pramaatra yaantriki

pramaatra yaantriki (angreji: Quantum mechanics) kuchh vaigyaanik siddhaanton ka ek samuchchaya hai jo paramaanaveeya paimaane par urja evam padaarth ke gyaat gunadharmon ki vyaakhya karte hain. ismein up-parmaanu paimaane par jo prakaash aur up-paramaanveeya kanon mein tarang-kan dviroop dekha jaata hai, usaka ganit aadhaar sammilit hai. kvaantam yaantriki mein urja aur padaarth ke gahre sambandh ka bhi ganit aadhaar sammilit hai.

Robert huk, kristiyaan hyujeins aur lionahaard yoolar jaise vaigyaaniko prayogaatmak tippaniyon ke aadhaar par prakaash ki ek lahar siddhaant ka prastaav kiya gaya , jab prakaash ki tarangi svabhaav par vaigyaanik jaanch jo 17 veen aur 18 veen shataabdi mein shuroo hua. 1803 mein, Thomas yang, ek angreji bahushrut , unki "prakaash aur rang ki svabhaav par" sheershak se ek pepar mein varnit hai prasiddh do chhed prayog ka pradarshan . is prayog ne prakaash ke tarang siddhaant ke saamaanya sveekruti mein ek pramukh bhoomika nibhaai hai.

apni sthaapana ke baad se, kai asahaj pahaluon aur kvaantam yaantriki ke parinaamon daarshanik vaad-vivaad aur vyaakhyaavaun ko ukasaaya hai. aise pehalu jause ki sambhaavana aur praayikta vitran ke vishay mein maiks baurn ki buniyaadi niyam ke roop mein aaya . yahaan tak ki buniyaadi muddon, samaaj aur kai pramukh vaigyaaniko dvaara saraahana ki ja karne ke liye kai dashak lag gaai. richrd fenamain ne ek baar kaha "mujhe lagta hai main surakshit roop se kah sakta hun ki koi bhi kvaantam yaantriki samajhta nahi hai." steven venabarg ke anusaar, "meri rai mein kvaantam yaantriki ki koi vyaakhya poori tarah se santoshajanak vyaakhya naheen hai."

kopenahegan vyaakhya - bade paimaane par Denmark ke saiddhaantik bhautik vigyaani neels bohr ki hai - aaj sabse vyaapak roop se bhautik vijnyaaaniyon ke beech sveekaar kiya , kvaantam yaantrik ki reeti bani hui hai, jo iske niroopan ke kuchh 75 saal baad huva tha. is vyaakhya ke anusaar, kvaantam yaantriki ke sanbhaavya prakruti samay ke saath ek niytaatmak siddhaant kijgah me badal diya jaaega ,jo ek asthaayi suvidha hai.

• tarang-kan dvaitata
• kvaantam ulajhaav
• kvaanteekaran

• kvaantam siddhaant ka aarambh

saamaanya

• bhautiki mein aadhunik kraanti (The Modern Revolution in Physics) - online vishay vastu.
• J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson: A history of quantum mechanics.
• Introduction to Quantum Theory at Quantiki.
• Quantum Physics Made Relatively Simple: three video lectures by Hans Bethe
• H is for h-bar.
• Quantum Mechanics Books Collection: Collection of free books

paathyakram yogya saamagri

• Doron Cohen: Lecture notes in Quantum Mechanics (comprehensive, with advanced topics).
• MIT OpenCourseWare: Chemistry. See 5.61, 5.73, and 5.74
• MIT OpenCourseWare: Physics. See 8.04, 8.05, and 8.06
• Stanford Continuing Education PHY 25: Quantum Mechanics by Leonard Susskind, see course description Fall 2007
• 5½ Examples in Quantum Mechanics
• Imperial College Quantum Mechanics Course.
• Spark Notes - Quantum Physics.
• Quantum Physics Online : interactive introduction to quantum mechanics (RS applets).
• Experiments to the foundations of quantum physics with single photons.
• Motion Mountain, Volume IV - A modern introduction to quantum theory, with several animations.

praaya

poochhe gaye prashan (FAQs)

• Many-worlds or relative-state interpretation.
• Measurement in Quantum mechanics.

sanchaar maadhyam

• Everything you wanted to know about the quantum world — archive of articles from New Scientist.
• Quantum Physics Research from Science Daily
• "Quantum Trickery: Testing Einstein's Strangest Theory". The New York Times. December 27, 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/science/27eins.html?ex=1293339600&en=caf5d835203c3500&ei=5090.

darshan

• saaaincha:Sep
• saaaincha:Sep