ragbi football

ragbi football (aam taur par keval “ragbi ”) vartamaan mein do khel-roopon mein hai- ragbi league ya ragbi union athva United kingadam ke vibhinn ilaakon mein viksit football ke ek samaanya roop se nikle hue anek khel roopon mein se ek hai.

inhein bhi dekhein: History of rugby union evam History of rugby league

is anubhaag mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (June 2010)

ragbi school ka maidaan jahaan pauraanik katha ke anusaar khel ka aavishkaar kiya gaya tha.

ragbi football ragbi school mein khele jaane vaale football se viksit hua hai aur mool roop se yeh 19veen shataabdi ke dauraan english pablik schoolon mein khele jaane vaale football ke vibhinn roopon mein se ek tha.

football ke us khel mein jo ragbi school mein 1750 aur 1859 ke beech khela jaata tha baul ko haath se fekane ki anumati thi lekin kisi bhi khilaadi ko yeh chhoot naheen thi ki vah apne virodhi paksh ke gol ki taraf baul ko haath mein lekar daude. pratyek paksh mein kitne khilaadi kheleinge yeh tay naheen hota tha aur kabhi-kabhi to ek prakaar ke vishaal rauling mall mein saikadon bhaag lete the. aksar is khel mein khilaadiyon ko gambheer chotein aati theen. baul ke saath daudne ki shuruaat 1859 aur 1865 ke beech kisi samay hui thi. William bev Alice ko is baat ka shreya jaata hai ki 1823 mein baul ke saath saamane ki or daudkar unhonne sthaaneeya niyamon ko toda. iske kuchh din baad is khel ke liye likhit niyam banaae gaye jo pehle sthaaneeya aapasi samjhauton ke aadhaar par khela jaata tha. ragbi school ke ladkon ne 1870 mein apne khel ke liye pehla likhit niyam banaaya.

is samay tak ragbi ke hedamaastar dau॰ Thomas aarnald ka badhta hua prabhaav anya sabhi pablik schoolon mein mahasoos kiya jaane laga tha aur santulit shiksha ke ek ang ke roop mein khel par unke dvaara bal diye jaane se svaabhaavik roop se desh bhar mein aur aakhirkaar duniya bhar mein ragbi ke niyamon ko saamaanya roop se sveekaar karne ko badhaava mila.^[1][2]

ragbi union ek vyaavasaayik tatha shaukiya donon prakaar ka khel hai aur ismein dakshin Africa, Argentina, Australia, ingalaind, France, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Scotland tatha vels jaise pehle kram ke unionon ka raaj chalta hai. doosare tatha teesare kram mein aate hain: Canada, chili, feeji, jaurjiya, Japan, naameebiya, Portugal, romaaniya, samoya, spain, tonga, sanyukt raajya America tatha urugave. ragbi union ka sanchaalan antarraashtreeya ragbi board (aaiaarabi) dvaara kiya jaata hai, jiska mukhyaalaya Ireland ke dablin mein sthit hain. yeh New Zealand, dakshin Africa, vels, feeji, samoaa, tonga tatha medaagaaskar ka raashtreeya khel hai aur duniyaabhar mein ragbi ka sarvaadhik lokapriya roop hai,^[3] jismein khel ke sevan-A-side sanskaran ko 'ragbi sevan' kehte hain, jise Rio di jeneriyo mein hone vaale varsh 2016 ke olympic khel ke baad se ise khel kaaryakram mein sveekaar kar liya hai.^[4] yeh bhi sambhaavana hai ki varsh 2012 mein London olympic mein 'ragbi sevans' ek pradarshan khel bane. ragbi union ka fifteen-A-side sanskaran pichhli baar varsh 1924 mein peris olympic mein khela gaya, jismein France ko 17-3 se haraakar America ne svarn padak par apna kabja jamaaya.^[5]

ragbi league bhi ek vyaavasaayik tatha shaukiya donon prakaar ka khel hai, jiska sanchaalan antarraashtreeya star par ragbi league intaranaishanal federation dvaara kiya jaata hai. America, roos, Lebanon, Europeeya deshon aur Australia ki kai saari shaukiya tatha ardh-vyaavasaayik pratiyogita ke alaava poori duniya mein iski do pramukh vyaavasaayik pratiyogitaaen hain- Australiaee naishanal ragbi league tatha yoopiyn super league.

