raajanaya

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (May 2016)

New York sthit sanyukt raashtrasangh sansaar ka sabse bada raajanayik sangathan hai.

raashtron athva samoohon ke pratinidhiyon dvaara kisi mudde par charcha evam vaarta karne ki kala va abhyaas (practice) raajanaya (diplomaisi) kahalaata hai.

aaj ke vaigyaanik yug mein koi desh alag-alag naheen rah sakta. in deshon mein paarasparik sambandh jodna aaj ke yug mein aavashyak ho gaya hai. in sambandhon ko jodne ke liye yogya vyakti ek desh se doosare desh mein bheje jaate hain. ye vyakti apni yogyata, kushalata aur kootaneeti se doosare desh ko praay: mitr bana lete hain. pracheen kaal mein bhi ek raajya doosare raajya se kootaneetik sambandh jodne ke liye apne kootneetigya bhejata tha. pehle kootaneeti ka arth 'saude mein ya len den mein vaakya chaaturi, chhal-prapanch, dhokha-dhadi' lagaaya jaata tha. jo vyakti kam moolya dekar adhikaadhik laabh apne desh ke liye praapt karta tha, kushal kootneetigya kahalaata tha. parantu aaj chhal-prapanch ko kootaneeti naheen kaha jaata hai. vaigyaanik drushti se aadhunik kaal mein is shabd ka prayog do raajyon mein shaantipoorn samjhaute ke liye kiya jaata hai. diplomesi ke liye hindi mein kootaneeti ke sthaan par raajanaya shabd ka prayog hone laga hai. antarraashtreeya jagat ek parivaar ke samaan ban gaya hai. parivaar ke sadasyon mein prem, sahayog, sadbhaavana tatha mitrata ka sambandh jodna ek kushal raajanayajnya ka kaam hai.

'raajanaya' shabd angreji shabd 'diplomaisi' (Diplomacy) ka hindi roopaantaran hai. diplomesi shabd ki utpatti greek bhaasha ke diplaaun (Diploun) shabd se hui hai jiska arth modna athva dohara karna (To fold) hai. greek raajyon ke patan ke baad roman saamraajya ka vikaas hua. roman saamraajya mein passport evam sadkon par chalne ke anumati patra aadi dohare karke seal diye jaate the. ye paasapaart tatha anumati patra dhaatu ke patron par khude rahate the. inko 'diploma' kaha jaata tha. dheere-dheere diploma shabd ka prayog sabhi sarkaari kaagajaaton ke liye hone laga. videshiyon ke visheshaadhikaar athva unmukti evam videshi sandhiyon sambandhi kaagajaat bhi 'diploma' kahe jaane lage. jab in sandhiyon ki sankhya adhik ho gayi to unhein surikshat sthaanon par rakha jaane laga. ye sthaan baad mein 'raajakeeya abhilekhaagaaron' ke naam se jaane gaye. raajyaabhilekhaagaaron ke diplomaaj ki sankhya badhne par unako chhaant kar alag karne or unki dekhbhaal rakhane ke liye alag se karmachaari niyukt kiye jaane lage. in karmachaariyon ka kaarya raajanayik krutya (Diplomatic Business) kaha gaya. dheere-dheere is kaarya vyaapaar ke liye diplomesi shabd prayukt hone laga.

sanyukt raashtra ki suraksha parishad ki baithak

venis ke doge mahal mein raajadooton ka svaagat (kanaaletto ki san 1730 ki peinting se)

raajanaya shabd ka prayog vichaarakon dvaara anek arthon mein kiya gaya hai. herald niklasan ((Herold Nicolson) ke anusaar kabhi iska prayog videsh neeti ke samaanaarthak ke roop mein liya jaata hai, jaise bhaarateeya raajanaya padausi deshon mein safal naheen rahi. kabhi is shabd dvaara sandhi vaarta ko ingit kiya jaata hai, jaise is samasya ko raajanaya dvaara sulajhaaya ja sakta hai. raajanaya sandhi vaarta ki prakriya evam yantr ko bhi ingit karta hai. kabhi-kabhi videsh seva ki ek shaakha ko raajanaya kah diya jaata hai. raajanaya ko antarraashtreeya sandhi vaarta karne ka amoort gun ya kushalata bhi maan liya jaata hai. iska sabse dooshit prayog vah hai jab ise ek kapatataapoorn kaarya arth mein liya jaata hai.

