi. "paanakaras" ka udaaharan dekar jaise yeh siddh kiya gaya ki gud mirich aadi ko mishrit karke banaae jaanevaale paanak ras mein alag-alag vastuon ka khatta meethaapan na maaloom hokar ek vichitr prakaar ka aasvaad milta hai, usi prakaar yeh bhi kaha gaya ki us vaichitrya mein bhi aanupaatik dhang se kabhi khatta, kabhi tikt aur isi prakaar anya prakaar ka svaad aa hi jaata hai. madhusoodan sarasvati ka kathan hai ki raj athva tam ki apeksha satv ko pradhaan maan lene par bhi yeh to maanana hi chaahiye ki anshat: unka bhi aasvaad bana rahata hai. aachaarya shukl ka mat hai ki hamein anubhooti to varnit bhaav ki hi hoti hai aur bhaav sukhaatmak du:khaatmak aadi prakaar ke hain, ataev ras bhi donon prakaar ka hoga. doosari or rason ko aanandaatmak maanane ke pakshapaati sahrudayon ko hi iska praman maanate hain aur tark ka sahaara lete hain ki du:khadaayi vastu bhi yadi apni priya hai to sukhadaayi hi prateet hoti hai. jaise, ratikeli ke samay stri ka nakhakshataadi se yon to shareer peeda hi anubhav hoti hai, kintu us samay vah use sukh hi maanati hai. bhoj (11veen shati E.) tatha vishvanaath (14veen shati E.) ki is dhaarana ke atirikt swayam madhusoodan sarasvati rason ko laukik bhaavon ki anubhooti se bhinn aur vilkshan maankar inki aanandaatmakata ka samarthan karte hai aur abhinvagupt veetavighnaprateet vataakar is dhaarana ko spasht karte hain ki usi bhaav ka anubhav bhi yadi bina vichlit hue aur kisi baahari athva antarodbhoot antaraaya ke bina kiya jaata hai to vah sahya hone ke kaaran aanandaatmak hi kahalaata hai. yadi du:khaatmak hi maanein to fir shrungaar ke vipralanbh bhed ko bhi du:khaatmak hi maanein to fir shrungaar ke vipralanbh bhed ko bhi du:khaatmak hi kyon na maana jaae? is prakaar ke anek tark dekar rason ki aanandaroopata siddh ki jaati hai. angreji mein traijedi se milnevaale aanand ka bhi anek prakaar se samaadhaan kiya gaya hai aur maraathi lekhakon ne bhi rason ki aanandaroopata ke sambandh mein paryaapt bhinn dhaaranaaeain prastut ki hain.

praaya: rason ke vibhinn naamon ki aupaadhik ya aupachaarik satta maankar paaramaarthik roop mein ras ko ek hi maanane ki dhaarana prachalit rahi hai. Bhaarat ne "na hi rasaadrute kashchidpyarth : pravartat" pankti mein "ras" shabd ka ek vachan mein prayog kiya hai aur abhinvagupt ne uparilikhit dhaarana vyakt ki hai. bhoj ne shrungaar ko hi ekamaatr ras maankar usaki sarvathaiv bhinn vyaakhya ki hai, vishvanaath ki anusaar Narayan pandit chamatkaarakaari adbhut ko hi ekamaatr ras maanate hain, kyonki chamatkaar hi rasaroop hota hai. bhavabhooti (8veen shati E.) ne karun ko hi ekamaatr ras maankar usi se sabki utpatti bataai hai aur bharat ke "svan svan nimittamaasaadya shaantaadbhaav: pravartate, punarnimittaapaaye ch shaant evopaleeyate" - (naatyashaastr 6/108) vaktavya ke aadhaar par shaant ko hi ekamaatr ras maana ja sakta hai. isi prakaar utsaah tatha vismaya ki sarvarasasanchaari sthiti ke aadhaar par unhein bhi anya sab rason ke mool mein maana ja sakta hai. ras aasvaad aur aanand ke roop mein ek akhand anubhooti maatr hain, yeh ek paksh hai aur ek hi ras se anya rason ka udbhav hua hai yeh doosra paksh hai.

