raajaneetik dal
raajaneetik dal athva raajanaitik dal ek raajaneetik sanstha (Political organisation) hai jo shaasan mein raajaneetik shakti praapt karne evam use banaaye rakhane ka prayatn karta hai. iske liye praaya: vah chunaav ki prakriya mein bhaag leta hai. raajaneetik dalon ka apna ek siddhaant ya lakshya (vijn) hota hai jo praaya: likhit dastaavej ke roop mein hota hai.
vibhinn deshon mein raajaneetik dalon ki alag-alag sthiti va vyavastha hai. kuchh deshon mein koi bhi raajaneetik dal naheen hota. kaheen ek hi dal sarvesarva (dauminaint) hota hai. kaheen mukhyat: do dal hote hain. kintu bahut se deshon mein do se adhik dal hote hain.
lokataantrik raajanaitik vyavastha mein raajanaitik dalon ka sthaan kendreeya avadhaarana ke roop mein atyant mahatvapoorn hai. raajanaitik dal kisi samaaj vyavastha mein shakti ke vitran aur satta ke aakaankshi vyaktiyon evam samoohon ka pratinidhitv karte hain. ve paraspar virodhi hiton ke saaraneekaran, anushaasan aur saamanjasya ka pramukh saadhan rahe hain. is tarah se raajanaitik dal samaaj vyavastha ke lakshyon, saamaajik gatisheelata, saamaajik parivrtanon, parivrtanon ke avarodhon aur saamaajik aandolanon se bhi sambandhit hote hain. raajanaitik dalon ka adhyayan samaajashaastri aur raajaneetishaastri donon karte hain, lekin donon ke drushtikonon mein paryaapt antar hai. samaajashaastri raajanaitik dal ko saamaajik samooh maanate hain jabki raajaneetijnya raajaneetik dalon ko aadhunik raajya mein sarkaar banaane ki ek pramukh sanstha ke roop mein dekhte hain.
anukram
visheshataaeain
raajaneetik dal ki sanrachana mein kuchh aisi visheshataaen hain jo ise anya samooh se alag karti hain -
- 1. raajaneetik dal aisa sangathan hai jiska praathamik uddeshya raajaneetik netrutv ki praapti hota hai. ismein dal ka neta sangathit alpatantr (kaaryakaarini) dvaara shakti hathiyaane ka poora-poora prayatn karta hai.
- 2. saamaajik evam aarthik uddeshyon ko lekar up sanrachanaaen evam samitiyaan hoti hai, jo bhaugolik seemaaon, saamaajik samagrataaon ke aadhaar par hoti hain. dal mein kai paraspar virodhi samooh kisi uddeshya tatha raajaneetik vichaaradhaara ko lekar saath jude hue rahate hain.
- 3. har raajaneetik dal mein alpatantr hota hai. pratham avastha mein shakti ka kendreekaran kuchh anubhavi netaaon ke haath mein hota hai, jo pramukh padaadhikaari hote hain, jabki doosari avastha mein dal ka sangathan ek vishesh stareekaran vyavastha mein vibhaajit hota hai aur har star par kuchh svaayattata pai jaati hai.
- 4. dal mein sadasyata nirntar bani rahati hai. ek sadasya doosare sadasya ko dal ki gatividhiyon ki jaankaari dete rahate hain. nae sadasyon ke liye dal mein sadasyata ke dwaar hamesha khule rahate 87 hain. yaheen yeh ek khuli sanrachana hoti hai. kuchh log dal ke sadasya isliye hote hain ki unhein samaaj mein uske kaaran ek vishesh sthaan mil jaata hai.
uparyukt lakshanon dvaara raajaneetik dal ko anya sangathan se bhinn karke dekh sakte hain. raajaneetik dal ka gathan samaaj vyavastha ki do visheshataaon dvaara paaya jaata hai -
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- 1. raajaneetik shakti ka aadhaar 'vote' hai arthaat sarkaar ka nirdhaaran matadaan pranaali se kiya jaata hai.
- 2. vibhinn samoohon mein shakti ke liye paraspar pratispardha hoti hai. arthaat raajaneetik shakti ko satta hathiyaane ke liye paraspar hod ho rahi hoti hai.
sanrachana
mauris duvarjar ne raajaneetik dal ke saamaajik sangathan ka mahatvapoorn vishleshan prastut kiya hai. inhonne dal ke sangathan ko chaar sootreeya vargeekaran dvaara samajhaane ka prayaas kiya hai. ye varg nimnalikhit hain-
- (1) samiti ( kaukas / Caucus)
- (2) shaakha (branch / Branch)
- (3) koshthak (sel / Cell)
- (4) naagrik sena (milishiya / Militia)
kaukas dal ke jaane-pahachaane logon ka ek laghu samooh kaha ja sakta hai jo na apne vistaar aur na hi apni bharti mein roochi rakhata hai. vaastav mein yeh ek band samooh hai. jiski prakruti arddh-sthaayi hoti hai. keval chunaav ke samay hi kaukas adhik sakriya hota hai tatha chunaavon ke beech ke samay mein yeh nishkriya rahata hai. iske sadasyon ki nyoon sankhya iski shakti ka maap naheen hai kyonki iske sadasyon ka vyaktigat prabhaav, shakti evam kshamata unki sankhya se kaafi adhik hoti hai. at: iske khyaati praapt sadasyon ki sankhya ki apeksha unka prabhaav evam kshamata adhik mahatvapoorn hai. duvarjar ne fraanseesi raidikl party aur 1918 se poorv ki british lebar party ko iska udaaharan bataaya hai. mataadhikaar ke vistaar ke saath 'kaukas' prakaar ke dal ka hraas ho jaata hai.