is prakaar raajanaya shabd vibhinn arthon mein prayeg kiye jaane ke kaaran paathak ke man mein bhram utpann kar deta hai. shaayad raajaneeti shaastr mein yeh shabd sabse adhik bhram utpann karne wala hai. is vishay mein aargeinski (Organski) ne kaha hai ki 'kushalata, chaturaai evam kapat' sareekhe gun ek achhe raajanaya ke lakshan ho sakte hain kintu inhein raajanaya ko paribhaashit karne waali visheshata naheen kaha ja sakta hai. raajanaya videsh neeti ke samakaksh bhi naheen. yeh videsh neeti ka aisa ang hai jo usaki rachana aur kriyaanviti mein sakriya yogadaan karta hai.'

aargensaki ke aunasaar-

raajanaya do athva do se adhik raashtron ke sarkaari pratinidhiyon ke beech hone waali sandhi-vaarta ki prakriya ko ingit karta hai.

(T o pin the defenition down completely, diplomacy refers to the process of negotiations carried on between the official governmental representatives of one nation and those of other (or others)

sar arnest sainton ke anusaar,

raajanaya svatantr raajyon ki sarkaaron ke beech adhikaaron sambandhon ke sanchaalan mein buddhi aur chaaturya ka prayog hai.

(Diplomacy is the appplication of the intelligence and tact to the conduct of official relations between the governments of independent States..)

is sambandh mein paamar tatha parakins (Parmer and Perkins) ne yeh jijnyaaasa prakat ki hai ki yadi raajyon ke aapasi sambandhon mein buddhi aur chaaturya ka abhaav hai to kya raajanaya asambhav hoga ? spasht hai ki raajanaya do athva do se adhik svatantr raajyon ke madhya sthit sambandh hai tadanusaar pratyek raajya buddhi, kushalata evam chaaturya ka prayog karta hai.

ke0ema0 panikkar ke shabdon mein,

antarraashtreeya raajaneeti mein prayukt raajanaya apne hiton ko doosare deshon se agrim rakhane ki ek kala hai.

kvinsi right ((Quincy Wright) ne raajanaya ko do arthon mein paribhaashit kiya hai - lokapriya arth mein tatha vishesh arth mein. lokapriya arth mein -

kisi sandhi vaarta ya len-den mein chaaturya, dhokhebaaji evam kushalata ka prayog hai. apne vishesh arth mein yeh sandhi-vaarta ki vah kala hai jo yuddh ki sambhaavanaapoorn raajaneetik lakshyon ki praapti kar sake.

(Diplomacy in the popular sense means the employment of tact, shrewdness and skill in any negotiation or transaction. In the more special sense used in international relations it is the art of negotiation, in order to achieve the maximum of group objectives with a minimum of costs).