rasaapraadhaanya ke vichaar mein rasaraajata ki samasya utpann ki hai. bharat samast shuchi, ujval, medhya aur dalaneeya ko shrungaar maanate hain, "agnipuraan" (11veen shati) shrungaar ko hi ekamaatr ras bataakar anya sabko usi ke bhed maanata hai, bhoj shrungaar ko hi mool aur ekamaatr ras maanate hain, parantu upalabdh likhit pramaan ke aadhaar par "rasaraaj" shabd ka prayog "ujjvalaneelamani" mein bhaktirs ke liye hi dikhaai deta hai. hindi mein keshavadaas (16veen shati E.) shrungaar ko rasanaayak aur Dave kavi (18veen shati E.) sab rason ka mool maanate hain. "rasaraaj" sanjnyaa ka shrungaar ke liye prayog matiraam (18veen shati E.) dvaara hi kiya gaya milta hai. doosari or banaaraseedaas (17veen shati E.) "samayasaar" naatak mein "navamon saant rasani ko naayak" ki ghoshana karte hain. rasaraajata ki sveekruti vyaapakata, utkat aasvaadyata, anya rason ko antarbhoot karne ki kshamata sabhi sanchaariyon tatha saatvikon ko ant:saat karne ki shakti sarvapraanisulabhatv tatha sheeghragraahyata aadi par nirbhar hai. ye sabhi baatein jitni adhik aur prabal shrungaar mein pai jaati hain, utani anya rason mein naheen. at: rasaraaj vahi kahalaata hai.

vichaarako ne raudr tatha karun ko chhodkar shesh rason ka bhi varnan kiya hai. inmein sabse vistrut varnan shrungaar ka hi thaharata hai. shrungaar mukhyat: sanyog tatha vipralanbh ya viyog ke naam se do bhaagon mein vibhaajit kiya jaata hai, kintu dhananjaya aadi kuchh vidvaan vipralanbh ke poorvaanuraag bhed ko sanyog-vipralanbh-virhit poorvaavastha maankar ayog ki sanjnyaa dete hain tatha shesh viprayog tatha sanbhog naam se do bhed aur karte hain. sanyog ki anek paristhitiyon ke aadhaar par use aganeya maankar use keval aashray bhed se naayakaarabdh, naayikaarabdh athva ubhayaarabdh, prakaashan ke vichaar se prachhann tatha prakaash ya spasht aur gupt tatha prakaashanaprakaar ke vichaar se sankshipt, sankeern, sanpannatar tatha samruddhimaan naamak bhed kiye jaate hain tatha vipralanbh ke poorvaanuraag ya abhilaashahetuk, maan ya ishryaahetuk, pravaas, virh tatha karun prilanbh naamak bhed kiye gaye hain. "kaavyaprakaash" ka virhahetuk naya hai aur shaapahetuk bhed pravaas ke hi antargat gruheet ho sakta hai, "saahityadarpan" mein karun vipralanbh ki kalpana ki gayi hai. poorvaanuraag kaaran ki drushti se gunashravan, pratyakshadarshan, chitradarshan, svapn tatha indrajaal-darshan-janya evam raag sthirta aur chamak ke aadhaar par neeli, kusunbh tatha manjishtha naamak bhedon mein baaainta jaata hai. "alankaarakaustubh" mein sheegra nasht honevaale tatha shobhit na honevaale raag ko "haaridr" naam se chautha bataaya hai, jise unka teekaakaar "shyaamaaraag" bhi kehta hai. poorvaanuraag ka dash kaamadashaaeain - abhilaash, chinta, anusmruti, gunakeertan, udveg, vilaap, vyaadhi, jadta tatha maran (ya apradashrya hone ke kaaran uske sthaan par moochrha) - maani gayi hain, jinke sthaan par kaheen apne tatha kaheen doosare ke mat ke roop mein vishnudharmottarapuraan, dasharoopak ki avalok teeka, saahityadarpan, prataaparudreeya tatha sarasvateekanthaabharan tatha kaavyadarpan mein kinchit parivartan ke saath chakshupreeti, man:sang, smaran, nidraabhang, tanuta, vyaavrutti, lajjaanaash, unmaad, moochrha tatha maran ka ullekh kiya gaya hai. shaaradaatanaya (13veen shati) ne ichha tatha utkantha ko jodkar tatha vidyaanaath (14veen shati poorvaardh) ne smaran ke sthaan par sankalp laakar aur pralaap tatha sanjvar ko badhaakar inki sankhya 12 maani hai. yeh yuktiyukt naheen hai aur inka antarbhaav ho sakta hai. maan-vipralanbh pranaya tatha ishrya ke vichaar se do prakaar ka tatha maan ki sthirta tatha aparaadh ki gambheerta ke vichaar se laghu, madhyam tatha guru naam se teen prakaar ka, pravaasavipralanbh kaaryaj, shaapaj, sainbhramaj naam se teen prakaar ka aur kaaryaj ke yasyatpravaas ya bhavishyat gachhatpravaas ya vartamaan tatha gatapravaas ya bhavishyat gachhatpravaas ya vartamaan tatha gatapravaas ya bhootapravaas, shaapaj ke taadroopya tatha vairoopya, tatha sanbhramaj ke utpaat, vaat, divya, maanush tatha parachakraadi bhed ke kaaran kai prakaar ka hota hai. virh gurujanaadi ki sameepata ke kaaran paas rahakar bhi naayika tatha naayak ke sanyog ke hone ka tatha karun vipralanbh mrutyu ke anantar bhi punarjeevan dvaara milan ki aasha bani rahanevaale viyog ko kehte hain. shrungaar ras ke antargat naayikaalankaar, ritu tatha prakruti ka bhi varnan kiya jaata hai. ek udaaharan hai-

