raghuvansham

raghuvansh kaalidaas rachit mahaakaavya hai. is mahaakaavya mein unnees sargon mein raghu ke kul mein utpann bees raajaaon ka ikkees prakaar ke chhandon ka prayog karte hue varnan kiya gaya hai. ismein dileep, raghu, dasharath, Ram, kush aur atithi ka vishesh varnan kiya gaya hai. ve sabhi samaaj mein aadarsh sthaapit karne mein safal hue. Ram ka ismein vishd varnan kiya gaya hai. unnees mein se chh: sarg unase hi sanbandhit hain.

aadikvi vaalmeeki ne Ram ko naayak banaakar apni raamaayan rachi, jiska anusaran vishv ke kai kaviyon aur lekhakon ne apni-apni bhaasha mein kiya aur Ram ki katha ko apne-apne dhang se prastut kiya. kaalidaas ne yadyapi Ram ki katha rachi parantu is katha mein unhonne kisi ek paatr ko naayak ke roop mein naheen ubhaara. unhonne apni kruti 'raghuvansh' mein poore vansh ki katha rachi, jo dileep se aarambh hoti hai aur agnivrn par samaapt hoti hai. agnivrn ke maranoparaant usaki garbhavati patni ke raajyabhishek ke uparaant is mahaakaavya ki itishri hoti hai.

raghuvansh par sabse praacheen upalabdh teeka 10veen shataabdi ke kaashmeeri kavi vallabhadev ki hai.^[1] kintu sarvaadhik prasiddh teeka mallinaath (1350 E - 1450 E) dvaara rachit 'sanjeevani' hai.

'raghuvansh' ki katha ko kaalidaas ne 19 sargon mein baaainta hai jinmein raaja dileep, raghu, aj, dasharath, Ram, love, kush, atithi tatha baad ke bees raghuvanshi raajaaon ki katha gooainthi gayi hai. is vansh ka patan uske antim raaja agnivrn ke vilaasita ki ati ke kaaran hota hai aur yaheen is kruti ki iti bhi hoti hai. is katha ke maadhyam se kavi kaalidaas ne raaja ke charitra, aadarsh tatha raajadharm jaise vishyon ka badaa sundar varnan kiya hai. Bhaarat ke itihaas mein sooryavansh ke is adhyaaya ka vah ansh bhi hai jismein ek or yeh sandesh hai ki raajadharm ka nirvaah karanevaale raaja ki keerti aur yash desh bhar mein failati hai, to doosari or charitraheen raaja ke kaaran apayash va vansh-patan nishchit hai, bhale hi vah kisi bhi uchch vansh ka vanshaj hi kyon na raha ho!

samaalochakon ne kaalidaas ka sarvashreshth mahaakaavya 'raghuvansh' ko maana hai. aadi se ant tak ismein nipun kavi ka vilkshan kaushal vyakt hota hai. dileep aur sudakshina ke tapomaya jeevan se praarambh is kaavya mein kramash: raghuvanshi raajaaon ki vadaanyata, veerata, tyaag aur tap ki ek ke baad ek kahaani udghaatit hoti hai aur kaavya ki samaapti kaamuk agnivrn ki vilaasita aur unke avsaan se hoti hai. dileep aur sudakshina ka tap:poot aacharan, varatantu ke shishya kauts aur raghu ka samvaad, indumati svayanvar, ajavilaap, Ram aur seeta ki vimaanayaatra, nirvaasit seeta ki tejasvita, sangamavarnan, ayodhya nagari ki shoonyata aadi ka chitr ek ke baad ek ubharata jaata hai aur paathak vimugdh bana hua manoyog se unako dekhta jaata hai. anek kathaanakon ka ekatreekaran hone par bhi is mahaakaavya mein kavi ne unka ek doosare se ek prakaar samanvaya kar diya hai jisse unamein svaabhaavik pravaah ka sanchaar ho gaya hai. 'raghuvansh' ke anek nrupatiyon ki is jyotit nakshatramaala mein kavi ne aadikvi vaalmeeki ke mahimaashaali Ram ko tejasvita aur garima pradaan ki hai. varnanon ki sajeevata, aagat prasargon ki svaabhaavikta, shaili ka maadhurya tatha bhaav aur bhaasha ki drushti se 'raghuvansh' sanskrutamahaakaavyon mein anupam hai.

