protist
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is lekh mein vikipeediya ke gunavatta maapadandon par khare utarane ke liye safaai ki aavashyakta hai. ismein mukhya samasya hai ki: lekh mein anaavashyak roop se kachara bhara hua hai aur masheeni anuvaad ke atirikt kuchh bhi naheen hai.. krupaya is lekh ko sudhaarane mein yadi aap sahakaarya kar sakte hai to avashya karein. iske |
| protist Fossil range: niyoproterojoik - haal mein |
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| Scientific classification | ||||
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| tipikl faaila | ||||
Many others; classification varies |
avadhi protist pehle 1866 mein arnest haechkel dvaara istemaal kiya gaya tha. protist paaramparik roop se "uchch" raajyon ko samaanata ke aadhaar par kai samoohon mein vibhaajit kiya gaya: ek sel jaanavar ki tarah protojoaa, paudhe ki tarah atyant dhang se sanghatit paudhe jismein se pratyek ka ek kosh hota hai (jyaadaatar ek sel shaivaal) aur kavak ki tarah keechad kavak aur paani saanchon. in samoohon aksar ovaralaip karte hain, ve vanshaavali aadhaarit vargeekaran ke dvaara pratisthaapit kiya gaya hai. haalaanki, ve abhi bhi protist ki aakaariki aur paaristhitiki ka varnan karne ke liye anaupachaarik naam ke roop mein upayogi hote hain.
protist taral paani hota hai ki lagbhag kisi bhi vaataavaran mein rahate hain. is tarah ke shaivaal ke roop mein kai protist, sanshleshak hain aur mahatvapoorn praathamik utpaadakon visheshakar plavak ke hisse ke roop mein samudra mein, paaristhitik tantr mein hain. aise Kineto plaastidon aur Apicomplexa ke roop mein anya protist, jaise maleriya aur neend ki beemaari ke roop mein gambhir maanav rogon ki ek seema ke liye jimmedaar hain.
anukram
vargeekaran
aitihaasik vargeekaran
anya jeevon se protist ke pratham shreni jarman jeev vigyaani George A gold aise ciliates aur moongon ke roop mein jeevon ka ullekh karne ke protojoaa shabd shuroo ki hai, jab 1820 mein aaya tha.[1] is samooh mein aise foraminifera aur ameeba ke roop mein sabhi "koshikeeya jaanvaron", shaamil karne ke liye 1845 mein vistaar kiya gaya tha. aupachaarik vargeekaran shreni Protoctista pehle protist vah paudhon aur pashuon donon ke aadim koshikeeya roopon ke roop mein dekha kya shaamil karna chaahiye jo tark hai ki jaldi 1860 John haug, mein prastaavit kiya gaya tha. vah paudhon, jaanvaron aur khanijon ke tatkaaleen paaramparik raajyon ke alaava, ek "prakruti ka chautha raajya 'ke roop mein Protoctista paribhaashit kiya.[1] khanijon ke raajya ke baad ek "aadim roopon ke raajya 'ke roop mein paudhon, jaanvaron aur protist chhodne, arnast haechkel dvaara vargeekaran se hata diya gaya tha.[2]
harbart kopalaind "Protoctista" sachmuch "pehle sthaapit praaniyon" matlab unka tark hai ki lagbhag ek sadi baad mein haug ka lebal punarjeevit, kopalaind haechkel ki avadhi prautista baikteeriya jaise anucleated rogaanuon shaamil hai ki shikaayat ki. avadhi protoctista ke kopalaind ka upayog naheen kiya tha. iske vipreet, kopalaind ka kaaryakaal aise daayatam, hari shaivaal aur kavak ke roop mein kendrak yookeriyots shaamil the.[3] is vargeekaran jeevan ke chaar raajyon ke roop mein kavak, Animalia, plaanti aur prautista ki Whittaker ki baad mein paribhaasha ka aadhaar tha.[4] raajya prautista baad yookeriyotik sookshm jeevaanuon ke ek samooh ke roop mein protist chhodne, monera ke alag raajya mein alag prokeeryots ko sanshodhit kiya gaya tha.[5] yeh protist ya monera na to (ve sangheeya samooh naheen the) se sambandhit jeevon ka ek samooh the spasht ho gaya ki jab in paanch raajyon, der se 20 veen sadi mein aanavik Phylogenetics ka vikaas jab tak sveekrut vargeekaran bane rahe.