is paribhaasha ki khaas baat yeh hai ki lokapriya arth mein raajanaya ko aisi sandhi-vaarta maana gaya hai jo dabaav par naheen varan samajhaane-bujhaane par aadhaarit rahati hai. iske vishesh arth mein raajanayajnyaon ko raashtreeya hit ke prati bhaktipoorn maana gaya hai. raajaneeti shaastr mein raajanaya ka lokapriya arth laagoo naheen hota. antarraashtreeya sambandhon mein raajanaya keval vahi kaarya karta hai jahaan dabaav ki sambhaavanaayein rahati hain. raajanaya dvaara in sambhaavanaaon ko dabaaya jaata hai. raajanaya ka uddeshya samjhaute karna hai aur samjhaute keval vaheen kiye jaate hain jahaan kuchh asahamatiyaan hon. ye asahamatiyaan aisi honi chaahiye jinmein vaarta dvaara sahamati kaayam ki ja sake. poorn sahamati ke kshetron mein raajanaya apraasangik hai tatha poorn asahamati ke kshetron mein yeh prabhaavaheen hai. raabarto regela (Robert Regala) ke anusaar raajanaya shabd ka kaafi durupayog hua hai. asal mein raajanaya ek aisa vyavasaaya hai jismein anek kriyaayein shaamil ho jaati hain. yeh duniya ke aise kuchh vyavasaayon mein se ek hai jiski paridhi mein maanaveeya kriya ki pratyek shaakha shaamil ho jaati hai. iska sambandh shakti raajaneeti (Power politics) aarthik shakti evam vichaaradhaaraaon ke sangharsh se hai. regela raajanaya ko 'samjhauta vaarta ki kala' maanata hai. 1796 mein edamand bark ne raajanaya ki paribhaasha dete hue likha tha ki raajanaya antarraashtreeya sambandhon ka parichaalan athva sanchaalan hai. George efa0 kenan ka kehna hai ki takaneeki arth mein raajanaya ki vyavastha sarkaaron ke beech sampark ke roop mein ki ja sakti hai.

is prakaar vibhinn vichaarakon ne raajanaya ki vibhinn paribhaashaayein di hain. ye sabhi paribhaashaayein poornat: upayukt naheen hain kyonki samay tatha paristhitiyon mein parivartan ke saath-saath raajanaya ka arth bhi badalta rahata hai. anek vichaarakon ne raajanaya ko keval ek vyavasaaya (profession) hi naheen varan ek kala (art) bhi maana hai. adhikaansh sarkaarein apne hiton ki praapti evam abhivruddhi ke liye ise apnaane lagi hai. yeh dheere-dheere shaanti ka ek prabhaavashaali saadhan banta ja raha hai. shuru mein raajya aseemit shaktiyon se sampann hote the falat: raajanayajnyaaan ko samprabhu maana jaata tha. unhein kaarya karne ki paryaapt svatantrata saunpi jaati thi. is svatantrata ka anya kaaran yeh tha ki us samay sanchaar ke drutagaami saadhanon ka abhaav tha. 19veen shataabdi ke uttaraarddh mein raajanayikon ki yeh vyaapak svatantrata seemit hone lagi. us samay raajanaya ki ek anya visheshata yeh bhi thi ki raajanayajnyaon ko unke kaarya se sambandhit aadesh tatha nirdesh dekar hi bheja jaata tha. aajkal sanchaar ke teevragaami saadhanon ki suvidha ke kaaran yeh aavashyak naheen raha hai.

raajanaya ko kuchh log ek rahasyapoorn vyavasaaya maanate hain. yeh sahi naheen hai. hoodh gibsan (Hugh Gibson) ke anusaar, ”aasal mein raajanaya ek bhramasaadhya vyavasaaya hai. yeh jaadoo athva rahasya se pare hai. ise kisi bhi anya sarkaari kaarya ki bhaanti ek gambheer vyavasaaya ke roop mein dekha ja sakta hai. paamar tatha parikns (Parmer and Perkins) ne raajanaya ki kuchh visheshataaon ka varnan kiya hai. ye visheshataayein raajanaya ke svaroop (nature) ko spasht karne ke liye upayogi siddh hogi. ye visheshataayein nimnalikhit hain :-

• (1) raajanaya ek machine ki bhaanti apne aap mein naitik athva anaitik naheen hai. iska moolya iske prayog karne vaale ke abhipraayon va yogyataaon par nirbhar karta hai.

• (2) raajanaya ka sanchaalan videsh kaaryaalayon, dootaavaason, dootakarmaan, vaanijya dooton evam vishvavyaapi vishesh missiono ke maadhyam se kiya jaata hai.