raghuvansh mahaakaavya ki shaili klisht athva krutrim naheen, saral aur prasaadagunamayi hai. alankaaron ka suruchipoorn prayog svaabhaavik evam sahaj sundar hai. chune hue kuchh shabdon mein varnya vishay ki sundar jhaaainki dikhaane ke saath kavi ne 'raghuvansh' ke terahavein sarg mein isht vastu ke saundarya ki paraakaashtha dikhlaane ki adbhut yukti ka aashray liya hai. ganga aur yamuna ke sangam ki, unke mishrit jal ke pravaah ki chhata ka varnan karte samay ek ke baad ek upamaaon ki shrunkhala upasthit karte hue ant mein kavi ne Shiv ke shareer ke saath-saath usaki shobha ki upama di hai aur is prakaar saundarya ko seema se nikaalkar anant ke haathon saunp diya-

he nirdosh angonvaali seete, yamuna ki tarangon se mile hue ganga ke is pravaah ko jara dekho to sahi, jo kaheen Krishna sarpon se alankrut aur kaheen bhasmaangaraag se mandit bhagavaan‌ Shiv ke shareer ke samaan sundar prateet ho raha hai

kaalidaas mukhyat: komal aur ramaneeya bhaavon ke abhivyanjak kavi hai. iseeliye prakruti ka komal, manoram aur madhur paksh unki is kruti mein bhi ankit hua hai.

raghuvansh kaavya ke aarambh mein mahaakavi ne raghukul ke raajaaon ka mahattv evam unki yogyata ka varnan karne ke bahaane praanimaatr ke liye kitne hi prakaar ke ramaneeya upadesh diye hain. raghuvansh kaavya mein kaalidaas ne raghuvanshi raajaaon ko nimitt banaakar udaaracharit purushon ka svabhaav paathakon ke sammukh rakha hai. raghuvanshi raajaaon ka sankshep mein varnan jaanana ho to raghuvansh ke keval ek shlok mein usaki parinti is prakaar hai-

tyaagaaya samrutaarthaanaan satyaaya mibhaashinaam .

yashase vijigeeshoonaan prajaayai gruhamedhinaam .

shaishaveऽbhyastavidyaanaan yauvane vishyaishinaam.

vaardhake munivrutteenaan yogenaanante tanutyajaam .

(satpaatr ko daan dene ke liye dhan ikattha karanevaale, satya ke liye mitbhaashi, yash ke liye vijay chaahanevaale, aur santaan ke liye vivaah karanevaale, baalyakaal mein vidyaadhyayan karne vaale, yauvan mein saansaarik bhog bhogane vaale, budhaape mein muniyon ke samaan rahane vaale aur ant mein yog ke dvaara shareer ka tyaag karne vaale (raajaaon ka varnan karta hooain))

'raghuvansh' ki katha dileep aur unki patni sudakshina ke rishi vashishth ke aashram mein pravesh se praarambh hoti hai. raaja dileep dhanavaan, gunavaan, buddhimaan aur balavaan hai, saath hi dharmaparaayan bhi. ve har prakaar se sampann hain parantu kami hai to santaan ki. santaan praapti ka aasheervaad paane ke liye dileep ko gomaata nandini ki seva karne ke liye kaha jaata hai. roj ki tarah nandini jungle mein vichr rahi hai aur dileep bhi usaki rakhavaali ke liye saath chalte hain. itne mein ek Singh nandini ko apna bhojan banaana chaahata hai. dileep apne aap ko arpit kar Singh se praarthana karte hain ki unhein vah apna aahaar banaaye. Singh praarthana sveekaar kar leta hai aur unhein maarane ke liye jhapatata hai. is chhalaang ke saath hi Singh ojhal ho jaata hai. tab nandini bataati hai ki usi ne dileep ki pareeksha lene ke liye yeh maayaajaal racha tha. nandini dileep ki seva se prasann hokar putr praapti ka aasheervaad deti hai. raaja dileep aur sudakshina nandini ka doodh grahan karte hain aur unhein putr ratn ki praapti hoti hai. is gunavaan putr ka naam raghu rakha jaata hai jiske paraakram ke kaaran hi is vansh ko raghuvansh ke naam se jaana jaata hai.