shaakha ya branch dal parishmi Europe mein mataadhikaar ke vistaar ka parinaam hai. iska sambandh janta se hota hai tatha kaukas ki tarah yeh ek band samooh naheen hai kyonki inmein gunon ki apeksha sankhya ko adhik mahatva diya jaata hai. at: yeh adhik se adhik sadasyon ki bharti mein sadaiv roochi rakhata hai. inki raajaneetik sankriytaaen keval chunaav tak hi seemit naheen hoti apitu nirntar chalti rahati hain. branch kaukas ki apeksha bada samooh hai isliye iska sangathan adhik hota hai tatha ismein kaukas ki apeksha adhik ekeekaran paaya jaata hai. ismein sanstaran tatha karttavyon ka vibhaajan suspasht hota hai tatha sthaaneeyata evam sankeernata ka bhi aabhaas paaya jaata hai. ismein adhiktar kendreekrut dal sanrachana hoti hai aur praarambhik ikaaiyaan nirvaachan kshetron ki hi bhaanti bhaugolik aadhaar par sangathit hoti hain. Europe ke samaajavaadi dalon mein branch ke sabhi lakshan paaye jaate hain. Catholic aur anudaaravaadi dalon ne nyoonaadhik safalataapoorvak iska anusaran kiya hai. jarman social democratic party sangathanaatmak aadhaar par is prakaar ke dal ka ek achha udaaharan hai.
duvarjar dvaara bataaya gaya dal sangathan ka teesara prakaar koshthak ya sel hai jo kraantikaari saamyavaadi dalon ki khoj hai. yeh branch ki apeksha kaafi chhota samooh hota hai tatha iska aadhaar bhaugolik na hokar vyaavasaayik hota hai. vyaavasaayik aadhaar ke kaaran sel kisi sthaan par kaarya karne vaale sabhi sadasyon ko ek sootr mein baaaindhana hai. kaarkhaana, workshop, daftar evam prashaasan aadi iske ang ho sakte hain. choonki sel un sadasyon ka samooh hain jo ek hi vyavasaaya mein lage hue hain tatha jo pratidin kaarya ke samay milte hain, isliye iske sadasyon mein daleeya ekaatmakata adhik hoti hai. vaiyaktik sel ka anya selon se koi pratyaksh sambandh naheen hota hai. sel ka sangathan anivaarya roop se shadyantrakaari hota hai aur iski nirmaan shaili is baat ka pakka intajaam karti hai ki ek sel ke nasht hone par sampoorn dal-sanrachana sankat mein pade kyonki ek hi star par pruthak-pruthak ikaaiyon ke beech koi sampark naheen rahata. yeh gupt sakriyta ke liye sabse upayukt maadhyam hai. iski gupt sakriytaaen mukhyat: raajanaitik hoti hain tatha sadasyon ke liye adhik mahatvapoorn hoti hain. maton ko jeetne, pratinidhiyon ke samoohan tatha matadaataaon ke pratinidhiyon se sampark rakhane ki apeksha sel dal sangharsh, prachaar, anushaasan tatha agar anivaarya to gupt sakriyta ka ek maadhyam hai. inmein chunaav jeetne ki doosare darje ke mahatva ki baat maanane ki pravrutti hoti hai. praja taantrik kendravaad ki dhaarana dal ke sabhi pahaluon par kendreekrut niyantran sthaapit kar deti hai jiska udaaharan 1917 se pehle leninvaadi dal tha. duvarjar fraanseesi saamyavaadi dal ke sadasyon mein sel sanrachana ke prati shatru bhaav hone ka bhi sanket karte hain.
duvarjar ka dal-sangathan ka chautha prakaar milishiya prakaar ka sangathan hai. yeh ek prakaar ki niji sena hai jiske sadasyon ko sainikon ki tarah bharti kiya jaata hai tatha jinhein sainik sangathan ki bhaaainti anushaasan mein rahana aur prashikshan lena padta hai. iski sanrachana bhi sainik sanrachana ke samaan hoti hai arthaat iske sadasya sena ki tarah tukadiyon, companyon aur bataaliynon se sangathit hote hain. milishiya sena ke adhikramik lakshan grahan kar leti hai. milishiya ki chunaav tatha sansadeeya gatividhiyon mein koi roochi naheen hoti kyonki yeh prajaatantreeya vyavastha ko majaboot karne ki apeksha ise ukhaad feinkane ka ek maulik saadhan hai. jis prakaar sel ek saamyavaadi khoj hai, theek usi prakaar milishiya kraantikaariyon ki khoj hai. hitlar ke aakraami sainik aur musolini ki kraantikaari milishiya is prakaar ki sanrachana ka udaaharan hain. inki or duvarjar yeh sanket karte hain ki keval milishiya ke aadhaar par kabhi bhi koi raajaneetik dal naheen bana hai.