• (3) raajanaya mool roop se dwipaksheeya hai. yeh raashtron ke madhya sambandhon ka niyman karta hai.

• (4) aaj antarraatreeya sammelanon, antarraashtreeya sangathanon, kshetr prabandhon evam saamoohik suraksha prayaason ke badh jaane ke kaaran raajanaya ke bahupaksheeya roop ka mahatva badh gaya hai.

• (5) raajanaya raashtron ke beech saadhaaran maamalon se lekar shaanti aur yuddh jaise bade-bade sabhi maamalon par vichaar karta hai. jab yeh sambandh toot jaata hai to yuddh ya kam se kam ek bade sankat ka khatra paida ho jaata hai.

niklasan ka yeh kehna theek naheen hai ki yuddh aarambh hone par raajanayik kaarya band ho jaate hain, kyonki paamar aur parakins ke vichaar se raajanayajnyaon ka kaarya desh ki raksha karna hai. at: yuddh ke samay haath par haath dhar kar naheen baithate hain, balki us samay ve sainik kaaryon mein sahayog dete hain. is prakaar yuddhakaal mein raajanayajnyaon ka kaarya rukata naheen, balki unke kaarya ka roop badal jaata hai. yuddh kaal mein raajanaya ka kaarya adhik badh jaata hai. pichhle do vishvayuddhon ki ghatnaaon ke avlokan se yeh baat spasht ho jaati hai.

raajanaya ka svaroop samajhne ke liye yeh upayogi hai ki videsh neeti, antarraashtreeya kaanoon evam raajanayik raajaneeti se uske sambandh tatha antar ka adhyayan kiya jaaye.

Ram aur Lakshman dooton se mil rahe hain.

praacheen Bhaarat ke raajavanshon va raajyon mein raajanaya ki sudeergh parampara rahi hai. stetakraaft va raajanaya par praacheenatam rachana arthashaastr hai, jiska shreya kautilya (chaanakya naam se bhi khyaat) ko jaata hai, jo ki chandragupt maurya, maurya raajavansh ke sansthaapak ka pradhaan salaahakaar tha, (chandragupt ne 4thi shataabdi E.poo. mein shaasan kiya). arthashaastr raajatv ki kala par ek sampoorn rachana hai. ismein raajanaya ke siddhaant bhi hain, jismein bataaya hai ki paraspar spardhi raajyon ke beech kis prakaar buddhimaan raaja gathajod banaae aur apne shatruon ko gatirodh mein daale. us samay raajadarabaaron ko bheje gaye doot deergh kaal tak ruka karte the. arthashaastr mein dooton ke saath vyavahaar sambandhi nirdesh hain. kaha hai ki - raaja ke liye sabse badi naitikta hai ki usaka raajya samruddhi ko praapt kare aadi.

raashtreeya kaaryakram ko poora karne ki vidhi hai, 'neeti'. yeh aantarik athva baahari kaisi bhi ho sakti hai. aantarik neeti gruh-kaaryon se sambandhit hoti hai jabki videsh neeti raashtra ki baahari vyavasthaaon sein. videsh neeti aur raajanaya, raajaneeti ke ve pahiye hain jinki sahaayata se antarraashtreeya raajaneeti chalti hai. kisi raashtra dvaara anya raajyon ke sandarbh mein apne dhyeyon ki poorti hi videsh neeti hai. aisi videsh neeti ke baare mein socha bhi naheen ja sakta jo raashtreeya hiton ki upeksha karein. at: videsh neeti ka arth raajya ke us vyavahaar ke roop mein liya jaata hai jiske maadhyam se raajya apne hiton ki poorti karte hain.

