prateek

prateek ; kisi vastu, chitr, likhit shabd, dhvani ya vishisht chinh ko kehte hain jo sambandh, saadrushyata ya parampara dvaara kisi anya vastu ka pratinidhitv karta hai. udaaharan ke liye, ek laal ashtakon (auktaagon) "rukiye" (stop) ka prateek ho sakta hai. nakshon par do talavaarein yuddh kshetr ka sanket ho sakti hain. ank, sankhya (raashi) ke prateek hote hain. sabhi bhaashaaon mein prateek hote hain. vyaktigat naam, vyaktiyon ka pratinidhitv karne vaale prateek hote hain.

aarketaaips ka adhyayan karne vaale Swiss manovishleshak kaarl jang ne prateek ki vaikalpik paribhaasha prastaavit ki tatha use sanket (sign) shabd se alag bataaya. jang ke vichaar mein, sanket ka istemaal gyaat vastuon ke liye kiya jaata hai jaise ki kisi shabd ka istemaal uske sandarbhakarta ke liye kiya jaata hai. unhonne ise prateek ki tulana mein alag bataaya hai; unke anusaar prateek ka istemaal agyaat vastuon ke liye kiya jaata hai tatha unhein spasht ya sateek banaana mushkil hota hai. is arth mein prateek ka ek udaaharan isaamaseeh, swayam (self) naamak aadyaroop ka prateek hain.^[1] udaaharan ke liye, likhit bhaashaaeain vibhinn prakaar ke prateekon se bani hoti hain jo shabdon ka nirmaan hain. in likhit shabdon ke maadhyam se maanav ek doosare ke saath samvaad karte hain. keneth bark homo sepiyens ka varnan, "prateek ka upayog karne, prateek banaane aur prateekon ka durupayog karne vaale jaanvaron ke roop mein" karte hain, yeh ingit karne ke liye ki ek vyakti apne jeevan mein prateekon ko banaata hai saath hi unka durupayog bhi karta hai. prateek ke durupayog ka arth bataane ke liye ve ek vyakti ki kahaani ka udaaharan dete hain jise jab yeh bataaya gaya ki usako diya gaya bhojan vaastav mein vhel ki charbi (blabar) hai, vah use feinkane se apne aap ko rok naheen paaya. baad mein uske dost ko pata chala ki vah to vaastav mein khaane ki ek saamaanya vastu (danpaling) thi. lekin us aadmi ki pratikriya, is baat ka seedha parinaam thi ki uske dimaag mein "blabar" ek akhaadya saamagri ka prateek hai. iske alaava, aadmi ke liye "blabar" ke prateek ka nirmaan uske dvaara seekhi gayi vibhinn cheejon ka parinaam tha. bark jor dete hain ki manushya is prakaar ki seekh praapt karte hain jo ki vibhinn chhapaai sroton, hamaare jeevan ke anubhavon aur ateet ke prateekon ko dekhkar prateek banaane mein madad karti hai.

bark aage varnan karte hain ki prateek, sigmand fraayad ke sankshepan aur visthaapan par kiye gaye kaaryon se bhi nikaale ja rahe hain. ve aage kehte hain ki yeh keval sapanon ke siddhaant ke liye hi naheen apitu "saamaanya prateek vyavasthaaon" ke liye bhi praasangik hain. ve kehte hain ki ve "pratisthaapan" dvaara sambandhit hain jahaaain arth parivartan ke liye ek shabd, vaakyaansh ya prateek ke evaj mein doosare pratisthaapit kiye jaate hain. doosare shabdon mein, yadi ek vyakti vishisht shabd ya vaakyaansh naheen samajhta hai, doosra vyakti mool shabd ya vaakyaansh ka arth paane ke liye paryaaya ya prateek pratisthaapit kar sakta hai. tathaapi jab vishisht prateek ki nae tareekon se vyaakhya ka saamana hota hai, ek vyakti apne pehle se gathit vichaaron ko badal sakta hai taaki vah is aadhaar par nayi soochanaaon ko shaamil kar sake ki prateek ko kis prakaar us par vyakt kiya gaya hai.

prateek shabd angreji bhaasha mein madhyakaaleen angreji, puraatan fraansisi, laitin, tatha greek bhaasha ke shabd σaaύaaμaaβaaοaaλaaοaaν (sýaambolon) se aaya hai; greek bhaasha ka σaaύaaμaaβaaοaaλaaοaaν (sýaambolon) shabd, mool shabdon σaaυaaν- (syn -) arthaat "ek saath" aur βaaοaaλaaή (bolē) arthaat "feinkana" se aaya hai, jiska lagbhag arth hai "ek saath feinkana", shaabdik arth hai "sanyog" aur saath hi iska arth "sanket, ticket, ya anubandh" bhi hai. is shabd ko sabse pehle harmeej ke liye homar ke geet (haaim) mein istemaal kiya gaya hai jab kachhuaa dekhne par harmeej ne use ek veena mein badalne se pehle kaha σaaύaaμaaβaaοaaλaaοaaν ἤaaδaaη μaaοaaι μaέaγa᾽ ὀaaνaaήaaσaaιaaμaaοaaν "simbolon [chinh/sanket/sagun/muthabhed/mauka milna?] of jauya too mi, arthaat, mere liye khushi ka prateek hai!"

is section mein mool shodh ya apramaanit daave ho sakte hain. krupaya sandarbh jod kar lekh ko sudhaarane mein madad karein. adhik jaankaari ke liye samvaad prushth dekhein. (January 2010)

prateek ke arth ko lokapriya prayog, itihaas aur praasangik aashay sahit vibhinn kaarakon dvaara sanshodhit kiya ja sakta hai.

aitihaasik arth

kisi prateek vishesh ke spasht arth ko nirdhaarit karne vaale kaarakon mein usaka itihaas bhi ek kaarak hota hai. vaataavaran mein badlaav ke kaaran puraane prateekon ko punarparibhaashit kiya ja sakta hai. falasvaroop, bhaavapoorn shaktiyon vaale prateek glat shabd-saadhanon (eteemolojeej) ke anuroop samasyaaen laate hain.

udaaharan ke liye, America south ka vidrohi dhvaj ameriki naagrik yuddh se pehle ka hai. kraasd baars ka ek shuruaati sanskaran, Scotland dhvaj ke samaan hai.^[2]saaaincha:Check

tulana/sansarg

tulana/sansarg maamale ko aage aur bhi pecheeda kar deti hai. samaan prakaar ke paanch sitaare, vardi ke anusaar ek kaanoon pravartan adhikaari ya sashastr seva sadasya ko darsha sakte hain.

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