donon ragbi code ki saamaanya vishishtataaon mein shaamil hain 'ovar baul' aur 'ban on paasing the baul' (baul ko aage paas karne par rok), taaki khilaadi apna sthaan keval baul ke saath bhaag kar ya ise kick kar bana sakein. jaise-jaise ragbi ka khel iske vipakshi union se aage badha, iske badle hue niyamon ko laagoo kiya gaya taaki yeh tej gati wala, jyaada prayaas-aadhaarit khel ban sake.

league mein 13 aur union mein 15 khilaadiyon ke hone ke alaava donon khelon ke do pramukh antar ye hain ki, inmein taikal hote hain aur uske parinaam is prakaar hote hain:

• taikal ke baad union khilaadi apne adhikaar (pajejan) ke liye mukaabala karte hain: sthiti ke aadhaar par, rak (ruck) ya mall (maul) ho sakta hai. taikal ke baad league khilaadi pajejan ka mukaabala naheen kar sakte hain: khel play-the-baul ke saath khel jaari rahata hai.
• league mein pajejan waali team yadi 6 taikal ke set ke pehle score banaane mein asafal rahati hai to vah apna pajejan chhod degi. union mein 6 taikal ka niyam naheen hota; team baul ko score se pehle aseemit taikal ke liye tab tak rakh sakti hai, jab tak ki yeh pajejan banaae rakhe aur aakraman na kar de.

union code ke set peeses mein skram (scrum) shaamil hota hai, jahaan virodhi khilaadiyon ke jhund adhikaar (pajejan) aur laainaaaut ke liye ek-doosare ko dhakka dete hain, jahaan harek team ke khilaadiyon ki samaanaantar rekhaaen touch se feinke hue baul ko pakadne ke liye touch-line prayaas ke lanbavat vyavasthit rahate hain.

league code mein skram ab bhi maujood hai, par iska mahatva kaafi kam ho gaya hai, kyonki iske kuchh hi khilaadi shaamil hote hain aur ismein virle hi mukaabala kiya jaata hai, jisse skram ekedamik ka nirmaan hota hai. set ke khand (set pees) saamaanyat: play-the-baul sthiti se aarambh kiya jaata hai. kai saare ragbi league pojishn mein ragbi union pojishn jaise hi naam aur jarooratein hoti hain par ragbi league mein koi flainkar naheen hota.

is lekh ki tatasthata is samay vivaadit hai. krupaya vaarta panne ki charcha ko dekhein. jab tak yeh vivaad sulajhata naheen hai krupaya is sandesh ko na hataaeain. (October 2009)

kai ragbi khelne vaale desh mein ragbi union ko vyaapak roop se 'sthaapit' khel maana jaata hai, jise uchch tatha madhyam vargon ke sadasyon dvaara khela jaata hai. udaaharan ke liye niji schoolon tatha graamar schoolon ke kai chhaatr ragbi union khelte hain.^[6] vahi iske vipreet, ragbi league paaramparik roop se kaam-rojagaar vaale vargon ka pasand raha hai. is parampara ka apavaad England tatha vels ke padosi desh mein dekhne ko milta hai. England mein ragbi union pablik school system se sambandhit hai. vels mein ragbi chhoti graameen teemon se juda hai, jinmein koyale ke khadaan tatha anya audyogik sansthaanon mein kaam karne vaale log shaamil hain, jo apne khaali dinon mein khelte hain.^[7] Ireland mein, khaaskar linstar mein ragbi union niji shikshan tatha "D4" roodhibddh dhaarana se bhi juda hai aur bekaar, ajnyaaanata waali, dhanaadya ragbi ke majaakiya khel ki is chhavi ke kaaran hi best-seling upanyaas ros O'kairaul Kelly ko prerana mili. Australia mein donon code new south vels, kveensalaind tatha Australian rajdhani kshetr (dekhiye- baaraasi line) mein sankeindrit ho gaye hain. England mein maujood donon khelon ke beech aisa hi varg avarodh in raajyon mein bhi utpann ho gaya hai, jo ragbi unionon ke aadhiptya aur niji schoolon ke badhaava dvaara utpann hua hai.^[8]

uparokt ke alaava New Zealand, vels, peris ko chhodkar France, kaurnavaal, glosestarashaayar, somaraset, (dekhein-munstar), Scotland ka seemaavarti ilaaka, Ireland mein limrik (dekhein-munstar) tatha pesifik aailaind shaamil hain, jahaan ragbi union kaamagaar samudaayon ke logon mein lokapriya hai. tathaapi, uttari England tatha new south vels^[9] aur kveensalaind ke Australiaee raajyon mein ragbi league ko kaamagaar samudaaya ke khel ke roop mein hi jaana jaata hai.^[8]

United kingadam mein ragbi unionon ke prashansak kabhi-kabhi is khel ke naam ke vikalp ke roop mein “aragara” (dekhiye- oksford '-er') shabd ka istemaal karte hain.