arvaacheen yug mein koi raajya apne aap mein paarthakya ki neeti apnaakar alag rah sakein, yeh sarvatha asambhav hai. videsh neeti ka nirmaan bahut soch samajh kar kiya jaata hai kyonki isi ke sahi nirnaya par hi raajya ka bhavishya nirbhar karta hai. videsh neeti ke nirmaan mein raajya ko kai tatvon ka dhyaan rakhana padta hai. udaaharanaarth, Britain va Japan ki videsh neeti apni bhaugolik sthiti se gahre roop se prabhaavit rahi hai. raajyon ke praakrutik srot athva unka saamarik mahatva aadi raajya ki videsh neeti ko prabhaavit karte hain. aviksit raajya, jo vibhinn shaktiyon se sahaayata praapt karte rahate hain tatha unheen par nirbhar rahate hain, kabhi bhi svatantr videsh neeti ka nirmaan naheen kar sakte hain. kisi desh ki sainik shakti usaki videsh neeti ko utsaahi banaakar galat maarg par le jaati hai. Germany, Italy aur Japan ne sainik shakti ke kaaran hi apne padausi raajyon par hamla kiya aur vishv yuddh ka aahvaan kiya.

raajyon ki raajaneeti tatha unki videsh neeti ka nirmaan desh ke raajaneta karte hain, to raajadoot iska kriyaanyavan. videshaneeti ke nirdhaaran mein raajyon ko raashtreeya va antarraashtreeya paristhitiyon ke kai drushtikonon ke dhyaan mein rakhana padta hai. jaise raajya ki bhaugolik sthiti, aarthik aavashyakataaen, praakrutik srot, pratirksha ki aavashyakataaen tatha sandhiyaan aadi. iske maadhyam se virodhi athva shatru paksh ko shaktiheen athva mitr raajya ko aur bhi adhik goodh mitr banaane ka prayaas kiya jaata hai. videsh neeti ke maadhyam se raajyon ke madhya santulan banaaye rakhane athva saamoohik suraksha aadi ke kadam uthaaye jaate hain. videsh neeti ka mool mantr hai 'shatru ka shatru mitr hai'. cheen ne isi neeti ke antargat Bhaarat ke shatru Pakistan ke saath maitri sambandh banaaye the. isi prakaar videsh neeti ka uddeshya 'tatasth seemaaon' ki sthaapana bhi hai. seema ke prashn ko lekar raajyon ke madhya sambandh praay: bigdte hain. Bhaarat-Pakistan, Bhaarat-cheen, roos-cheen aadi deshon ke madhya yuddh athva yuddh ki sthiti aati rahi hai. raajyon ki aarthik sthiti, vyaapaar aur vaanijya aadi ke sandarbh mein bhi videshaneeti ke nirnaya liye jaate hain. satta ki praapti ke prayaason mein raajya kabhi-kabhi apne svatantr nirnaya ke adhikaar kho baithate hain. raajya ki videsh neeti ke nirnaya usaki saamarik sthiti tatha sainik shakti par nirnaya karte hain. raajya jitna adhik sashakt hoga utani hi safal usaka raajanaya hoga. fraidrik mahaan ke anusaar,” shakti bina raajanaya theek vaisa hi hai jaisa vaady bina sangeet.“ sanyukt raajya America ka raajanaya usaki shakti ke kaaran hi safal hai. yadi koi raajya nirbal ho to vah swayam anya raajyon ka us desh mein hastakshep athva aakraman ka nimntran deta hai. polaind ke vibhaajan, Italy ka Europe ki ranasthali banaana, hitlar dvaara aastriya tatha chaikoslovekiya ka vilay tatha cheen ka Bhaarat par aakraman, raajyon ke shaktiheen hone ke kaaran hi sambhav hua hai.