raajaneetik dalon ka saamaajik sangathan
jis sangathit roop mein raajaneetik dal aaj hamaare saamane vidyamaan hain, us roop mein unka itihaas adhik praacheen naheen hai. unki utpatti unneesaveen shataabdi mein hui hai parantu isse poorv bhi manushyon dvaara nirmit kuchh sangathan, shaasan se pratyaksh na hone par bhi janamat ke nirmaan tatha maangon ko shaasakon tak pahunchaane mein mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaate rahe hain. aadhunik samaaj mein raajaneetik dalon ka gathan vividh aadhaaron par kiya gaya hai.
raajaneetik dalon ke nirmaan mein manovaigyaanik aadhaar arthaat maanav svabhaav mein nihit pravruttiyaan pramukh hain. mataikya evam sangathan maanav svabhaav ki do pramukh pravruttiyaan hain. samaan svabhaav evam moolyon vaale vyakti sangathit hokar raajaneetik dal ka nirmaan karte hain tatha fir un moolyon ko banaaye rakhane ka prayaas karte hain. british kanjravetiv dal ka gathan roodhivaadi vyavastha ko banaaye rakhane ke samarthak vyaktiyon dvaara kiya gaya hai. kuchh vyakti roodhivaadi vyavastha mein parivartan laana chaahate hain tatha is uddeshya ki poorti ke liye udaaravaadi dalon ka nirmaan karte hain, jabki kuchh log vigat yug ki punaraavrutti ki aakaanksha ke aadhaar par pratikriyaavaadi dalon ka nirmaan karte hain.
maanav itihaas mein dharm ki raajaneeti mein mahatvapoorn bhoomika rahi hai tatha aaj bhi anek deshon mein dhaarmik neta evam padaadhikaari pratyaksh ya paroksh roop se raajaneeti mein hastakshep karte hain. raajanaitik dalon ke saamaajik sangathan mein dharm pramukh bhoomika nibhaata hai. udaaharanaarth Bhaarat mein muslim league, akaali dal, janasangh, hindu mahaasabha jaise dalon ke saamaajik sangathan mein dharm kendreeya bhoomika nibhaata hai.
raajaneetik dalon ke nirmaan mein kshetreeyata athva praadeshikta bhi ek pramukh aadhaar hai. praadeshik hiton ki raksha ke liye tatha praadeshik samasyaaon ke sheegra niptaare ke liye kuchh praadeshik dalon ka nirmaan hota hai. Bhaarat mein dee0ema0ke0, telangaana praja samiti, asam gan parishad, jhaarakhand mukti morcha aadi.
raajaneetik dal aarthik ya vargeeya aadhaaron par bhi sangathit hote hain. maarks ke anusaar raajaneetik dalon tatha vargon ka paraspar sambandh raajya va raajaneeti ke siddhaant ka kendreeya bindu hota hai. anek anveshanon se hamein yeh pata chalta hai ki vargeeya hit, daleeya sambaddhataaon tatha nirvaachanon ki pasand ke beech ghanishth sambandh hai tatha adhikaansh samaaj mein raajaneetik dal nirvaachak vargeeya hiton ka pratinidhitv karte hain. Britain mein shramik dal, Bhaarat mein majadoor dal, kisaan union aadi.
jaati, bhaarateeya samaaj ki aadhaarbhoot visheshata hai. Bhaarat mein raajanaitik dalon ke saamaajik sangathan ko jaati hamesha se prabhaavit karti rahi hai. svatantrata se poorv jaati mukti ka aandolan raajanaitik dalon ke gathan ko prabhaavit karna raha hai. dalit varg kalyaan league, bahishkrut hitkaarini sabha, Justice party iske pramukh udaaharan hain.
svatantrata ke pashchaat nirvaachan pratiyogita mein 'jaati' raajanaitik gatisheelata laane wala pramukh saamaajik aadhaar ban gaya. 'jaateeya sanlayan' aur 'jaateeya vikhndan' raajanaitik prakriyaaon mein kendreeya bhoomika nibhaane lagi. sabhi raajanaitik dal jaateeya ganana ke aadhaar par ummeedavaaron ko tay karne lage. vartamaan samay mein jaateeya aadhaar par raajanaitik dalon ke gathan ka pramukh aadhaar hai. samaajavaadi party, bahujan samaaj party, raashtreeya janta dal, janta dal United aadi iske pramukh udaaharan hain.
daleeya sangathan mein vichaaradhaara bhi pramukh bhoomika nibhaati hai. samaajavaadi, leninvaadi aur maaovaadi vichaaradhaaraaon par aadhaarit anek dalon ka nirmaan bhaarateeya raajaneeti ki pramukh visheshata rahi hai.