aadhunik vargeekaran
vartamaan mein, shabd protist ya to svatantr koshikaaon ke roop mein maujood hai ki koshikeeya yookeriyots ka ullekh kiya jaata hai, ya ve kaaloniyon mein hote hain, ootakon mein bhedabhaav naheen dikhaate.[6] protojoaa avadhi tantu firm naheen hai ki protist ki paraposhi prajaatiyon ka ullekh kiya jaata hai. in sharton ke vartamaan vargeekaran mein istemaal naheen kar rahe hain aur in jeevon ke liye ullekh karne ke liye suvidhaajanak tareeke ke roop mein hi rakha jaata hai.
protist ka vargeekaran abhi bhi badal raha hai. nae vargeekaran faiti, jaiv rasaayan aur aanuvanshiki ke aadhaar par sangheeya samoohon ko pesh karne ka prayaas.ek poore ke roop mein protist paraphyletic hote hain, kyonki is tarah ke system aksar alag ho jaate hain ya raajya ka parityaag, bajaay eukaryotes ke alag laainon ke roop mein protist samoohon ka ilaaj. ADL dvaara haal hi mein yojana. (2005)[6] aupachaarik rainkon (jaati, varg, aadi) ke saath sangharsh aur badle padaanukramit soochiyon mein jeevon ko soochi baddh naheen hai ki ek udaaharan hai. is vargeekaran adhik lambi avadhi mein sthir aur adyatan karne ke liye aasaan banaane ke liye karna hai.
sangh ke roop mein ilaaj kiya ja sakta hai jo protist, ke mukhya samoohon mein se kuchh, sahi par taxo box mein soocheebaddh hain.[7] kai anishchitta abhi bhi vahaaain hai, haalaanki monofaailetik maana jaata hai. udaaharan ke liye, excavates shaayad monofaailetik naheen hain aur haptophytes aur cryptomonads baahar rakha gaya hai agar chromalveolates shaayad hi monofaailetik hain.[8]
protist ke prakaar
rotojoaa, jaanavar ki tarah protist
shaivaal, paudhe ki tarah protist
kavak ki tarah protist
chayaapachaya
prajanan
sandarbh
- ↑ a aa Scamardella, J. M. (1999). "Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista". International Microbiology 2: 207–221. http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf.
- ↑ Rothschild, L. J. (1989). "Protozoa, protista, protoctista: What's in a name?". Journal of the History of Biology 22 (2): 277–305. doi:10.1007/BF00139515. http://www.springerlink.com/index/LW54T61737212643.pdf.
- ↑ Copeland, H. F. (1938). "The Kingdoms of Organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology 13 (4): 383. doi:10.1086/394568. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-5770(193812)13%3A4%3C383%3ATKOO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K.
- ↑ Whittaker, R. H. (1959). "On the Broad Classification of Organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology 34 (3): 210. doi:10.1086/402733. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-5770(195909)34%3A3%3C210%3AOTBCOO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J.
- ↑ Whittaker RH (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms". Science (journal) 163 (863): 150–60. PMID 5762760.
- ↑ a aa Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, et al (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E. E. Y. (2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist 154 (3–4): 341–358. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112.
- ↑ Laura Wegener Parfrey, Erika Barbero, Elyse Lasser, Micah Dunthorn, Debashish Bhattacharya, David J Patterson, and Laura A Katz (2006 December). "Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity". PLoS Genet. 2 (12): e220. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220. PMID 17194223. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1713255.
aage paathan
Marguilis, L., Corliss, J.O., Melkonian, M.,and Chapman, D.J. (Editors) 1990. Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett, Boston.
baahari kadiyaan
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vikimeediya kaumans par protist se sambandhit media hai. |