Ram ko roop nihaarati jaanki kangan ke nag ki parachhaahi.

yaate sabe sukh bhooli gai kar teki rahi pal taarati naahi..

haasyaras ke vibhaavabhed se aatmasth tatha parasth evam haasya ke vikaasavichaar se smit, hasit, vihsit, upahasit, apahasit tatha atihsit bhed karke unke bhi uttam, madhyam tatha adham prakruti bhed se teen bhed karte hue unke antargat poorvokt kramash: do-do bhedon ko rakha gaya hai. hindi mein keshavadaas tatha ekaadh anya lekhak ne keval mandahaas, kalahaas, atihaas tatha parihaas naamak chaar hi bhed kiye hain. angreji ke aadhaar par haasya ke anya anek naam bhi prachalit ho gaye hain. veer ras ke keval yuddhaveer, dharmaveer, dayaaveer tatha daanaveer bhed sveekaar kiye jaate hain. utsaah ko aadhaar maankar panditraaj (17veen shati madhya) aadi ne anya anek bhed bhi kiye hain. adbhut ras ke bharat divya tatha aanandaj aur vaishnav aachaarya drusht, shrut, sankeertit tatha anumit naamak bhed karte hain. beebhats bharat tatha dhananjaya ke anusaar shuddh, kshobhan tatha udvegi naam se teen prakaar ka hota hai aur bhayaanak kaaranabhed se vyaajajanya ya bhramajanit, aparaadhajanya ya kaalpanik tatha vitraasitk ya vaastavik naam se teen prakaar ka aur svanishth paranishth bhed se do prakaar ka maana jaata hai. shaant ka koi bhed naheen hai. keval rudrabhatt ne avashya vairaagya, doshanigrah, santosh tatha tatvasaakshaatkaar naam se iske chaar bhed diye hain jo saadhan maatr ke naam hai aur inki sankhya badhaai bhi ja sakti hai.