raghu ke paraakram ka varnan kaalidaas ne vistaarapoorvak apne granth 'raghuvansh' mein kiya hai. ashvamedh yagya ke ghode ko churaane par unhonne indr se yuddh kiya aur use chhudaakar laaya tha. unhonne vishvajeet yagya sampann karke apna saara dhan daan kar diya tha. jab unke paas kuchh bhi dhan naheen raha, to ek din rishiputr kauts ne aakar unase 14 karod svarn mudraaen maangi taaki ve apni guru dakshina de sakein. raghu ne is braahman ko santusht karne ke liye kuber par chadhaai karne ka man banaaya. yeh soochana paakar kuber ghabaraaya aur khud hi unka khajaana bhar diya. raghu ne saara khajaana braahman ke havaale kar diya; parantu us braahmanaputr ne keval 14 karod mudraaen hi sveekaari.

raghu ke putr aj bhi bade paraakrami hue. unhonne Vidarbh ki Rajkumari indumati ke svayanvar mein jaakar unhein apni patni banaaya. kaalidaas ne is svayanvar ka sundar varnan 'raghuvansh' mein kiya hai. raghu ne aj ka raaj-kaushal dekhkar apna sinhaasan unhein saunp diya aur vaanaprasth le liya. raghu ki tarah aj bhi ek kushal raaja bane. ve apni patni indumati se bahut prem karte the. ek baar naaradaji prasannachitt apni veena liye aakaash mein vichr rahe the. sanyogavash unki vina ka ek fool toota aur bageeche mein sair kar rahi raani indumati ke sir par gira jisse unki mrutyu ho gayi. raaja aj indumati ke viyog mein vihval ho gaye aur ant mein jal-samaadhi le li.

kaalidaas ne 'raghuvansh' ke aath sargon mein dileep, raghu aur aj ki jeevani par prakaash daala. baad mein unhonne dasharath, Ram, love aur kush ki katha ka varnan aath sargon mein kiya. jab Ram lanka se laut rahe the, tab pushp vimaan mein baithi seeta ko dandakaaranya tatha panchavati ke un sthaanon ko dikha rahe the jahaaain unhonne seeta ki khoj ki thi. iska badaa hi sundar evam maarmik drushtaant kaalidaas ne 'raghuvansh' ke terahavein sarg mein kiya hai. is sarg se pata chalta hai ki kaalidaas ki bhaugolik jaankaari kitni gahan thi.

ayodhya ki poorv khyaati aur vartamaan sthiti ka varnan kush ke svapn ke maadhyam se kavi ne badee kushalata se solahavein sarg mein kiya hai. antim sarg mein raghuvansh ke antim raaja agnivrn ke bhog-vilaas ka chitran kiya gaya hai. raaja ke dambh ki paraakaashtha yeh hai ki janta jab raaja ke darshan ke liye aati hai to agnivrn apne pair khidki ke baahar pasaar deta hai. janta ke anaadar ka parinaam raajya ka patan hota hai aur is prakaar ek prataapi vansh ki iti bhi ho jaati hai.