• oidi: ragar "slaing ya ragbi ka bolachaal ka parivrtit roop ('ragbi football' ke arth mein), kai baar 'ragar-taikal' ke naam se pukaara jaata hai.
• toni kaulins, football, ragbi, ragar ?, (likhit traansakript ke saath BBC saaund rikaurding aur british laaibreri saaund aarkaaivs ke english ekseint aur daayalaikt ke curator Johnny raubinsan ke padya mein ek tippni) New Zealand ke nivaasi ragbi ko saamaanyat: “afootee” ya “afutabaula” ke naam se pukaarate hain, vaheen ragbi union ke liye ve “aragbi” ya “aunion” ka istemaal karte hain; ragbi league ke liye ve “aragbi league” ya “aleague” ka prayog karte hain.^[10] America mein ragbi khelne vaalon ko kabhi-kabhi “aragarsa” kehte hain, jis shabd ka prayog iske alaava kisi doosare roop se virle hi hua hai.

aise log jo ragbi union ke laaifastaail mein kaafi jor-shor se shaamil hote hain- jinmein sharaab peene ki gahari aadat aur stripd jampars shaamil hain, kabhi-kabhi unhein “aragar bagarsa” bhi kehte hain. UK tatha Ireland mein ek puraani kahaavat hai, “aragbi ek aisa barbar khel hai jise sabhya log khelte hain. par football sabhya logon ka ek aisa khel hai, jise barbar logon dvaara khela jaata hai.”^[11]

inhein bhi dekhein: Football (ball)#Rugby football

ragbi union mein antarraashtreeya ragbi board dvaara niyam-2 ke tahat baul ke saaij aur svaroop ko viniymit kiya jaata hai. ek aadhikaarik ragbi union baul andaakaar hota hai aur chaar painalon ka bana hota hai. iski lambaai 280-300 mimi, paridhi (ek chhor se doosari chhor tak) 740-770 mimi aur paridhi (motaai ke roop mein) 580-620 mimi hoti hai. yeh chamade athva kisi upayukt sinthetik padaarth ka bana hota hai aur jal-nirodhi aur aasaani se pakada ja sakane wala hota hai. ragbi baul ka vajan 460 gram se adhik aur 410 gram se kam naheen hona chaahiye aur ismein hava ka dabaav 65.71- 68.75 kilo paaskal athva 0.67 – 0.70 kigra prati varg semi athva 9.5 – 10.0 lbs prati varg inch hota hai.^[12] atirikt baulon ko aisi sthiti mein rakhi jaati hai ki khilaadi athva team baul ke badalne se koi faayda na utha sakein. chhote saaij ke baul baal khilaadiyon ke liye bhi upayog mein laae ja sakte hain.

ragbi shart pehle sooti hua karti thi lekin ab yeh sooti aur pauleeestar mishrit hoti hai. is padaarth ki yeh khoobi hai ki yeh sirf sooti ki tarah paani athva keechad ko adhik naheen sokhata hai.

khele ja rahe ragbi ke prakaar ke anusaar ragbi ke jersey kuchh alag-alag prakaar ke hote hain. ragbi league ke khilaadiyon dvaara pahani jaani waali shart mein gale par ek bada-sa "V" hota hai aur ye shart ragbi union ke jersey ki tulana mein adhik rang-birangi hoti hain.^[13] ragbi union ke khilaadi adhik paaramparik dijaayan vaale jersey pahanate hain jo kabhi-kabhi to poori tarah safed hote hain (France mein kaihaurs ragbi). haalaanki, ragbi union ke jyaadaatar khilaadi ek rang ke jersey pahanate hain jispar vibhinn rangon ki pattiyaan hoti hain. khilaadi ki sankhya aur usaka upanaam jersey ki peeth par oopar ki or likhe hote hain (praaya: naam sankhya ke oopar rahata hai jahaan sankhya spasht roop se bade aakaar mein aur beech mein hoti hai), saath hi team ka logo seene par baayeen or oopar ki taraf bana hota hai.

• ragbi baul ke richrd lindan ka aavishkaarak
• vyaapak ragbi union itihaas