neeti nirmaataaon dvaara apne uddeshyon ko nirdhaarit karne ke pashchaat raajya ke samaksh in uddeshyon ki praapti ka prashn aata hai aur yahi raajanaya ka prabhaav drushtigochar hota hai. videsh neeti ke kshetr mein raajya sakriya athva nishkriya ho sakta hai. yadi raajya sakriya hai to raajya ke samaksh chaar vikalp hote hain, jiske aadhaar par vah kaarya karta hai - raajaneetik (raajanaya) aarthik, manovaigyaanik tatha sainik. samay aur paristhitinusaar raajya iname se koi bhi ek vikalp apna sakta hai athva iske sammilit roop ka bhi prayog kar sakta hai. nishkriyta vartamaan antarraashtreeya paristhitiyon mein kisi bhi raajya ke liye ghaatak siddh ho sakti hai. raajya praay: raajanaya ke maarg ka hi upayog karte hain. videsh neeti ka uddeshya mitr raajyon ke saath sambandhon ke adhik pragaadh aur shatru paksh ko nishkriya banaana hota hai. raajanaya vah saadhan hai jo vaarta aur chaturata se is uddashya ki praapti mein sahaayak hota hai. videsh neeti ke uddeshyon ki praapti ka sarvochch evam mahatvapoorn saadhan hi hai. vaastav mein videsh neeti hi raajanaya ka kaushal hai. kisi bhi videsh neeti ka nirmaan in adhikaariyon ka kaarya hai, vahi doosare deshon ke sandarbh mein iska kriyaanvayan raajadooton ka. aaj ke is jatil yug mein takaneeki ki drushti se bhale hi videsh vibhaag akela hi videsh neeti ka nirmaata maana jaata ho, parantu is baat se inkaar naheen kiya ja sakta ki raajadoot bhi iske nirmaan mein mahatvapoorn yogadaan dete hain. raajadoot ki gatividhiyaan uske desh ki videsh neeti par aadhaarit rahati hai. yadyapi yeh satya hai ki raajadoot iske sanchaalan mein svatantr naheen hote.

videsh neeti aur raajanaya ek-doosare ke paryaaya naheen hain. kuchh vidvaan inka ek-doosare ke sthaan par bandhan mukt prayog karte hain. inmein paryaapt antar hai. videsh neeti mein raashtron ke hiton ki raksha, unke madhya sambandhon ki sthaapana tatha inhein banaaye rakhane ke prayaas sammilit hain. je0aara0 chaaildas ke anusaar “akisi bhi desh ki videsh neeti uske vaideshik sambandhon ka saar hai” jabki “araajanaya vah prakriya hai jiski sahaayata se videsh neeti kaaryaanvit kiya ja sakta hai.” sar chaarlas vaiksatar ke shabdon mein, “aneeti ki sabse adhik dhaaranaayein bhi vyarth hain yadi unako kriya roop mein parivrtit karne ke saadhan naheen hon.” yeh kaarya raajanaya karta hai

Ger van Elk, Symmetry of Diplomacy, 1975, Groninger Museum.

raajyon ke madhaya raajanayik sambandh ati praacheen kaal se chale aa rahe hain. ye utane hi praacheen hain jitne ki raajya. yoonaan, rom va praacheen Bhaarat mein raajanayik sambandh ati vyaapak the tatha in sambandhon ko nirdhaarit karne vaale niyam bhi pratipaadit kiye ja chuke the. puraane raajanaya ka arth praacheen kaaleen raajanaya se kadaapi naheen hai. iska taatparya solahaveen aur satrahaveen shataabdi mein yorop mein prachalit raajanaya se hai. richlu dvaara pratipaadit va kailiyrs dvaara vyaakhyaayit raajanaya ko, jise puraane raajanaya ki sanjnyaa di jaati hai, saare Europe ne sveekaar kiya tha. yeh raajanaya athaarahaveen shataabdi tak gopaneeyata ke aadhaar par safalataapoorvak chalta raha. 1919 ke poorv ka raajanaya puraana raajanaya tha. 1815 ki viyna ki sandhi aur 1914 ke pratham vishvayuddh ke beech ka kaal pratishthit raajanaya ka svarnakaal tha. yeh nishchit niyamon se bandha tha. is samay ka raajanaya shishtata, anubhav evam vastusthit par aadhaaaarit tha. yeh vishvaas, spashtata aur yathaarth ko safal raajanaya ka aadhaar maanata tha. vaartaaen gupt roop se hoti theen. aavaagaman va sandeh vaahan ke saadhanon ke samuchit vikaas ke abhaav mein raajaneeyak prakriya ki gati mand thi. vaartaaen dheere-dheere chalti rahati theen. ismein gatirodh aane par, inhein thode samay ke liye sthagit kar diya jaata tha, evam anukool samay va paristhiti aane par inhein fir chaaloo kar diya jaata tha. logon ko kaanonkaan khabar naheen milti thi. 1907 mein ainglo-rashan kanvenshan ki vaartaaen pandrah maah tak chaleen thi.