kaalidaas jaante the ki Ram ki katha ka utkarsh vaalmiki ki raamaayan se ho gaya tha aur uske baad jo bhi likha jaaega usaka joothan hi hoga. iseeliye unhonne apne kaavya mein Ram ko naayak banaane ki bajaay raghuvansh ko hi kathaanaayak ke roop mein prastut kiya; jismein sabhi paatron ki apni-apni bhoomika rahi- apne-apne charitra ke aadhaar par....kuchh utkarsh to kuchh ghatiya. raghuvansh ka naam unke paraakrami aur aadarsh raajaaon ke naam se hi chalta rahega.

uparyukt jaankaari kaalidaas ke mahaakaavya raghuvansh ke anusaar hai kintu raghuvansh naam padne ke pehle is vansh ka naam 'ikshvaaku vansh' tha. vaalmeeki raamaayan ke anusaar ikshvaaku vansh ki poori vanshaavali is prakaar hai jo vaalmeeki raamaayan mein Ram ke vivaah prasang mein aayi hai.

"aadi roop brahma ji se mareechi ka janm hua. mareechi ke putr kashyap huye. kashyap ke vivsvaan aur vivsvaan ke vaivasvatamanu huye. vaivasvatamanu ke putr ikshvaaku huye. ikshvaaku ne ayodhya ko apni rajdhani banaaya aur is prakaar ikshvaaku kul ki sthaapana ki. ikshvaaku ke putr kukshi huye. kukshi ke putr ka naam vikukshi tha. vikukshi ke putr baan aur baan ke putr anaranya huye. anaranya se pruthu aur pruthu aur pruthu se trishanku ka janm hua. trishanku ke putr dhundhumaar huye. dhundhumaar ke putr ka naam yuvanaashv tha. yuvanaashv ke putr maandhaata huye aur maandhaata se susandhi ka janm hua. susandhi ke do putr huye - dhruvasandhi evam prasenajit. dhruvasandhi ke putr bharat huye. bharat ke putr asit huye aur asit ke putr sagar huye. sagar ke putr ka naam asamanj tha. asamanj ke putr anshumaan tatha anshumaan ke putr dileep huye. dileep ke putr bhageerath huye, inheen bhageerath ne apni tapobal se ganga ko pruthvi par laaya. bhageerath ke putr kakutsth aur kakutsth ke putr raghu huye. raghu ke atyant tejasvi aur paraakrami naresh hone ke kaaran unke baad is vansh ka naam raghuvansh ho gaya. raghu ke putr pravruddh huye jo ek shaap ke kaaran raakshas ho gaye the, inka doosra naam kalmaashapaad tha. pravruddh ke putr shankhan aur shankhan ke putr sudarshan huye. sudarshan ke putr ka naam agnivrn tha. agnivrn ke putr sheeghrag aur sheeghrag ke putr maru huye. maru ke putr prashushruk aur prashushruk ke putr ambareesh huye. ambareesh ke putr ka naam nahush tha. nahush ke putr yayaati aur yayaati ke putr naabhaag huye. naabhaag ke putr ka naam aj tha. aj ke putr dasharath huye aur dasharath ke chaar putr raamachandr, bharat, Lakshman aur shatraghn huye."

is mahaakaavya mein 21 prakaar ke chhandon ka prayog hua hai:

anushtup, indravajra, upajaati, upendravajra, aupachhandasik, totak, drutavilmbit, pushpitaagra, praharshini, manyajubhaashini, mattamayoor, mandaakraanta, maalini, rathoddhata, vaanshasth, vasantatilka, vaitaaleeya, shaardoolavikrudit, shaalini, svaagata, harini.

• kaalidaas raghuvansh ki katha
• raghuvansham (vikisrot par moolapaath)
• kaalidaas ki laalitya yojana (Google pustak ; lekhak - hajaari prasaad Dwivedi)
• bhaarateeya sanskruti ki rooparekha (Google pustak ; lekhak - babu gulaabaraaya)
• mahaakavi kaalidaas evam unka mahaakaavya raghuvansh
• raghuvansh mahaakaavyam (Google pustak)