purtagaali bhaasha

purtagaali bhaasha (purtagaali : Portugues portuges, portugesh) ek Europeeya bhaasha hai. ye mool roop se Portugal ki bhaasha hai aur iske kai bhootapoorv upaniveshon mein bhi bahumat bhaasha hai, jaise braajeel. ye hind-Europeeya bhaasha-parivaar ki romance shaakha mein aati hai. iski lipi roman hai. is bhaasha ke pratham bhaashi lagbhag 20 karod hain.

purtagaali ya (portagaali) navalaateeni parivaar ki bhaasha hai. is parivaar ki anya bhaashaaeain speni, fraanseesi, roomeni, laateeni, proveinsaali tatha kaataalaani hain. yeh laateeni volgaare (laateeni apabhransh) ka viksit roop hai jise roman vijeta apne saath looseetaaniya mein lagbhag teesari shati isavi poorv mein le gaye the. roman vijetaaon ki sanskruti mool nivaasiyon ki apeksha uchch thi. uske prabhaav ke kaaran sthaaneeya boliyaaain dab gain, bhaugolik naamon tatha kuchh shabdon (eskvedon veiga) mein unke avashesh milte hain.

paaainchaveen shateen mein aaibeeriya praayadveep par barbaron ka aakraman hua. aakramanakaariyon ne vijiton ki bhaasha ko apnaaya. purtagaali ki shabdaavali mein jarman bhaasha varg ke bahut hi kam shabd hain. praaya: yuddh se sambandhit kuchh shabd milte hain jo mahatvapoorn naheen hain.

aathaveen shati mein aaibeeriya par arab aakraman hua. inka adhikaar paaainch sau varshon tak raha. yadyapi aakraamakon ki sanskruti bahut unnat thi tathaapi unhonne apni bhaasha ko purtagaaliyon par thopa naheen. donon hi apni-apni bhaasha ka prayog karte rahe. aisa hone par bhi purtagaali mein bahut se arabi ke shabd rah gaye hai. aise shabdon ko arabi ke "al" upasarg se yukt hone se aasaani se pahachaana ja sakta hai (alkhoove almokreve, almofaarij).

13veen shati ki purtagaali neeti kavita par proveinsaali ka bahut prabhaav tha. isliye kavita ko bhaasha mein anek proveinsaali shabd prayukt hue, kintu bolachaal ki bhaasha mein apekshaakrut kam proveinsaali shabd milte hain. purtagaali shabdaavali ko sabse adhik samruddh kiya speni aur fraanseesi bhaashaaon ne. speni ka prabhaav unki bhaugolik sameepata tatha saahityik samruddhi, visheshakar naatya saahitya, ke kaaran pada. Portugal par Spain ka aadhiptya (1580-1640) rahana bhi prabhaav ka ek kaaran hai. fraanseesi ka prabhaav mein to pada hi, kyonki 11veen shati mein Portugal ke pratham raajavansh ka pratishthaata kaaunt ov Portugal baragandi ka henari tha. uske baad 18veen shati se 20veen shati ke aarambh tak fraanseesi sanskruti ke pravesh ke kaaran fraanseesi bhaasha ne purtagaali ko prabhaavit kiya. aadhunik yug mein Europe ki anya bhaashaaon ke samaan angreji ka prabhaav purtagaali par bhi dekha ja sakta hai. Amreeki sabhyata ne yaantrik kshetr mein jo pragati ki, usaka prabhaav purtagaali bhaasha par bhi lakshit ho raha hai.

purtagaali mein, visheshakar kala se sambandhit, anek itaaleeya shabd bhi hain. inmein se adhikaansh shabd itaaleeya saahityik pravruttiyon ki safalta ke kaaran 16veen shati mein pravesh kar gaye the. 16veen shati ke pashchaat laateeni saahatya ke adhyayan ki vishesh roochi ke falasvaroop saahityik purtagaali par laateeni ka prabhaav pada. vaakyavinyaas tatha shabdaavali donon par laateeni ka prabhaav pada. laateeni shabdon se hi vane friyo, frojido, jaise saral shabdon ke rahate aadanbarapoorn asvaabhaavik shabdon (aandolokvo, unabeevaago) ka prayog hone laga. greek se vaigyaanik shabdaavali li gayi.