1918 ke baad raajanaya ka jo naya svaroop hamaare samaksh aaya use 'naveen raajanaya' ki sanjnyaa di jaati thi. yadyapi 1919 mein raajanaya ki sthiti mein parivartan aaya, kintu 1919 ka varsh vaastav mein koi vibhaajak rekha naheen hai. niklasan ke anusaar keval itna hi hua hai ki raajanaya ne nayi badalti hui paristhitiyon ke anusaar apne aapko badal liya hai. jooles kembaan ka bhi mat tha ki puraane tatha nae raajanaya ke madhya bhed bhram hai. regaala ka to yahaan tak mat hai ki bhale hi kaarya karne ki vidhi mein parivartan aaya ho, parantu aadhunik naveen raajanaya abhi bhi puraane raajanaya ke kai gunon ko apnaaye hue hai. raajanaya ek nirntar gatisheel vyavastha hai. iske aaj ke vichaar tatha siddhaanton ka aadhaar sainkadon varshon ka anubhav hai. ve, jinhonne puraane raajanaya ki katu aalochna ki aur nayi vyavastha ko sveekaar kiya, jaisa raashtrapati vilsan ne kiya tha, unhein bhi sheegra hi puraani vyavastha par fir aana pada tha. khule raajanaya ke is yug mein sandhi vaartaaen aaj bhi gupt chalti hain. itna sab kuchh likhne ke baad bhi is baat se nakaara naheen ja sakta hai ki yadyapi telaraan aur bismaark tatha kisingar ke dvaara prayukt raajanaya ke saadhanon mein vibhaajan rekha kheenchi ja sakti hai, tathaapi raajanayik vichaaradhaara mein kraantikaari parirvatan aaye hain. aaj raajanaya kuchh gine chune vyaktiyon raaja-mahaaraajaaon athva unke priya paatron dvaara sanchaalit na hokar janta tatha unke pratinidhiyon dvaara chalaaya jaata hai.

• prajaatantraatmak raajanaya (Democratic Diplomacy)
• shatal raajanaya (Shuttle Diplomacy)
• saanskrutik raajanaya (Cultural Diplomacy)
• vyaktigat raajanaya (Personal Diplomacy)
• sahaayata ka raajanaya (Diplomacy of Aid)
• shikhar raajanaya (Summit Diplomacy)
• sammelaneeya raajanaya (Conference Diplomacy)
• yuddhapot raajanaya (ganabot diplomaisi)

• doot
• guptachar
• mrudu shakti (sauft power)
• sanyukt raashtra sangh
• bhaarateeya videsh seva
• videsh seva sansthaan (Bhaarat)
• raajanayik mission
• raajanayik itihaas

• raajanayik shabdaavali
• sanyukt raashtrasangh
• badalne honge videsh neeti ke saare aujaar (enake Singh)
• Disarmament Insight This blog is aimed at negotiators, policy wonks, researchers and anyone curious about disarmament and human security
• Diplomacy of Small States. An international conference dealing with the issues of foreign policy, negotiation tactics, diplomatic missions, crisis and humanitarian diplomacy of small states. See also conference
• Diplomatic Dictionary
• Diplomacy Quotes