shaant ras ka ullekh yahaaain kuchh drushti aur shant sawbhav aavashyak hai. iske sthaayeebhaav ke sambandh mein aikamatya naheen hai. koi sham ko aur koi nirved ko sthaayi maanata hai. rudrat (9 E.) ne "samyak gyaan" ko, aanandavardhan ne "trushnaakshayasukh" ko, tatha anyon ne "sarvachittavruttiprasham", nirvisheshachittavrutti, "ghruti" ya "utsaah" ko sthaayeebhaav maana. abhinvagupt ne "tatvajnyaaan" ko sthaayi maana hai. shaant ras ka naatya mein prayog karne ke sambandh mein bhi vaimatya hai. virodhi paksh ise vikriyaaheen tatha pradarshan mein kathin maankar virodh karta hai to samarthak dal ka kathan hai ki cheshtaaon ka uparaam pradarshit karna shaant ras ka uddeshya naheen hai, vah to paryantabhoomi hai. ataev paatr ki svabhaavagat shaanti evam laukik du:kh sukh ke prati viraag ke pradarshan se hi kaam chal sakta hai. nat bhi in baaton ko aur inki praapti ke liye kiye gaye prayatnon ko dikha sakta hai aur is dasha mein sanchaariyon ke grahan karne mein bhi baadha naheen hogi. sarveindriya uparaam na hone par sanchaari aadi ho hi sakte hain. isi prakaar yadi shaant sham avasthaavaala hai to raudr, bhayaanak tatha veebhats aadi kuchh ras bhi aise hain jinke sthaayeebhaav prabuddh avastha mein prabalata dikhaakar sheegra hi shaant hone lagte hain. ataev jaise unka pradarshan prabhaavapoorn roop mein kiya jaata hai, vaise hi iska bhi ho sakta hai. jaise maran jaisi dashaaon ka pradarshan anya sthaanon par nishiddh hai vaise hi uparaam ki paraakaashtha ke pradarshan se yahaaain bhi bacha ja sakta hai.

sthaayeebhaavon ke kisi vishesh lakshan athva rason ke kisi bhaav ki samaanata ke aadhaar par praaya: rason ka ek doosare mein antarbhaav karne, kisi sthaayeebhaav ka tirskaar karke naveen sthaayi maanane ki pravrutti bhi yada-kada dikhaai padi hai. yatha, shaant ras aur dayaaveer tatha veebhats mein se dayaaveer ka shaant mein antarbhaav tatha beebhats sthaayi jugupsa ko shaant ka sthaayi maana gaya hai. "naagaanand" naatak ko koi shaant ka aur koi dayaaveer ras ka naatak maanata hai. kintu yadi shaant ke tatvajnyaaanamoolak viraam aur dayaaveer ke karunaajanit utsaah par dhyaan diya jaae to donon mein bhinnata dikhaai degi. isi prakaar jugupsa mein jo vikrshan hai vah shaant mein naheen rahata. shaant raag-dvesh donon se pare samaavastha aur tatvajnyaaanasanmilit ras hai jismein jugupsa sanchaari maatr ban sakti hai. theek aise jaise karun mein bhi sahaanubhooti ka sanchaar rahata hai aur dayaaveer mein bhi, kintu karun mein shok ki sthiti hai aur dayaaveer mein sahaanubhootiprerit aatmashaktisanbhoot aanandaroop utsaah ki. athva, jaise raudr aur yuddhaveer donon ka aalanban shatru hai, at: donon mein krodh ki maatra rahati hai, parantu raudr mein rahanevaali pramodapratikool teekshnata aur avivek aur yuddhaveer mein utsah ki utfullata aur vivek rahata hai. krodh mein shatruvinaash mein pratishodh ki bhaavana rahati hai aur veer mein dhairya aur udaarata. ataev inka paraspar antarbhaav sambhav naheen. isi prakaar "anmarsh" ko veer ka sthaayi maanana bhi uchit naheen, kyonki amarsh ninda, apamaan ya aakshepaadi ke kaaran chitt ke abhinivesh ya svaabhimaanaavabodh ke roop mein prakat hota hai, kintu veeraras ke dayaaveer, daanaveer, tatha dharmaveer naamak bhedon mein is prakaar ki bhaavana naheen rahati.

• abhinay

• naatyashaastr

• naatyakalpadrum

• raas leela

• yakshagaan

• alankaar

• rasavidya ya rasashaastr (praacheen bhaarateeya rasaayanavidya)

• ras (vanaspati) (jyoos)

• ras (aayurved)

• bhaarateeya sanskruti mein ras ki avadhaarana
• rason ki sankhya (sanskrutabhaashi)