15veen shati se hi jo khojein aarambh hui unke maadhyam se purtagaaliyon ka sampark Africa, Asia aur amareeka ke nivaasiyon se hua. falasvaroop anek nae shabd purtagaali mein aa gaye (kaanchimba, vaatukve, maandioka).

laateeni ki tulana mein purtagaali ki mukhya visheshataaeain nimn hain :

• dhvanivishyak anunaasik vyanjan ke kaaran svaron mein parivartan - maanoooomaaaino; ponitoopone;

• svaramadhyavarti aghosh vyanjanon ka ghosh ho jaana taood, paoob, chaooj (laakuoolaago; saapereoosaaber);

• svaron ke beech mein aanevaale the aur l vyanjanon ka lop ho jaana (feedeoofaieoofe; doloreoodor;

• svar samudaaya au ke sthaan par or kabhi-kabhi oh ho jaata hai (taauruootouroootoharo; aauruooouro, oharo) ;

• shabdaaranbh mein aanevaale sanyukt kl, fl, pl ke sthaan par k (klaaveoo kaave (shaave) ;

• flaamaaookaama (saama) floraareookoraar (soraar) ho jaata hai;

• shabd ke madhyavarti val ke sthaan par lh ho jaata hai - okuluooaalho.

purtagaali mein vaakyavinyaasaatmak dhvaniprakriya dhyaan dene yogya hai : shabdaant mein aanevaale 'S' ka uchchaaran praaya: 'ship' ke 'sh' ke samaan hota hai, kintu jab uske pashchaat aur shabd rahate hain tab usaka uchchaaran Z (za) jaisa hota hai, jaise as mein za ; svar ke poorv mein rahane se tatha ghosh varn ke poorv usaka uchchaaran Pleasure ke S jaisa hota hai, kintu aghosh varn ke pare S hi rahata hai. 'OS Pis' ka uchchaaran 'us pess' hota hai - kyonki p adhosh hai, 'as artes' ka uchchaaran 'aj aartess' hota hai kyonki 'artes' ke praarambh mein svar hai. 'OS dentes' ka uchchaaran 'oj dentess' hota hai kyonki 'the' ghosh hai.

navalaateeni anya bhaashaaon ki saamaanya visheshataaon (vishleshanaatmak pravrutti, kaarak vibhktiyon ka lop, napunsak ling ke bhed ka lop, bhavishyat aur hetu lakaar ki rooparachana) ke atirikt purtagaali mein ek visheshata milti hai jo anya kisi bhaasha mein nahi milti. mool aparivrtanasheel kriya roop ke atirikt purtagaali mein ek aur vyaktivaachak ya savibhktik kriya roop milta hai jo nishchit vaakyaansh se praaya: milta hai. 'ai una veragonha nauo saaberamoe eskrever' - yeh lajja ki baat hai ki ham likh naheen sakte.

naiyamik kriyaaon mein let bhavishya roop bhi hota hai jo vyaktivaachak kriya ke saamaanya roop ke samaan hota hai.

anya navalaateeni (romance) bhaashaaon (speni aur proveinsaal) ke samaan purtagaali is drushti se bhi bhinn hai ki usamein laateeni ka poornabhoot sanketakaal bhi shesh rah gaya hai (amaaveraamaooamaaraamaooamaara).

kaarakon ka lop ho jaane ke kaaran laateeni ki vistrut vividhta ki tulana mein shabdon ke kram ke niyam kade karna aavashyak ho gaya. svaraaghaataheen vyaktivaachak sarvanaam ke prayog ke kram ke vishay mein jatil niyam hai aur Brazil ki purtagaali mein praaya: uske prayog mein bhed rahata hai. purtagaali bhaasha Portugal ke siva Spain ke kuchh bhaagon mein, ajorj aur maadera ke jaladamaroomadhya mein, Brazil, Africa aur Asia ke purtagaali upaniveshon mein, tatha kuchh anya bhaagon mein, jo pehle Portugal ke upanivesh the, boli jaati hai.

12veen shati mein gaaleeshiyn-purtagaali bhaasha ka pehla lekh milta hai jo aaiberiya praayadveep mein boli jaanevaali boliyon se bhinn hai.